Network Society

Este texto reflexiona sobre la noción de soberanía narrativa en el contexto de la globalización y la sociedad red. A partir de las aportaciones de Manuel Castells, se plantea que las disputas contemporáneas por el poder ya no se desarrollan únicamente en los ámbitos territorial, económico o militar, sino también en la capacidad de producir, distribuir y legitimar interpretaciones sobre la realidad social. Tomando como referencia el caso mexicano y las narrativas internacionales en torno al narcotráfico, la violencia y la gobernabilidad, el artículo analiza cómo determinadas explicaciones adquieren centralidad mientras otros factores estructurales suelen permanecer fuera del encuadre mediático dominante. Asimismo, se discute el papel de las plataformas digitales, los conglomerados mediáticos y las estrategias transnacionales de intervención narrativa en la configuración de la conversación pública. Finalmente, se argumenta que la soberanía en el siglo XXI también implica la capacidad de las sociedades para construir interpretaciones propias sobre sí mismas y resistir dinámicas externas de influencia discursiva en un entorno comunicativo crecientemente concentrado y globalizado.

My original intention in writing this paper was to say what activists should do and impose moral limits on activists' actions. But after considering my own actions during protests, I think it is better to describe what I saw and what happened during these events using available data. I believe this is the best way to frame these protests in terms of what I will call a justicized rule consequentialism.

„Książka Mikołaja Jacka Łuczaka posiada szereg zalet, wśród nich niewątpliwie wymienić należy fakt, że Autor książki o komunikacji idzie z duchem powszechnej obecnie interdyscyplinarności. Pragnę zaakcentować zwłaszcza refleksję Autora nad kategorią bezpieczeństwa informacji, albowiem właśnie ona wydaje się dziś mieć najpoważniejsze konotacje praktyczne. (...) Refleksja nad kategorią komunikacji, będącej istotą relacji w świecie społecznym, a jak wskazuje Autor, także w domenie tworzonych przez człowieka systemów technicznych, jest jednym z kluczowych wyzwań filozofii, socjologii i psychologii, a także młodszych rodowodowo, choć już bardzo wyspecjalizowanych nauk o komunikacji czy wspomnianych już nauk o bezpieczeństwie.
Jest to jedna z osi interpretacyjnych przyjętych przez Autora. Z kolei zawarte już w samym tytule książki odwołanie do koncepcji „społeczeństwa sieciowego” Manuela Castellsa wyznacza drugą oś interpretacji zjawisk społecznych podejmowanej przez Autora. Trzecią jest „myślenie systemowe” – będące określonym paradygmatem opisu, modelowania i analizy złożonych zjawisk, który jest z powodzeniem, choć na różne sposoby, stosowany na wszelkich polach eksplorowanych przez współczesną naukę.
Dzięki takiej – trójosiowej analizie – proponowany w pracy dyskurs wpisuje się w aktualny kontekst filozoficzny i naukowy. Istotnym walorem pracy (...), jest również to, że prezentowane wywody, będące próbą odpowiedzi na pytanie o istotę procesów zapośredniczanej technologicznie komunikacji i związanej z nią zmiany społecznej, prowadzone są niejako na przecięciu wspomnianych osi interpretacyjnych. Na tym właśnie polega moim zdaniem istotna oryginalność książki. (...) Autor, odnosząc się do wielu teorii, w tym również do klasycznych teorii socjologicznych, nie pozostaje bierny w ich recepcji, ale z powodzeniem podejmuje wysiłek ich reinterpretacji i adaptacji do podejmowanej przez siebie problematyki, a gdy jest to uzasadnione, także je autorsko rozwija. Czyni tak, między innymi analizując w paradygmacie systemowym wymienioną już przeze mnie kategorię bezpieczeństwa, ale i zagadnienie cyrkulacji informacji w sprzęgających się wzajemnie sieciach społecznych i technologicznych.”
dr hab. Radomir Miński prof. SWPS.

Современные цифровые профессиональные платформы стали важнейшими инфраструктурами профессиональной самопрезентации, транснационального взаимодействия и распространения профессиональной информации. Платформы профессионального позиционирования и научной коммуникации значительно расширили возможности цифровой репрезентации профессиональной деятельности, обеспечив глобальную доступность профессиональных профилей, публикаций, рекомендаций и сведений о профессиональном опыте. Однако рост цифровой видимости профессиональной активности не сопровождается формированием устойчивых механизмов институционального доверия и воспроизводимой профессиональной легитимности.
Настоящее исследование посвящено анализу структурного различия между алгоритмической видимостью и институционально воспроизводимым доверием в условиях транснациональной профессиональной мобильности. В работе рассматриваются ограничения цифровых платформенных моделей профессиональной идентичности, основанных преимущественно на самодекларируемой информации, алгоритмическом ранжировании, количественных показателях активности и фрагментированной цифровой репрезентации.
Особое внимание уделяется проблеме документарной фрагментации профессиональной идентичности, при которой профессиональные достижения, публикации, рекомендации, квалификации и результаты профессиональной деятельности распределяются между множеством независимых цифровых и институциональных сред. В отличие от традиционных систем профессионального признания, цифровые платформы
преимущественно организуют профессиональную видимость, но не формируют единой доказательной архитектуры профессиональной легитимности.
Исследование исходит из предположения, что современная цифровая инфраструктура профессиональной идентичности постепенно смещается от механизмов институциональной верификации к режимам алгоритмической видимости. В этих условиях возникает потребность в новых моделях организации профессиональной идентичности, способных сочетать цифровую доступность профессиональной информации, документарную связность, верифицируемость данных и механизмы распределённого институционального доверия.

El objetivo de esta investigación es comprender las significaciones imaginarias sociales en torno a la violencia digital que ocurre en plataformas sociodigitales. Para ello, se diseñó un dispositivo de investigación-intervención que convocó a juventudes a participar en una entrevista grupal para compartir sus experiencias en las plataformas. Las principales reflexiones de este ejercicio dan cuenta de que las juventudes se refirieron a la violencia digital sin nombrarla violencia, ya que usaron palabras como “hate” o “lo tóxico”, las cuales también son utilizadas en contextos de humor. Por otra parte, las prácticas identificadas como violentas no se significaron desde la perspectiva de las personas víctimas o victimarias, sino como espectadoras. Finalmente, las respuestas para lidiar con la violencia se configuran desde la visibilidad: por un lado, buscan reducirla mediante la configuración de la privacidad, lo que disminuye la visibilidad de sus perfiles; por otro, emergen formas de organización colectiva en las plataformas para hacer visible el problema. Este artículo busca contribuir a la comprensión de la violencia digital desde la perspectiva de los sujetos, como un proceso de significación colectiva.

The article raises the question of the media community created in the context of resistance. The issue of retaining environments is presented based on the issues related to media messages which are created in the form of hashtags. In the network society, the media symbols becomes a meta-commentary, which may result in changes and transformations both in virtual and real area. The text is a reflection on the three aspects of the properties of the hashtag. The message is described as a tool for change, community opposition and the community of the thinks. This point of view gives the opportunity to demonstrate the interdependence that prevail in online subcultures of resistance.

This paper argues that the technological convergence enabling Generative Artificial Intelligence requires an extension of Manuel Castells' foundational Network Society framework. The study's objective is to introduce the Multi-Agent Network Society model, proposing that Generative Artificial Intelligence can be conceptualized as a form of artificial agency capable of initiating and shaping actions within networked environments, even under human-defined objectives and constraints, and of enacting operational (de facto) gatekeeping at scale, which transforms technology from a neutral instrument into a value-laden vector. The methodology develops the conceptual model through three analytical steps: canonical deconstruction of the human-centric node; conceptual synthesis of non-human agency evidence and illustrative cases; and model construction via abductive reasoning. The paper argues that the value vector challenges established concepts such as digital sovereignty and redefines Mass Self-Communication, transforming it into algorithmically mediated mass communication, which has implications for information trust and political discourse. The model's prognostic utility is explored by discussing its implications in high-stakes technological domains. The paper concludes that current global governance efforts are based on an outdated, human-centric control model.

Published in the Special Issue: Generative Artificial Intelligence: Ethics, Governance and Creativity, Vol. 18 No. 38 (January-April 2026)

Öz: Çalışmanın amacı, Kocaeli ilinde bulunan kamu eğitim kurumlarında görev yapan yöneticilerin hizmet içi eğitim stratejisine yönelik algılarını belirlemektir. Bu amaçla yürütülen araştırma vasıtasıyla ile elde edilen verilerin, Millî Eğitim Bakanlığının hizmet içi eğitim programlarının etkililiğinin artırılmasına, geleceğe yönelik etkili bir vizyon belirlemek adına hazırlanacak olan stratejilere katkıda bulunulması beklenmektedir. Araştırmanın kapsamını Kocaeli ilinde görev yapan kamu eğitim kurumlarında görev yapan hizmet içi eğitimlere katılmış olan yöneticiler oluşturmaktadır. Çalışmada, nitel bir yaklaşım benimsenmiştir. Çalışma grubunu 2018-2019 eğitim-öğretim yılında Kocaeli ilinde bulunan 24 eğitim yöneticilerinin oluşturduğu araştırmada, amaçlı örnekleme yöntemlerinden maksimum çeşitlilik örneklemesi kullanılmıştır. Maksimum çeşitlilik örneklemesi kapsamında Kocaeli ilinde bulunan en az bir mahalli ve merkezi hizmet içi eğitim almış 12 ilçeden her birinden 2 eğitim yöneticisi seçkisiz olarak belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca çalışma grubundaki eğitim yöneticilerinin anaokulu, ilkokul, ortaokul ve liselerden eşit sayıda (6 yönetici) olması sağlanmıştır. Araştırmada elde edilen veriler, araştırmacı tarafından içerik analizi yöntemi ile raporlaştırılmıştır. Araştırmada, ihtiyaç analizi yapılması; yer ve zaman planlamasının önemi; kontenjan sayısı; içerikteki çeşitlilik ve uygulanabilirlik hizmet içi eğitimin planlama sürecini etkilediği belirlenmiştir.

Bu tez çalışmasında, örnek toplumsal hareketler bağlamında popüler kültür ürünlerinin detournement (saptırma) yöntemiyle mizahi içeriklere dönüştürülerek kullanımı incelenmiş; seçilen örnekler üzerinden söylem analizi yapılması amaçlanmıştır. Çalışma kapsamında, post-sanayi çağında kültür kavramının, toplumsal hareketlerin ve mizahın geçirdiği dönüşümler ele alınmıştır. Ayrıca “Ağ Toplumu” kavramı incelenmiş; bu çerçevede kamusal alanın dönüşümü analiz edilmiştir.

Kuramsal çerçevenin ardından, örnek olaylar olarak seçilen 2013 Türkiye Gezi Parkı Eylemleri, 2016 İngiltere Brexit Referandumu ve 2016 Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Başkanlık Seçimi süreçlerinde üretilen popüler kültür temelli mizahi içerikler söylem analizi yöntemiyle incelenmiştir. Farklı kültürel yapılarda gelişen ve farklı koşullar altında ortaya çıkan toplumsal hareketler karşılaştırmalı olarak değerlendirilmiş; kültürel öğelerin yerellik ve küresellik etkileşimi içerisinde nasıl dönüşüm geçirdiği ortaya konmuştur.

Analiz sürecinde, seçilen örnekler üzerinde görsel ve metinsel söylem analizi uygulanmıştır. İncelenen bulgular doğrultusunda, popüler kültür öğelerinin toplumsal hareketler içinde mizahi içeriklere dönüşüm süreçleri değerlendirilmiş ve belirli bir sosyal ağda ilgili dönemdeki kullanım sıklıkları tespit edilmiştir. Analiz sonuçları, popüler kültür öğelerinin detournement yöntemiyle mizahi içeriklere dönüşmesinin, toplumsal hareketlerin görünürlük mücadelesinde önemli bir işlev üstlendiğini göstermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Popüler kültür, mizah, toplumsal hareketler, detournement, söylem analizi

An increasing pace of innovation in telecommunications, information technology has facilitated our society’s transition into what is called the “Information Age”. This work is intended to offer a means of understanding current directions in digital innovation. In 1948, the general theory for electronic communications (Shannon 1948), contributed to a substantial reorganization of our society; some fifty years later, Castells attempts to grasp the relationships between emerging technical, economic, political and cultural trends and helps us understand the processes of change triggered by the convergence of information and communication technologies (ICTs). In this work, starting from the interdisciplinary literature, the main theoretical and practical contributions leading to technological convergence are investigated in order to open a window on the contemporary landscape in semantic web, algorithmic reasoning and social intelligence (Esposito 2022). The resulting framework, although...

Cette recherche analyse l'influence des réseaux sociaux sur les décisions migratoires, les parcours et les expériences des migrants du Sénégal et de la Gambie vers l'Italie, incluant leur usage après l'arrivée. Elle souligne un rôle ambivalent : ces plateformes fournissent des informations utiles sur les itinéraires, les risques et les opportunités, ainsi que des réseaux de soutien favorisant l'entraide et la participation, tout en pouvant aussi diffuser des contenus trompeurs qui créent des attentes irréalistes ou renforcent la dépendance aux réseaux de passeurs. La méthodologie qualitative s'appuie sur des entretiens avec des migrants, des candidats à la migration et des acteurs médiatiques ou associatifs, afin de comprendre comment ces individus combinent discours médiatiques, conseils informels et informations en ligne pour guider leurs choix migratoires et leurs stratégies d'adaptation.

Penelitian ini membahas bagaimana aktivitas nyata yang dilakukan secara konsisten, ketika disusun melalui G-Loop Method, dapat menghasilkan identitas yang terbaca oleh mesin (machine-readable identity) dalam sistem seperti Google Knowledge Graph API. Berbeda dengan pendekatan optimasi mesin pencari konvensional, G-Loop Method menekankan siklus aktivitas, refleksi, dan struktur naratif yang konsisten. Studi ini menggunakan pendekatan observasional berbasis praktik, di mana entitas personal mulai dikenali sebagai "Thing" dalam sistem pengetahuan mesin. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pengenalan entitas oleh mesin tidak semata bergantung pada visibilitas atau popularitas, tetapi pada konsistensi, keterhubungan, dan koherensi semantik dari aktivitas yang dilakukan.

Revue Interculturelle, Internationale de Cognition, des Humanités et des Sémiotiques Applicables (RIICHSA) Revue Interculturelle, Internationale de Cognition, des Humanités et des sémiotiques Applicables (RIICHSA) du Laboratoire de Dynamique des Langues et Cultures à Calavi (LABODyLCAL) N° 10/2022/ 1 er semestre CEREID et Labo-CCOSS Il est expressément interdit de reproduire cette oeuvre, même partielle, sous quelconque forme ou moyen, même digitale ou photocopiée notamment. Toute transgression sera passible de poursuites prévues par la législation en vigueur.

Este artículo presenta una reflexión teórica sobre el rol del diseñador en la creación de narrativas y experiencias digitales, examinando cómo las desigualdades digitales y la distribución desigual de capitales condicionan tanto los procesos creativos como las posibilidades de participación en entornos digitales. A partir de una revisión documental, se analiza cómo los límites entre lo digital y lo fuera de línea se han vuelto cada vez más difusos, dando lugar a un entorno híbrido en el que las narrativas transmedia no solo comunican o representan, sino que trascienden lo estético y lo comunicacional para operar como herramientas de poder simbólico, económico y cultural. Si bien esta problemática ha sido abordada desde diversos enfoques, persisten vacíos teóricos en torno al proceso formativo del diseñador como agente sociotécnico en América Latina. En particular, se plantea la necesidad de identificar y promover competencias profesionales, como la ciudadanía digital, desde perspectivas críticas que no solo respondan a los desafíos tecnológicos, sino que también incorporen dimensiones éticas, políticas y sociales del quehacer creativo. Se concluye que una formación centrada en estas competencias resulta estratégica no solo para una mejor comprensión de los medios digitales, sino también para el fortalecimiento de sociedades más participativas, informadas y resilientes en la era postdigital.

Pertumbuhan pengguna media sosial, khususnya TikTok, menunjukkan pola yang fluktuatif dan sulit diprediksi dengan model matematis sederhana. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan model matematis yang lebih adaptif dalam merepresentasikan lonjakan pengguna dengan menggunakan pendekatan dalam Matematika Diskrit. Metode yang digunakan adalah pendekatan kuantitatif berbasis model rekursif orde variabel yang dianalisis menggunakan data pengguna TikTok di Indonesia periode 2018-2025. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa selisih pertumbuhan pengguna (Δ𝑈) tidak konstan, yaitu sebesar 10 juta, 25 juta, 70 juta, dan 80 juta, yang mengindikasikan adanya dinamika pertumbuhan yang tidak stabil. Berdasarkan data tersebut, dikembangkan model rekursi 𝑈 𝑛 = 𝑈 𝑛-1 + 𝑘 𝑛 (𝑈 𝑛-1-𝑈 𝑛-2) dengan parameter 𝑘 𝑛 yang berubah pada setiap periode. Model ini kemudian dibuktikan menggunakan Induksi Matematika kuat dan terbukti berlaku secara umum. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa model rekursif orde variabel lebih mampu merepresentasikan pertumbuhan pengguna dibandingkan model dengan parameter tetap. Dengan demikian, pendekatan ini memberikan kontribusi dalam pengembangan pemodelan matematis yang lebih fleksibel dan relevan terhadap fenomena pertumbuhan pengguna di era digital.

The rapid development of information and communication technologies has profoundly transformed the production, dissemination, and consumption of news. Within this environment, disinformation has emerged as one of the most pressing challenges for contemporary societies. Unlike misinformation, which refers to the unintentional circulation of inaccurate data, disinformation is defined as the deliberate and systematic manipulation of facts, contexts, and narratives with the aim of shaping public opinion. Its impact is not limited to political communication; rather, it extends to a wide spectrum of public life including social debates, economic reporting, cultural narratives, sports, and even entertainment news. The normalization of disinformation within the everyday news cycle threatens democratic deliberation, undermines institutional trust, and contributes to the deepening of polarization.

      This thesis investigates how disinformation manifested within the Turkish media during the summer of 2023. The selection of this period carries deliberate significance. Following the general elections, Türkiye entered a phase of intense political polarization, ongoing economic instability, and a delicate recovery from the major earthquakes that struck earlier that year. Simultaneously, public discourse became increasingly preoccupied with debates on migration and national security. Meanwhile, sports and entertainment coverage maintained strong public engagement through the spread of rumors, speculative stories, and sensational reporting. The coexistence of political tension, societal fragility, and the mass circulation of popular news renders the summer of 2023 a critical moment for understanding the ways in which disinformation infiltrates both political communication and popular culture.

      The study employs a qualitative methodology based on critical discourse analysis and framing analysis. Critical discourse analysis makes it possible to reveal the ideological dimensions of language use, the reproduction of power relations, and the strategic deployment of linguistic and visual resources. Framing analysis, in turn, focuses on the interpretive schemes through which the same event is presented differently by different outlets. Together, these two approaches enable a deeper understanding of disinformation not merely as a matter of factual accuracy, but as a discursive practice that constructs meaning through emphasis, omission, exaggeration, and narrative positioning.

      The data set consists of news articles published between June and August 2023 in three newspapers: Sabah, Sözcü and Yeniçağ. These newspapers were selected because they represent distinct ideological orientations within the Turkish press. Sabah reflects a pro-government and conservative line, Sözcü represents an oppositional and secular perspective, while Yeniçağ embodies a nationalist orientation critical of both government and mainstream opposition. This diversity provides a fertile ground for comparative analysis, enabling the study to demonstrate how disinformation strategies vary according to ideological positioning.

    The findings of the research demonstrate that disinformation is not confined to any single political camp but is rather a widespread practice across the ideological spectrum. In the case of Sabah disinformation frequently appeared in the form of selective reporting and legitimizing discourse that reinforced government narratives while downplaying critical perspectives. Sözcü on the other hand, often relied on dramatization and exaggerated headlines that amplified oppositional critiques, occasionally publishing claims without adequate verification. Yeniçağ distinguished itself by its securitization of migration and foreign policy issues, using othering strategies and unverified statistics to portray migrants as existential threats to the nation. In addition to these political and social domains, all three newspapers displayed lighter forms of disinformation in sports and entertainment news, including transfer rumors in football, speculative celebrity gossip, and sensationalist reports on private lives. Although seemingly less consequential, such practices contribute to the erosion of verification standards and foster a culture of low accountability in journalism.

    The comparative analysis reveals that each outlet employs disinformation in line with its ideological orientation: legitimization in pro-government discourse, dramatization in oppositional discourse, and securitization in nationalist discourse.Despite these differences, a common tendency emerges in all three newspapers: the prioritization of immediacy, sensationalism, and partisanship over accuracy and verification. This tendency not only reinforces polarization but also undermines the possibility of a shared public reality, thereby weakening democratic deliberation.

    The thesis argues that addressing disinformation cannot be reduced to technical fact-checking mechanisms alone. What is required is a deeper engagement with the structural and cultural dimensions of media production, including the strengthening of journalistic ethics, the development of independent editorial policies, and the promotion of media literacy among citizens. By situating the Turkish case within the global literature on disinformation, the study underscores that the problem is both local and transnational, shaped by the interaction of political, economic, and technological forces.

    In conclusion, this research contributes to the literature by providing an empirical, comparative, and period-specific analysis of disinformation in Türkiye. By examining the summer of 2023 across three ideologically diverse newspapers, it demonstrates how disinformation infiltrates multiple domains of public communication and functions as a key instrument in shaping collective perceptions. The findings underline the urgent need to address disinformation not only as a matter of truth and falsehood but as a systemic challenge that affects the quality of public life and the health of democratic societies.

This article explores the transformation of communication in the digital age, arguing that digital environments should no longer be understood as neutral tools but as relational habitats. Within these environments, communication is shaped not only by human intention but also by the often-invisible mediation of algorithmic systems. Through a conceptual analysis supported by a case study of the Catholic Church, the article highlights the limitations of treating digital platforms as mere channels of transmission and calls for a deeper rethinking of communication as a relational and contextual practice.

O presente relatório insere-se no Estudo sobre a Aplicação de Inteligência Artificial (IA) no
Jornalismo em Portugal, desenvolvido sob coordenação científica da Faculdade de Ciências Sociais e Humanas da Universidade Nova de Lisboa, em articulação com um conjunto alargado de instituições académicas nacionais e internacionais, e com o envolvimento direto dos principais grupos de media e entidades reguladoras do setor. O estudo é financiado pelo European Media and Information Fund, sob gestão da Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian.

A integração progressiva de tecnologias de IA no jornalismo tem vindo a transformar os modelos de produção, distribuição e consumo de notícias, assim como as práticas profissionais e a relação das audiências com a informação. Embora esta evolução tecnológica represente oportunidades significativas, nomeadamente ao nível da automação de tarefas e da personalização de conteúdos, levanta igualmente desafios críticos de natureza ética, regulamentar, profissional e social, cuja compreensão exige um esforço sistemático de análise. No contexto nacional, a adoção da IA no setor mediático revela-se desigual, com níveis diferenciados de integração entre grandes grupos de comunicação social e redações locais ou regionais. Paralelamente, a emergência de novos enquadramentos regulamentares, particularmente no espaço europeu, coloca exigências acrescidas a este processo de transformação.

Este relatório tem por objetivos:

1. Caracterizar o estado atual da aplicação de tecnologias de IA no jornalismo em Portugal, mapeando práticas existentes, níveis de adoção e principais tendências emergentes.
2. Avaliar os impactos da IA nos processos jornalísticos, incluindo aspetos relacionados com a produção e distribuição de conteúdos, hábitos de consumo, qualidade informativa e eficiência organizacional.
3. Identificar desafios éticos, regulamentares e profissionais, sistematizando riscos,
oportunidades e dilemas associados à incorporação da IA no ecossistema mediático.
Este documento constitui o primeiro produto técnico do projeto, funcionando como base analítica estruturante para as fases seguintes, nomeadamente a auscultação participativa dos stakeholders e a formulação de recomendações estratégicas.

In the global process of transforming the internet into an instrument for achieving freedom, equality and social justice, the internet has undeniably become a space for the promotion, protection and free exercise of fundamental human rights, the aim of which is social inclusion in a digital environment. The aim of the article is to systematically describe digital rights, with the dignity of the human person as the central focus in the context of a technological and digital society. The approach is qualitative, based on doctrinal and legislative research and deductive legal analysis.

This study examines the phenomenon of juvenile delinquency and the effectiveness of correctional legal instruments in Nigeria. It explores the conceptual and theoretical foundations of juvenile delinquency, identifying it as criminal or deviant behaviour exhibited by individuals below the age of eighteen. The research highlights the major causes of juvenile delinquency in Nigeria, including poverty, broken homes, lack of education, peer influence, child abuse, and weak parental control, while also examining its social consequences such as increased crime rates, poor educational outcomes, and moral decline.

The study further analyses the legal and institutional frameworks governing juvenile justice in Nigeria, including both domestic laws and international instruments such as the Child Rights Act, the Constitution, and relevant United Nations guidelines. It assesses the extent to which these laws protect the rights of children and address delinquent behaviour. Despite the existence of these legal provisions, findings reveal significant challenges, including inadequate implementation, lack of specialized juvenile courts, prolonged trial processes, poor funding, and the improper treatment of juveniles within the justice system.

Adopting a doctrinal research methodology, the study relies on both primary and secondary legal sources to evaluate the effectiveness of the current system. It concludes that while Nigeria has made considerable legal progress in protecting children’s rights, the juvenile justice system remains largely ineffective due to systemic and institutional deficiencies. The study recommends reforms aimed at strengthening implementation mechanisms, improving institutional capacity, and ensuring that the best interests of the child remain central to juvenile justice administration.

To rethink the model, the methodologies and the projects that gave origin to digital cities and regions, in order to improve results.  To analyse the institutional and social factors, as well as the technological ones, that have contributed to different outcomes in the Portuguese digital cities and regions, focusing into the governance issue.  To deepen the acquaintance about the knowledge society.  To outline recommendations that can reinforce a knowledge-based development also in other EU territories.

Aulas ao Curso de Pós-graduação em Direito Notarial e Registo Predial "Prof. Doutor Manuel Henrique Mesquita", do CENoR - Centro de Estudos Notariais e Registais da Faculdade de Direito da Universidade de Coimbra. Dia 14 de setembro de 2015.

Os jovens pouco escolarizados no mercado de trabalho português. Este artigo analisa as mudanças estruturais do emprego juvenil entre os 15 e 24 anos de idade, com escolaridade básica obrigatória (isced 0-2), nos anos de 1988, 1998 e 2007, tendo por base dados não publicados dos Quadros de Pessoal do Ministério do Trabalho e da Solidariedade Social. A exploração das variáveis contrato, antiguidade, duração do tempo de trabalho e remuneração, permite configurar uma autonomização do mercado de trabalho da mão-de-obra juvenil face à generalidade do mercado de trabalho. Conclui-se argumentando que a escolaridade é um fator diferenciador da relação de emprego dos jovens menos escolarizados face aos mais escolarizados. Palavras-chave: mercado de trabalho; inserção profissional; jovens; isced; escolaridade. The labour insertion of the Portuguese young people. This article analyses the structural changes of youth employment between 15 and 24 years of age, with compulsory basic education (isced 0-2) in 1988, 1998 and 2007 based on the unpublished data from Quadros de Pessoal (Labour Census -Public sector excluded) of the Ministry of Employment and Social Solidarity. The exploration of variables such as contract, seniority, working hours and remuneration, allows configuring an autonomous labour market of juvenile manpower with regard to the general labour market. It concludes by arguing that schooling is a key differentiator of the employment relation of less educated young people towards higher educated one.

This chapter examines the concept of the "interactive city" within the framework of network society theory, exploring whether this term offers new analytical perspectives beyond existing concepts like the "global city" or "information city." Drawing on the work of theorists such as Manuel Castells, Jan van Dijk, and Lev Manovich, the author argues that understanding the city as a Network reveals two key dimensions: first, the city extends beyond its physical boundaries through online discussions and virtual spaces; second, network principles enable positive transformation of urban spaces through self-organizing grassroots initiatives.
The chapter analyzes how network society characteristics—horizontal organization, decentralization, interactivity, and programmability—are materially embedded in contemporary urban spaces. Examples range from Manhattan's grid structure and mega-malls functioning as physical manifestations of internet browsers, to transformative projects like New York's High Line park. The author explores how Web 2.0 logic, particularly the blurring of boundaries between content creators and consumers, is reshaping urban planning practices and enabling "insurgent planning" driven by citizen initiatives rather than top-down municipal authorities.
The analysis demonstrates that network communication principles are fundamentally altering the nature of public space, making it more flexible, reconfigurable, and participatory—transforming urban environments into dynamic, constantly evolving networks that reflect the interactive culture of the digital age.

Acest articol analizează ce fel de lume socială construim și lăsăm în urmă prin intermediul Internetului. El tratează moștenirea digitală nu doar ca un ansamblu de date stocate, ci ca o formă de memorie colectivă și ca un sistem de putere care influențează ce anume este reținut, cine devine vizibil, ce este considerat adevărat și cum se formează identitățile.

Articolul explică modul în care arhivele digitale și algoritmii decid ce este păstrat, văzut și memorat și cum acest lucru schimbă felul în care societatea își înțelege trecutul. Arată cum platformele online influențează modul în care oamenii se prezintă, cum îi percep pe ceilalți și cum se formează normele sociale.

De asemenea, discută felul în care platformele și algoritmii devin actori sociali puternici, care modelează atenția, comportamentul și dezbaterea publică, adesea în funcție de interese economice și politice. În final, articolul susține că moștenirea digitală nu privește doar prezentul, ci și generațiile viitoare, deoarece sistemele digitale create astăzi vor modela libertățile, riscurile și posibilitățile lor de viață.

Pe scurt, articolul arată că Internetul nu doar ne stochează viețile — el modelează activ ce tip de societate devenim și ce lume lăsăm în urmă.

Purpose: The main purpose of this study is to evaluate the status of rural libraries services in East Azarbaijan province and surveying the villagers' viewpoints on the libraries' effect on the reduction of social deprivation. Method: The current research is applied in terms of research objectives and descriptive in terms of data collection, which was carried out using a survey method. Data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire. The questionnaire's reliability value based on Alpha Cronbach is 0.79 as and its validity was confirmed by experts. The statistical population of this research includes the users of 18 rural libraries operating in East Azarbaijan province, who numbered 43,635. From these people, 380 ones were selected as the research sample according to Krejcie and Morgan's formula for sample size. The data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics including t-test. Findings: Based on the results, different types of services were identified provided by rural libraries of East Azarbaijan Province. "Making books accessible" is a role that most of the respondents believe that their respective rural libraries do perform. On the other hand, most of the respondents believed that the rural library of their region does not fulfill its role well in the "dissemination of information resources and providing services in the local language" and "making electronic and internet resources accessible". Regarding the barriers to the use of rural libraries, "the disproportion of the provided services to the needs of the villagers" was identified as the biggest obstacle to the use of rural libraries in East Azarbaijan province. From the viewpoint of rural users, the effect of rural libraries on the "sense of citizenship" and "life satisfaction" is moderate, while the effect of rural libraries on the social alienation (negagtive impact) and social interaction is slightly higher than average. Originality/value: The contributions of this research are in investigating the role of rural libraries in East Azarbaijan province in providing information services and in identifying the views of rural library users on the effect of libraries in reducing social deprivation.

With the emergence and proliferation of social media, identity has become a more fluid and fragmented phenomenon. As society and the family are no longer the sole determining sources of identity, the processes of identity formation and identification, particularly among youth, are undergoing a significant transformation. This paper examines and analyzes youth identity and the identification process resulting from social media use. The study employed a qualitative approach, utilizing semi-structured in-depth interviews with 17 young individuals. The findings from the interviews, extracted and analyzed through thematic analysis, demonstrated four main themes: "value and belief gap," "media-oriented lifestyle," "problematization of the self," and "transformation of interactions." These were supported by twelve sub-themes: "transformation in religious beliefs and opinions," "transformation in political beliefs and opinions," "disinterest in domestic official media," "trend-driven living," "media-oriented interests and goals," "opportunity for freedom of action," "opportunity for self-reinvention," "context for pretense," "possibility of self

Terrorist groups like ISIS and Jihadist are spreading their propaganda online using various forms of social networks like Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube. Best way to stop these groups is to suspend accounts that spread propaganda to harm living being and hurt any religious place or monuments. This can be done by analysts manually read and analyze an enormous amount of information on social media. Our proposed methodology is to attempt an automatically detect radical content that is released by jihadist and Terrorist groups on Twitter. We are using a branch of Artificial Intelligence i.e. Machine learning to classify a tweet as radical or non-radical and generate results which indicate that an automated approach to aid analysts detecting radical content on social media.

Purpose: Library users, as the primary stakeholders of nonprofit organizations such as public libraries, are among their most valuable assets. This study aimed to assess the level of user loyalty and identify the factors influencing it in the public libraries operated by the Cultural and Artistic Organization of Tehran Municipality. Methods: This applied research employed a descriptive-survey methodology. The population consisted of all users of the libraries affiliated with Tehran Municipality. The theoretical framework was developed using a library-based method, and data were collected via the Customer Loyalty Questionnaire developed by Randall Tyl (2004). Descriptive statistics were used for data summarization, and Pearson's correlation coefficient was employed to examine relationships between variables. Results: The findings indicated that the level of user loyalty to the libraries was below average. Significant relationships were observed between user loyalty and variables such as loyal attitudes, personal traits and behaviors, supplementary services, perceived usefulness of the library collections, as well as renewal history and membership duration. Conclusion:. The below-average loyalty of users highlights the need to revise communication strategies, service quality, and alignment of services with user needs. Recommendations include leveraging information technologies, tailoring services to different user groups, organizing training workshops, empowering librarians, and offering membership incentives. Ultimately, adopting a user-centered approach and continuously monitoring feedback can enhance user satisfaction and foster long-term engagement with the library.

This article introduces Conquest Capitalism, a novel interpretative framework that reconceptualizes capitalism not as a contingent historical phenomenon or ideological construct, but as a structural expression of evolved human cognition. Drawing on insights from behavioral economics, evolutionary psychology, neuroeconomics, political theory, and the history of technology, this theory contends that capitalism endures not due to ethical superiority or logical optimality, but because it aligns with cognitive constraints and adapts to successive frontiers of extraction: land, labor, thought, and now outer space. The theory is formalized through seven laws that illuminate capitalism's persistence, mutation, and expansion across diverse institutional and political regimes-from tribal economies to data-driven neural capitalism. Conquest Capitalism adopts a stance of cognitive realism, positioning traits such as status-seeking, loss aversion, and tribalism not as anomalies, but as foundational drivers of institutional evolution. In dialogue with classical, Marxist, behavioral, and accelerationist frameworks, the article concludes by exploring the normative implications of this theory for institutional design in a cognitively bounded species. Capitalism, it argues, is not a transitory phase-it is a self-modifying algorithm whose survival hinges less on ideology than on adaptive fitness.

Resumo O presente artigo examina o fenômeno do neo-feudalismo digital, entendido como a reorganização contemporânea do poder social, político e psicológico por meio das plataformas digitais e seus algoritmos de controle de atenção. A tese central é que as grandes corporações tecnológicas assumiram funções análogas às de antigos senhores feudais, concentrando visibilidade, definindo hierarquias simbólicas e extraindo tributos sob a forma de dados e tempo de uso. Esta ordem se sustenta na fabricação de celebridades artificiais, na manipulação emocional de massas e na opacidade algorítmica. A análise articula sociologia digital, psicologia social, estudos de mídia e crítica política, propondo que a superação desse regime exige alfabetização algorítmica, regulação democrática e a reconstrução da comunicação comunitária.