Planetary Nebulae

Se realizó el análisis del espectro de la nebulosa designada en el New General Catalog con el número 1501 (NGC1501), utilizando como herramienta de análisis el software Image Reduction and Analysis Facility (IRAF), con el cual se realizaron diversos tratamientos al espectro del objeto antes mencionado. La estrella de referencia utilizada para la calibración del espectro de NGC1501 es la G191B2B. Como resultado final, se obtuvieron datos de algunos de los elementos presentes en la nebulosa planetaria estudiada, una estimación de la cantidad de polvo interestelar presente en la línea de visión Tierra – nebulosa, la densidad electrónica en la nebulosa y la temperatura electrónica del gas que la compone.

A concise summary of the recent international workshop held in honour of the career of Agnès Acker is presented together with a brief exposition of her productive career in the study of Planetary Nebulae, the expelled, ionised outer shrouds of dying stars.

Over the past decade, the number of planetary nebula central stars (CSPN) known to exhibit the Wolf-Rayet (WR) phenomenon has grown substantially. Many of these discoveries have resulted from the Macquarie/AAO/Strasbourg Hα (MASH) PN Survey. While WR CSPN constitute a relatively rare stellar type ( 10% of CS), there are indications that the proportion of PN harbouring them may increase as spectroscopy of more central stars is carried out. In addition, with new and better distances from the Hα surface brightness-radius relationship of Frew ( ), we can attempt a dynamical age sequence which may provide insight into the evolution of these stars.

The detection of fullerene molecules in a variety of astrophysical environments suggests that smaller dehydrogenated carbon molecules may also be present in these sources. One of these is planar C24 which has been shown to be more stable than the cage fullerene with the same number of carbon atoms. To facilitate searches for C24 and some simple derivatives we have calculated infrared spectra for these molecules using first principles density functional techniques (DFT). Infrared spectra are also presented for several novel carbon cage molecules formed from dehydrogenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon molecules. Infrared spectra of a number of these molecules are quite distinctive and we discuss the possibility of detecting these species in the presence of C60 and other fullerenes.

Motivated by the possible conflict between the Navarro-Frenk-White(NFW) model predictions for the dark matter contents of galactic systems and its correlation with baryonic surface density, we will explore an alternative paradigm for the description of dark matter halos. Such an alternative emerges from Tsallis' non-extensive thermodynamics applied to self-gravitating systems and leads to the so-called "stellar polytrope" (SP) model. We consider that this could be a better approach to real structures rather than the isothermal model, given the fact that the first one takes into account the non-extensivity of energy and entropy present in these type of systems characterized by long-range interactions. We compare a halo based on the Navarro-Frenk-White (NFW) and one which follows the SP description. Analyzing the dark matter contents estimated by means of global physical parameters of galactic disks, obtained from a sample of actual galaxies, with the ones of the unobserved dark matter halos, we conclude that the SP model is favored over the NFW model in such a comparison.

Symbiotic stars that are strong radio sources and have cool dust emitting in the infrared are expected to have extended emission nebulae around them. In order to search for such emission nebulae, we have carried out CCD imaging of three symbiotic stars (R Aqr, RR Tel and Η1-36) with narrow-band filters centred at the emission lines of [O III] λ5007, Hα λ6563, [N II] λ6584, [S II] λ6717 + 6731. RR Tel and H1-36 images do not show any extended nebulosities around them. The CCD image of the R Aqr nebulosity in the high excitation [O III] line is different from its image in Hα and the low excitation lines of [Ν II] and [S II] indicating ionization-stratification in the nebula. In H1-36 the optical nebulosity (if it exists) is smaller than ~ 2 arcsec while the radio image size is known to be large (~ 5 arcsec). This behaviour is opposite to that seen in R Aqr in which the radio emission comes from the core region of a much larger optical nebulosity. Interstellar and/or circumstellar extinctions are suggested to be responsible for this difference.

We present an alternative for the description of galactic halos based on Tsallis' non-extensive entropy formalism; on this scheme, halos are stellar polytropes characterized by three parameters, the central density, ρ c , the central velocity dispersion, σ c and the polytropic index, n. To evaluate these parameters we take the Navarro-Frenk-White paradigm as a comparative model and make the following assumptions: both halo models must have the same virial mass, the same total energy and the same maximal velocity. These three conditions fix all the parameters for a given stellar polytrope allowing us to compare both halo models. The halos studied have virial masses on the range 10 12 -10 15 M ⊙ , and it was found after the analysis that they are described, at all scales, by almost the same polytropic index, n ≈ 4.8, implying an empirical estimation of Tsallis non-extensive parameter for this type of dynamical systems: q ≈ 1.3.

We present 10 new Spitzer detections of fullerenes in Magellanic Cloud Planetary Nebulae, including the first extragalactic detections of the C 70 molecule. These new fullerene detections together with the most recent laboratory data permit us to report an accurate determination of the C 60 and C 70 abundances in space. Also, we report evidence for the possible detection of planar C 24 in some of our fullerene sources, as indicated by the detection of very unusual emission features coincident with the strongest transitions of this molecule at ∼6.6, 9.8, and 20 μm. The infrared spectra display a complex mix of aliphatic and aromatic species such as hydrogenated amorphous carbon grains (HACs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon clusters, fullerenes, and small dehydrogenated carbon clusters (possible planar C 24 ). The coexistence of such a variety of molecular species supports the idea that fullerenes are formed from the decomposition of HACs. We propose that fullerenes are formed from the destruction of HACs, possibly as a consequence of shocks driven by the fast stellar winds, which can sometimes be very strong in transition sources and young planetary nebulae (PNe). This is supported by the fact that many of our fullerene-detected PNe show altered [Ne iii]/[Ne ii] ratios suggestive of shocks as well as P-Cygni profiles in their UV lines indicative of recently enhanced mass loss.

Abstract
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Matter is programmed/designed according to the laws of the positive  sciences: mathematics, physics, astrophysics, chemistry, and biology. These laws are translated into the extremely rich and highly functional geochemical behavior of matter. To understand the geochemical behavior of matter, we see that these too are bound by regular, precise, and immutable rules and laws. These coincide with some conclusions drawn from the author's original work, based on years of research into the causes of the geochemical behavior of matter. Thus, for the first
time, the "Prototype Constitution of Matter" has emerged. This constitu tion, unlike man-made laws, is absolutely valid everywhere in the universe, in different time dimensions, and in all environments, conditions, and circumstances, without exception. No element alone has the right to violate, disregard, or have other choices regarding this Constitution of matter. No element is excluded or scorned, even if it is present in trace amounts and is of no value. They are all considered as compon ents of existence that ensure and integrate. They are in a position to sustain, create, enrich, diversify, and be inclusive, and they are free.

This aspect of matter encompasses positive qualities such as neutrality, inclusivity, integration, creation, diversification, enrichment, and the ability to sustain and perpetuate life. For billions of years, it has created various forms (organic and inorganic) and systems; It has transformed and changed into other forms and systems; And they have continuously restructured and evolved themselves according to the existing physical conditions (P/T) they have passed through, moving forward (there is no regression in their nature). In this process, they also increase their purity and degree of accuracy/correctness. As they evolve, their continuity, sustainability, abilities, strengths, degree of purity, ability to act correctly, problem-solving abilities, and ability to change and transform will naturally increase. The human life cycle is limited to approximately 70-90 years. Considered on a cosmic scale, this cycle, which is nothing, has evolved in such a short time that it is insufficient for them to sustain their lives in a positive way. Because their evolutionary process was insufficient within this very short timeframe, it has been thought that, from the past to the present, they have remained enslaved to their original intentions, such as wild, aggressive, possessive, selfish, self-serving, and unsharing emotions and feelings inherited from nature through their genes.
From the past to the present, and from the present to the future, their lives will be filled with wars. Only the physical appearance, scope, and forms of wars will change. However, the fundamental aims of wars remain the same. It is believed that if they have not been able to domesticate themselves within the encompassing realms of positive sciences after birth, if they have not become planetary, and if they have not sufficiently reached the common human,
ethical, and moral values to be acquired after birth through evolution, then their capabilities, sustainability, purity, ability to do correctly, analyze, and think are nothing compared to matter; they constitute a collection of values below zero. Matter does not have negativity in its nature; it always has positivity. Humans have both, because they can evolve both forward and backward. Matter absolutely does not evolve backward; it always evolves forward. It is certain that a form it creates will be better than its previous form. According to the first articles of the Constitution of Matter; whatever formations it has caused on Earth, it will also create similar conjugate allotropes of the same forms in similar systems in the universe. That is, while their physical properties differ, their chemical compositions, formation mechanisms, purposes, and functions are the same. On our planet, all marine and terrestrial macrobial and
microbial forms/life (plant and animal cells, etc.) of organic origin, marine and terrestrial microbial and microbial forms (rocks, minerals, ores, substances, etc.) of inorganic origin, and inorganic systems (galaxies, terrestrial and rocky planets and moons, suns, etc.) are alive. Inorganic forms and systems are composed of atomic building blocks made up of atoms, ions, molecules, and subatomic particles. Similarly, organic forms are composed of animal and plant basic cells. Therefore, there are trillions (or according to some researchers, 40-50 billion) of galaxies of varying sizes in the universe, just like our world. The absence of life on the billions and trillions of terrestrial rocky planets and moons (moons) located in the habitable intermediate regions of these galaxies' solar systems relative to their stars (Suns) would absolutely contradict the laws of physics, astrophysics, chemistry, mathematics, and biology. Life in the universe, existing and future on different rockyterrestrial planets and moons, will never be alone. Living beings, whether on inorganic systems or separately (organic forms with short life cycles die first), gradually collapse/die after millions and/or billions of years. Conversely, from collapsed/dead organic-inorganic forms and inorganic systems, new forms and systems are born/formed millions and/or billions of years later. This cycle constantly repeats itself towards infinity. Therefore, we are definitely not alone in the universe. Let's briefly summarize and clarify these views with a concrete example: The publicly available videos of ancient Mars/The Red Planet from NASA and its valuable researchers have been viewed. In his initial impressions, the author had many positive observations, as well as some demands that needed to be known and achieved. The most important positive observation was that ancient Mars was frozen. The observation of rock units similar to conjugate allotropic rock stratigraphic units around the world was not surprising. Its appearance was that of the world in its frozen, present-day state. The articles of the Constitution of Matter were validated, because they were valid everywhere in the universe. There was no problem with this validity, and they were all proven. The author, an environmentalist and nature lover, was surprised and saddened by a geological event: Later, in his intensive research, the author discovered that Ancient Mars once had terrestrial and marine macrobial-microbial life, and that during the Quaternary period (Cenozoic era according to the World International
Chronostratigraphic Timeline - 2018), approximately 1,400,000 to 50,000 years ago (or, if narrowed down and further researched, possibly between 50,000 and 300,000 years ago), Ancient Mars dramatically lost and/or evaporated its modern, thick atmosphere, geochemical rock cycle, and all life on it… However, Ancient Mars was not dead… It was alive… But it was in a deep coma of grief… Ancient Mars was transferring heat to the upper crust along its zones of weakness (along active different fault systems and zones), and all its biological, physical, and chemical reactors were actively working… This grief deeply affected the author: What happened to Ancient Mars? Why did this happen when everything was going well? In conclusion, according to the prototype Constitution and articles of matter, it was revealed that Ancient Mars did not die, and therefore the extinction of its atmosphere, geochemical rock cycle, and life did not originate from ancient Mars. Because life could not have died before ancient Mars. In other words, life could not have died out before ancient Mars. The extinction of life and the cessation of the geochemical rock cycle have led to the conclusion that there was an extraordinary external intervention in the atmosphere of ancient Mars. As everyone wonders, what evidence exists for life on ancient Mars? There is plenty of evidence, and I will not present it. However, the evidence I will present alone is sufficient and will be more than enough. My research has shown that the thick and extensively exposed/outcropped rock stratigraphic units found in and around the Jezero and Gale craters on Mars; In a wellknown region of the world, Cenozoic-aged (according to the World International Chronostratigraphic Timeline-2018 Cenozoic) chalk series rock units with similar equivalent allotropics exhibit very similar rock type features, stratigraphic relationships and paleoclimatological features to chalks and chalky evaporite deposits/beds (anhydrite, gypsum, various salts and perchlorates, hydrated limestone/Ca(OH)2, limestone/CaO, various clay-sulfate minerals, chalky coral-cokina-macrotous limestones etc.). These rocks have been identified and named according to the type geographic place names on ancient Mars and dated to the ages of equivalent chalky rocks on Earth (Tarhan, 2025). In other words, the chalk series rock units with thick and widespread outcrops in and around Mars' Gale Crater, consisting of chalk and chalky-evaporite sediments (anhydrite, gypsum, salt-perchlorate, clay-sulfate-sulfur minerals; anhydrous calcium sulfate/anhydrite/CaSO4, hydrated dehydrate / gypsum / CaSO4.2H2O and semihydroxide hemihydrates / basanite / gypsum/CaSO4.1/2H2O, hydrated lime/Ca(OH)2, lime/CaO, etc.), have been dated according to Earth's geological time scale, relative to their allotropic equivalents on Earth. Chalk/chalk series rocks/chalky-evaporite rocks are carbonate-type sedimentary rocks of organic origin, biochemically formed, with a chemical composition of calcium carbonate/calcite/CaCO3. They are composed of the shells, skeletons, and bodies of microscopic phytoplankton and zooplankton microorganisms that once lived in warm, clean, alkaline (probably between pH 7.0 and pH 9.0), lacustrine and shallow-deep marine environments; after dying, they accumulated on the seabed for millions of years; Chalk is a carbonate-typ...