Morphological evolution

Cet article propose une analyse synchronique et diachronique du persan vernaculaire de Téhéran kuš-« être où ? », inåhåš-« voici » et unåhåš-« voilà ». Nous postulons que ces trois formes sont des formes verbales et qu'elles sont respectivement dérivées des formes ku « où est ? » et inåhå « voici » et unåhå « voilà » lorsqu'elles sont suivies par le pronom clitique de la troisième personne du singulier, lesquelles servent de désinences : ku-š « où est ? » et inåhå-š « le voici » et unåhå-š « le voilà ». Il s'agit d'un phénomène connu sous le nom de « loi de Watkins », lequel implique qu'une forme fléchie à la troisième personne du singulier est réanalysée comme la troisième personne du singulier zéro marquée, à partir duquel un nouveau paradigme émerge.

This article revisits and expands the methodological arguments presented in Les dérives comparatistes ad hoc (Girard 2026). It articulates a clear set of non-negotiable criteria for comparative historical work, analyzes recurrent error types (morphological, lexical, semantic, toponymic, typological, statistical, diachronic), and proposes an operational evaluation grid for researchers. The aim is to provide a transparent, reproducible, and pragmatic framework that helps distinguish heuristic resemblances from genuinely probative comparative evidence. Quoted sentences from the source (French): « Les critères non négociables sont les suivants : correspondances phonologiques régulières, innovations partagées, cohérence diachronique et plausibilité géographique. » 1 « La reconstruction interne, lorsqu'elle est possible, doit précéder toute comparaison externe. » 2

In this paper, we analyze the morphology of the Andes of Peru and its evolution based on the geometry of river channels, their bedrock profiles, stream gradient indices and the relation between thrust faults and morphology. The rivers of the Pacific Basin incised Mesozoic sediments of the Maran ˜on thrust belt, Cenozoic volcanics and the granitic rocks of the Coastal Batholith. They are mainly bedrock channels with convex upward shapes and show signs of active ongoing incision. The changes in lithology do not correlate with breaks in slope of the channels (or knick points) such that the high gradient indices (K) with values between 2,000-3,000 and higher than 3,000 suggest that incision is controlled by tectonic activity. Our analysis reveals that many of the ranges of the Western Cordillera were uplifted to the actual elevations where peaks reach to 6,000 m above sea level by thrusting along steeply dipping faults. We correlate this uplift with the Quechua Phase of Neogene age documented for the Subandean thrust belt. The rivers of the Amazonas Basin have steep slopes and high gradient indices of 2,000-3,000 and locally more than 3,000 in those segments where the rivers flow over the crystalline basement of the Eastern Cordillera affected by vertical faulting. Gradient indices decrease to 1,000-2,000 within the east-vergent thrust belt of the Subandean Zone. Here a correlation between breaks in river channel slopes and location of thrust faults can be established, suggesting that the young, Quechua Phase thrust faults of the Subandean thrust belt, which involve Neogene sediments, influenced the channel geometry. In the eastern lowlands, these rivers become meandering and flow parallel to anticlines that formed in the hanging wall of Quechua Phase thrust faults, suggesting that the river courses were actively displaced outward into the foreland.

This essay proposes a theoretical and experiential reflection on the presymbolic dimension of human existence, beginning from fetal and prenatal experience as a mode of being prior to symbolic debt, lack, and reflective consciousness. The text explores the notion of "I am and I do not cogitate: I happen" as an ontological affirmation of life before division, diagnosis, and symbolic capture. The concepts of gift and desire are radically distinguished: the gift is not exchange or restitution, but the silent act of bringing into the world without possession. Desire, when replacing being, becomes repetition and dissatisfaction. The figure of the father is described not as a symbolic law but as an embodied trace, silent and accompanying, while the maternal capture is explored as the difficulty of allowing the child's becoming. The notion of ne_scio emerges as a suspension of totalizing knowledge and as openness toward the living being beyond diagnostic reduction and theoretical closure.

Kangaroos and wallabies of the Macropus complex include the largest extant marsupials and hopping mammals. They have traditionally been divided among the genus Macropus (with three subgenera: Macropus, Osphranter and Notamacropus) and the monotypic swamp wallaby, Wallabia bicolor. Recent retrotransposon and genome-scale phylogenetic analyses clarify the placement of Wallabia as sister to Notamacropus, with Osphranter and Macropus branching successively deeper. In view of the traditional Macropus concept being paraphyletic, we undertake to resolve the species-level phylogeny and genus-level taxonomy of the Macropus complex. For the first time, we include nuclear and mitochondrial DNA covering all extant species, and the first DNA sequences from the extinct Toolache wallaby (Notamacropus greyi), which we find groups with the black-gloved wallaby (Notamacropus irma). Morphological variation was examined using geometric morphometric methods on three-dimensional surfacescanned skulls. Wallabia skull shape fell close to Notamacropus (or Thylogale when controlling for allometry). We recommend the subgenera Macropus, Osphranter and Notamacropus be elevated to genera, alongside Wallabia, based on comparisons with other established macropodine genera for cranial disparity, ecology and molecular divergence. Our time tree estimates that all four 'Macropus' genera diverged close to the Miocene-Pliocene boundary (~6-5 Mya), then diversified coincident with Pliocene expansion of grasslands in Australia.

As diversas formas de cidadania ativa, incentivadas pela sociedade, por investigadores e por gestores públicos, tem apresentado, nas últimas décadas, avanços e retrocessos no atendimento às demandas urbanas. O protagonismo civil, caracterizado por ações comunitárias autônomas, costuma inovar na superação dos desafios locais, mesmo com escassez de recursos, com propostas circulares, fruto de vivências compartilhadas e aprendizado mútuo. O presente artigo objectiva apresentar uma prática de engajamento civil na Itália e contribuições ao planejamento urbano participado. A metodologia, de natureza qualitativa-exploratória-interpretativa, adota revisão de literatura e pesquisa documental. Utiliza-se, como critério de análise, o “esquema hidráulico” da abordagem territorialista, um diagrama gráfico-conceitual de compreensão do território para promoção do “desenvolvimento local”. Como resultado, observou-se a inovação social como recurso e energia que, tanto em práticas autônomas como em institucionais, pauta-se no mútuo aprendizado entre saberes e conhecimento técnico, catalisado por demandas locais, com potencial de renovação da governança local.

Complexes with the general formula [M(LH) 2 ]X 2 where M=Mn(II),Co(II),Ni(II) and Cu(II) LH= 4-acetylpyridine benzoyl hydrazone and X=chloride ion were synthesized. The structures were confirmed by IR spectroscopy, and characterized by elemental analyses, UV-vis, 1 H.n.m.r 13 C-n.m.r, and conductivity measurements. Molar conductance values in DMSO indicate that all complexes are electrolytes with mole ratio (1:2) and chloride ions not participate in coordination to central metal ion except Mn complex. The ligand act as bidentate, they coordinates through azomethine nitrogen (>C=N-) and carbonyl oxygen‫׳‬s.

In acute experimental focal epilepsy models, GABA A receptors are blocked with a local cortical application of a blocking agent (e.g. picrotoxin, bicuculline or penicillin G), which prevents the GABAmediated inhibitory control of the main population of pyramidal neurons. Layer IV of the cerebral cortex is the most sensitive to penicillin epileptogenesis. During the first minutes of development of an epileptic focus, the earliest sign is the increased number and frequency of spiking as a neuron's response to (e.g. visual) stimuli, i.e., an enhanced physiologic response. Then next sign is the intracellular paroxysmal depolarisation shift (PDS), coupled to interictal activity in ECoG. Response inhibition occurs in neurons surrounding the initial focus (the injection site), creating an ''inhibitory surround'' as a projection to the neighbouring interictal activity. 4 Each interictal spike is followed by an immediate transient inhibition that terminates the massive paroxysmal burst of action potentials. Inhibition is shown to be partly GABA-mediated via both GABA A and GABA B receptors in penicillin-induced foci 6 and causes a profound postsynaptic inhibitory potential of 1-2 s duration. With a sufficient penicillin dose, interictal spikes appear in ten seconds to minutes, increase their frequency in several minutes, then develop short seizure-like ''bursts'' in around twenty minutes, up to ictal discharge, i.e., seizure activity in electrocorticography (ECoG). 8 With a higher penicillin dose, severe seizure activity appears in ten minutes. 9 Also, slow DC-shifts in EEG may occur, as Seizure 20 (2011) 513-519

This paper reconstructs the core derivational mechanisms of Pre-Basque (henceforth Pre-B), an internally coherent morphological layer anterior to both Proto-Basque and the documented stages of Basque. Building on the operational framework established in Girard (2026a), the study isolates six derivational patterns that satisfy the criteria of internal recurrence, independent segmentability, and codistribution with other Pre-B traits. These patterns-localization (-(V)r/-(V)ra), collectivization (-ta/-eta), individuation (-na), light nominalization (a-/e-), agentive/instrumental derivation (-ri), and qualitative specification (s ∼ z)-form a structured and semantically transparent system irreducible to modern Basque or Proto-Basque morphology. Their interactions reveal a layered derivational architecture in which morphological operations combine in predictable sequences. The minimal model proposed here provides a conservative yet testable representation of this architecture, demonstrating that Pre-B constituted a morphologically active system governed by its own derivational grammar. These findings refine the internal stratification of the Basque lexicon and lay a foundation for future work on Pre-B phonotactics, lexical structure, and the emergence of later morphosyntactic categories.

Part of the Pre-Basque Research Programme see also:
· Girard (2026a) https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18795462
· Girard (2026b) https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18829186
· Girard (2026c) https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18856708

The timing and causes of brain size reduction in domestic dogs remain uncertain. Using endocast volume as a proxy for brain size, this study provides a first insight into long-term brain size evolution in the wolf-dog lineage. We compared endocranial volumes of 185 modern and 22 prehistoric wolves and dogs ranging from Western Europe to Australia, and spanning the Pleniglacial (35 000 yr BP) to the Late Neolithic (5000 yr BP). Our results reveal that Pleistocene so-called 'protodogs' show no brain size reduction compared with coeval Pleistocene wolves. Instead, we observed a slightly larger relative endocranial volume in the 35 000-year-old 'protodog' from Goyet, which could suggest increased behavioural flexibility in the presence of humans. In contrast, Late Neolithic dogs show a drastic brain size reduction (46%) with endocranial volumes comparable to modern small terrier and toy breeds. We speculate that the anxious and wary temperaments of these Late Neolithic dogs, induced by the brain tissue reorganization associated with such a size reduction, could have served an alerting purpose, among the many other potential roles dogs could have played within these Late Neolithic socio-ecosystems.

The effects of P doping on growth kinetics and surface morphological evolution during Si(001):P gas-source molecular beam epitaxy from Si2H6 and PH3 at temperatures Ts=500–900°C have been investigated. With increasing PH3∕Si2H6 flux ratio JP∕Si at constant Ts, we observe a decrease in the film growth rate R and an increase in the incorporated P concentration CP, both of which tend toward saturation at high flux ratios, which is accompanied by increased surface roughening and pit formation. At constant JP∕Si, R increases with increasing Ts, while CP initially increases, reaches a maximum at Ts=700°C, and then decreases at higher growth temperatures. We use in situ isotopically tagged D2 temperature programed desorption (TPD) to follow changes in film surface composition and dangling bond density θdb as a function of JP∕Si and Ts. Measurements are carried out on both as-deposited Si(001):P layers and P-adsorbed Si(001) surfaces revealing β1 and β2 peaks due to D2 desorption from Si mo...

The family Helotidae is a small group of cucujiform beetles associated with tree sap, rotten fruits or flowers. In this study, a new genus and species of early Helotidae, Mysteriohelota metallicus gen. et sp. nov., is described from mid-Cretaceous amber from northern Myanmar (Cenomanian, ca. 99 Ma) based on comparative morphology. Its familial placement is further confirmed through constrained morphology-based phylogenetic analyses under maximum parsimony. To test the previously hypothesised higher morphological diversity of Cretaceous Helotidae and to investigate their evolutionary patterns, diagnostic characters of helotid genera were quantified and analysed using two metrics: weighted mean pairwise dissimilarity (WMPD) and the sum of variance (SOV). Rarefaction-based sample-size standardisation was applied to compare the estimates of morphological disparity between extant and Cretaceous Helotidae. The results reveal that the Cretaceous helotid beetles exhibit significantly greater morphological disparity than their extant descendants, suggesting that this small cucujiform family was much more diverse during its early stage of evolution but underwent a loss of taxonomic diversity across time. The present study facilitates the understanding of the palaeobiodiversity and macroevolutionary trajectory of Helotidae.

System Dynamics (SD) is a mathematical method of modeling to understand and analyze complex problems. In this study, assuming collision as the dominant energy transfer event, a SD model was for the first time developed to quantify milling energy in planetary ball mills. The main advantage of this modeling approach is that the dependency of various milling parameters is considered. The milling energy estimated by the SD model, which is derived from Majini-Iassona equations, allows predicting the mean particle size and milling temperature as a function of time. A good agreement was found between the results of the model and some experimental studies, suggesting the merit of the proposed model.

The European research project TIDE (Tidal Inlets Dynamics and Environment) is developing and validating coupled models describing the morphological, biological and ecological evolution of tidal environments. The interactions between the physical and biological processes occurring in these regions requires that the system be studied as a whole rather than as separate parts. Extensive use of remote sensing including LiDAR is being made to provide validation data for the modelling. This paper describes the different uses of LiDAR within the project and their relevance to the TIDE science objectives. LiDAR elevation accuracy at each site has been evaluated using ground reference data acquired with differential GPS. Estimation of the heights of the short and sparse vegetation on marshes is being investigated by analysis of the statistical distribution of the measured LiDAR heights. A semi-automatic technique has been developed to extract tidal channel networks from LiDAR data either used alone or fused with aerial photography.

A 1-D model for exploring the interaction between hydrodynamics, sedimentation, and plant community evolution on a salt marsh populated by Spartina alterniflora is developed. In general macrophyte characteristics are determined by a wide range of processes; here, based on field studies at North Inlet estuary, South Carolina, the biomass of the S. alterniflora on the marsh platform is simply related to the time of submergence under tidally induced flows. Additionally, field data collected at North Inlet are used to relate biomass to plant area per unit volume, stem diameter, and an empirical drag coefficient. Sedimentation is also related to biomass, through either organogenic deposition or trapping of suspended sediment particles, whereas tidally induced flows over marsh platforms are affected by S. alterniflora through drag forces. The morphologic evolution of simulated marshes is explored by varying the sedimentation process and the rate of sea level rise. Different sedimentation processes result in marshes with different morphologies. An organogenic marsh is predicted to evolve under a regime of steady sea level rise into a platform with a relatively flat surface, whereas a marsh developed primarily through a trapping mechanism is predicted to have a surface that slopes gently away from the salt marsh creek. Marshes that accrete through sediment trapping adjust to changes in sea level more rapidly than marshes that accrete through organogenic deposition. Further research needs are discussed.

Plants display a wide range of traits that allow them to use animals for vital tasks. To attract and reward aggressive ants that protect developing leaves and flowers from consumers, many plants bear extrafloral nectaries (EFNs). EFNs are exceptionally diverse in morphology and locations on a plant. In this study the evolution of EFN diversity is explored by focusing on the legume genus Senna, in which EFNs underwent remarkable morphological diversification and occur in over 80 % of the approx. 350 species. EFN diversity in location, morphology and plant ontogeny was characterized in wild and cultivated plants, using scanning electron microscopy and microtome sectioning. From these data EFN evolution was reconstructed in a phylogenetic framework comprising 83 Senna species. Two distinct kinds of EFNs exist in two unrelated clades within Senna. 'Individualized' EFNs (iEFNs), located on the compound leaves and sometimes at the base of pedicels, display a conspicuous, gland-lik...

This study used a hybrid combination of kenaf and hemp fibers and the multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) reinforcements in the matrix phase to synthesize the composites. A kenaf/hemp fiber blend with MWCNTs in epoxy was used for the specific concentration. The procedure used three composite materials chosen from pilot trials. The ratio of MWCNT filler particles was altered up to the agglomeration limit based on initial trials. Two specimens (2 and 3) were supplemented with MWCNTs in a concentration range of 0.5 wt. % to 1 wt. %, with the fiber concentration being maintained in equilibrium with the epoxy resin, all of the materials were tested under the same conditions. The hybrid nanocomposite was characterized for its morphological and mechanical properties; the tensile properties were higher for 1% MWCNTs concentration (specimen 2), while the flexural properties were higher for 0.5% MWCNTs, with values of 43.24 MPa and 55.63 MPa, correspondingly. Once the MWCNT concentration was...

Articles published in Zitteliana are protected by copyright. Reprint and duplications via photochemical, electronical and other ways and production of translations or usage of the presentations for radio television broadcasting or internet remain -even in extracts -subject to the Bayerische Staatssammlung für Paläontologie und Geologie, Munich. A permission in written form is required in advance.

Iron based alloys Fe (82Àx)-Cr 18-Si x (x ¼ 0, 1, 2, 3) wt% were developed by mechanical alloying (MA). Phase evolution studies on the milled powders were conducted using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and field emission transmission electron microscopy (FE-TEM). Scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to carry out morphological investigations. Results showed an initial solid solution formation at 5 h of milling and with continued milling to 35 h, an amorphous phase was formed. The amorphous phase was mechanically crystallized to a-phase at 85 h and 100 h of milling for Fe (82Àx)-Cr 18-Si x (x ¼ 0) and Fe (82Àx)-Cr 18-Si x (x ¼ 1, 2, 3) wt% alloys respectively. Both the lattice parameter and crystallite size were decreased with an increase in Si content of the alloys. With continued milling, micro-strain was increased and crystallite size of the alloys was decreased.

A popular science video on abiogenesis—the origin of life from non-living matter—presents the current state of research honestly: building blocks of life can form through natural chemistry, but how they integrated into the first living cell "is currently not well understood, and there's no experiment or smoking-gun evidence right now."
This admission of a gap is methodologically sound. But it also reveals a deeper pattern worth examining: the distance between demonstrating chemistry works in a laboratory and demonstrating it worked in nature at the scale required for life to begin.
This is a Design Biology audit—not to prove the video wrong, but to distinguish what's been demonstrated from what's been extrapolated.

This text provides a formal review of Indraneil Das’s comprehensive book, A Field Guide to the Reptiles of Borneo. The reviewer reflects on his long-standing academic interest in the region's island biogeography before evaluating the guide’s scientific utility and structure. He details how the book identifies 321 distinct species through the use of taxonomic keys, high-quality photography, and distribution maps. Essential topics such as snakebite management, regional geology, and habitat descriptions are included to assist both researchers and enthusiasts. While the guide lacks a primary focus on environmental policy, the reviewer emphasizes its value as a conservation tool for a region facing significant ecological challenges. Ultimately, the source highlights the immense biodiversity of Bornean herpetofauna and the importance of updated literature in documenting these animals.

An elastoplastic phase-field model was developed to simulate the morphology evolution of hydride precipitation in zirconium bulk material without flaws (considered in this part), and with flaws (considered in Part II). In the present Part I, a theoretical framework based on the phase-field method is described. In addition to long range order parameters used to describe the orientation difference of hydrides and the conserved parameter used to represent the hydrogen concentration, the plastic strains were adopted as new order parameters to describe the plastic deformation around the hydrides. The simulation results showed that the plastic deformation decreases the stress level around hydrides significantly. Moreover, the externally applied stress not only plays an important role in the morphological evolution of hydride precipitation, but also results in tensile stresses inside hydride particles, which may cause crack initiation at the hydrides.

Le premier but de cet article est d’étudier le passif personnel en français et appliquer et supporter l’analyse de Shormani (2017a), particulièrement de passif périphrastique de la langue française. L’article donne un grand support à l’analyse de Shormani et comment passivisation est un processus qui est associé à un trait personne [Prsn]. L’évidence est que la morphologie passif (MP)‘absorbe’seulement l’accord de personne, mais non l’accord de nombre et de genre, et cette évidence est de langues indo-européennes, ici le français. Syntaxiquement, l’article argue que le sujet du passif est la catégorie vide pro. Il argue aussi que la MP est projeté à PassP (Phrase Passif), et la tête Pass a le trait personne [Prsn], qui est considéré une variante de EPP. Ce trait est évalué par merger le sujet syntactique du passif (Sujet-syn)(ou l’objet d’actif) dans Spec, PassP, comme la seule DP dans le domaine de Pass. pro est déficient dans le passif, alors il ne peut pas évaluer le trait [Prsn] de Pass perce qu’il générique/indéfini. pro est base-généré dans Spec, vP. Sémantiquement, l’article illustre et développe une théorie minimaliste dont θrôles sont assignes dans les configurations des arguments. pro est l’argument externe, et l’évaluation de son θ-rôle et Cas par Merge.
Scholar articles
Le passif personnel en français: support pour approche personne
M Shormani
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This paper presents the fourth installment in the ongoing reconstruction of a proposed
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crocodylomorph (cf. Cricosaurus). The scaling factor of ~628,000× has been validated across
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m biological).
The present study focuses on the caudal region (59–100% of total length), with particular
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by independent blind tests conducted via a separate AI system (ChatGPT/Gemini), we report:
(1) identification of both fluke lobes with a dorsal/ventral ratio of 0.43, matching the lower bound of the expected metriorhynchid range (0.43–0.67); (2) twelve distal caudal vertebrae in the dorsal lobe at 7.4 km spacing = 11.8 mm biological, within the 8–12 mm literature range
for Cricosaurus; (3) a successful blind prediction of V-shaped chevron (haemal arch) structures near Ingolstadt, independently confirmed by ChatGPT without knowledge of the prediction; and (4) mapping of the Danube River to the vena caudalis within the haemal canal, with river width (200 m = 0.32 mm) matching the expected caudal artery diameter (0.3–1.0 mm). A total of 33 out of 37 anatomical criteria from blind tests were confirmed (89%), with zero contradictions. One blind prediction (chevron V-structures at a specific location, orientation, and size) was independently verified, marking the transition from post-hoc pattern matching
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The Mediterranean paleontological record (pollen and large mammals) shows the disappearance of several tree taxa and the development of the modern mixed oak forest from 1.3 to 0.5 Ma, while a major turnover at end of the Early Pleistocene promoted gradual changes in composition and structure of faunal complexes.

ABSTRACT