Prison Culture

This research was funded by the Health and Social Care Public Health Agency and we would like to express our gratitude for their support for the study from the beginning. The study received help from many individuals across a range of staff within the Northern Ireland Prison Service at various stages. Particular thanks go to the team from AD:EPT who assisted with recruitment. The team were also available to help with ensuring the study information was delivered to participants appropriately, should the need arise. The research benefited significantly from the support of both organisations and we are very grateful for their help. Special thanks are due to each and every participant from across both prison sites who gave up their time to speak with us. This research would not have been possible without the generosity and honesty of prisoners, prison staff and healthcare staff who took part. We were committed to reporting their thoughts, experiences and opinions as openly and completely as possible. We believe this research is an accurate reflection of what participants have told us.

The Structure of the Inmate Population in Czech Prisons. The aim of the study was to analyse how a social hierarchy among inmates in Czech prisons is formed and reinforced. The data presented in this paper is based on the original ethnographic research conducted in Czech prisons. The data for analysis was collected from qualitative interviews with selected participants of the prison environment, observations carried out inside the prisons and from documents related to the Czech prison service. The findings indicate that the formation of inmate hierarchy in Czech prisons is strongly influenced by both endogenous (physical strength, psychological manipulation, economic capital, criminal history) and exogenous (effect of prison authority) factors. Sociológia 2015, Vol. 47, (No. 6: 559-578)

Cet article propose un retour réflexif sur une enquête réalisée auprès de mineurs incarcérés à la Maison d’arrêt et de correction de Ouagadougou (MACO). Ce terrain a servi à la collecte de données pour la rédaction de mon mémoire de master. Ma double casquette de travailleur social en prison et de sociologue en formation m’invite à interroger les difficultés d’accès à cet espace carcéral ainsi que la nécessité pour le chercheur de s’approprier les normes et les valeurs de la prison. C’est pourquoi cet article explore d’une part les différents processus d’obtention de l’autorisation d’accès et de collecte des matériaux et d’autre part les influences des hiérarchies carcérales sur l’organisation et le fonctionnement du quartier pour mineurs. Les résultats de ce retour réflexif montrent que si toute enquête est soumise au temps long de la recherche, enquêter sur la détention des mineurs oblige tout particulièrement à engager de longs processus de négociation avec les différents acteurs. Les négociations pour l’accès au terrain et l’instauration de relations de confiance avec le personnel et les mineurs constituent des éléments non négligeables pour le chercheur en vue de mieux négocier son terrain d’enquête. En outre, les résultats montrent que les hiérarchies au quartier des mineurs fondées pour l’essentiel sur l’adoption d’expressions argotiques, l’appropriation des codes de conduite, l’intégration dans des groupes d’appartenance et l’usage de la violence entre pairs constituent des leviers essentiels de l’adaptation à la vie carcérale.

This article offers reflective feedback on a piece of research carried out between December 2020 and May 2021 among minors imprisoned at the Maison d’Arrêt et de Correction de Ouagadougou (MACO). This fieldwork was used to collect data for my Master’s thesis. My dual role as a prison social worker and as a trainee sociologist led me to examine the difficulties of accessing prison space, and to reflect on the need for the researcher to appropriate prison’s norms and codes. Thus, this article explores the various processes used to gain authorisation for accessing and collecting material. It also examines the influence of the prison hierarchies on the organisation and the workings of the juvenile section. The results of this reflective feedback show that research on minors’ detention involves particularly long negotiation processes with the various actors. Negotiations for accessing the field and for establishing trust-based relationships with the staff and the minors are necessary. In addition, the results show that hierarchies in the juvenile section, mostly based on adopting slang expressions, assimilating codes of conduct, joining social groups, and the use of violence between peers, are essential levers for adapting to prison life.

> Drug prevention in the family > Inequality and illicit drug use > Supreme Court overturns mandatory drug sentence > Drug Treatment Court reports progress > The social norms approach to tackling substance use > Review of treatment for over-the-counter opiate misuse > Mental illness and alcohol and other drug use > Maternal and neonatal health among opiate users > Experiences and health effects of head shop substances To have Drugnet Ireland delivered to your desktop, sign up on the NDC website www.drugsandalcohol.ie CityWide conference on drug-related intimidation National drugs strategy goes to Department of Health See page 3 CityWide Drugs Crisis Campaign hosted a conference in May of this year addressing the issue of drug-related crime and intimidation. Over 80 people attended the half-day event in Ballybough Community Centre in Dublin's north inner city. The conference followed an event in October 2010 at which CityWide hosted a meeting titled: 'A community drug problem: defi ning the problem-defending the responses', where the issue of intimidation emerged as a central issue for many communities throughout Dublin. 1

There is a current call to action among researchers and others emphasizing the need for continued evolution of the concept of "success" in corrections (e.g., Returning Citizens, 2020; National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, 2022). While there have been positive developments in corrections over the years, the predominant risk-need-responsivity model (RNR; Andrews & Bonta, 2006; Andrews et al., 1990; Blanchette & Brown, 2006; Ward et al., 2007) for correctional assessment and rehabilitation in the United States' prison system has proved insufficient. Key barriers to progress have included over-reliance upon a problematic definition and measure of success (i.e., recidivism), overconfidence in a reductionist and risk-focused model, and ignorance of the importance of the form and quality of prison culture upon prison outcomes. Amid the recommendations for innovation and alternatives to overcome identified weaknesses in the status quo approach, we posit a new, values-based, culture-focused framework for success in corrections. The Good Citizenship Model TM (GCM TM), in its most recent iteration, emerged out of over 45 years of collaborative outreach and fieldwork activity by researchers, returned citizens, specialists, and volunteers serving incarcerated people, returned citizens, and their families. The GCM targets the development of positive values and prosocial character development rather than risk-related deficits; emphasizes human flourishing over non-recidivism; and construes prison culture as a conduit through which prosocial values and character attributes are attained, reinforced, and sustained.

Purpose-This paper aims to describe the development and validation of the Prison Fellowship Well-being index (PF-WBI), a new quantitative tool for assessing prisoner and staff well-being within prison cultures. Design/methodology/approach-The PF-WBI was developed through an iterative process of item creation, administration alongside established well-being measures and a series of data analyses. Data was collected from both staff and prisoners (n ¼ 989) across four North Dakota prisons. Findings-Analysis supported a four-factor structure for the PF-WBI measuring motivation/self-esteem, relationships/community functioning, hope/mood and stress-related detriments. The PF-WBI demonstrated excellent internal consistency reliability, convergent validity with established well-being measures and criterion-related validity for both staff and prisoners. Measurement invariance across staff and prisoners was also confirmed. Originality/value-The PF-WBI offers a new and versatile tool for researchers and practitioners to assess staff and prisoner well-being in correctional settings. It can be used to evaluate prison cultures and the effectiveness of culture improvement efforts.

Based on the interviews collected and conducted during the data gathering process for the documentary "11 days: within the prison walls", some inmates from the prison of Nerio Fischione based in Brescia (Italy) decide to share their stories to a microphone and storytellers. The voices provide a sincere look, suitable for investigating the subjective perceptions that inmates have regarding the prison environment, exploring the complexities of their experiences. What emerges from the stories is a place that is far away from the rehabilitation purpose that it should have. The enormous issue of overcrowding, drug pills treatment abuse, and, above all, the pervasive violence within the corridors of the facility. The punitive function seems to prevail and is doubly enacted: firstly, through the nature of the prison itself, and secondly, through the prison conditions that prevent from any possibility to start a positive path. This article aims to contribute to the existing academic debate providing an insight from the prisoners' perception about their personal experience, focusing on the issues that most frequently emerge from their testimonies: the lack of significance that they experience on a daily basis.

Drawing on data from maximum-security prisons in England, this article explores the way the representation of criminals as 'dangerous others' manifests in prison discourse and practice. Following Bourdieu, it is argued that within the 'habitus of maximum-security', prison staff become somewhat predisposed to seeing prisoners as essentialised, 'dangerous others' who are not 'like us', a perspective that is also reinforced in popular and tabloid print media outside the prison walls. The strength of these representations coupled with the habitus of maximum-security thus constrains possibilities for alternative representations of prisoners labelled as 'dangerous others' or for alternative ways of structuring the ethos and conditions of maximum-security prisons.

Human rights and illicit drugs policy Drug treatment and employment Bridge-to-Workplace inter-agency initiative An evaluation of the WRENS project in Killinarden Court-prescribed drug education George's Hill Step-Down programme A study of 'out of home' young people in Cork city

LITERATURE REVIEW The U.S. juvenile justice system was created to divert youth away from adult courts and corrections based on the perception that youth are unique from adults due to their age (Griffin, 2018). Youth are generally perceived as less culpable and in need of guidance compared to adults, and are therefore seen as having more potential for change (Agnew & Brezina, 2017). For this reason, rehabilitation has often been a defining feature of juvenile corrections compared to adult prisons (Agnew & Brezina, 2017; Griffin, 2018). However, the emphasis on rehabilitation within the juvenile justice system has fluctuated throughout history. In the late 1980's through the early 2000's, alongside an increase in violent crime among juveniles, the tough-on crime movement led to harsher sentencing, particularly for older and more serious juvenile offenders (Agnew & Brezina, 2017). A zero-tolerance approach towards juvenile delinquency led to increased incarceration rates, which disproportionately affected youth of color (Kyere, Joseph, & Wei, 2020). Since the early 2000's, policies have attempted to reduce the punitive approach to juvenile justice and increase efforts on ABSTRACT This study uses in-depth interviews to explore the relationships between staff and juveniles residing and working in a private juvenile correctional facility in the Midwest. Because staff play a key role in shaping the experience of incarceration and can influence the degree of rehabilitation or punishment carried out within the facility, this is a crucial dynamic to analyze for an understanding of juvenile corrections. Findings from the interviews demonstrate the importance of building trust as a basis for positive, rehabilitative relationships with staff. Most staff expressed the shared goal of rehabilitation for the youth; however, they differed regarding the best approach for achieving this. While previous research notes the value of a mentoring relationship between staff and juveniles for rehabilitative efforts; staff at this facility varied in their perspectives of the role they played and the correctional response they found most appropriate. Gender and age of the staff influenced these views.

This study examines whether neighborhood factors found to predict fear of crime among the general population can be adapted to explain inmate fear of victimization inside juvenile correctional institutions. We test (a) whether institutional physical disorder, resident trust, and formal social control can predict fear of victimization, and (b) whether the importance of these factors for fear of victimization varies based on preincarceration street gang status. Using data from a large national sample of incarcerated youths, findings indicate non-gang members are more afraid of institutional victimization than gang members, confirming findings about levels of fear between these groups on the street. "Neighborhood" (institutional) physical disorder and resident trust predicted fear for gang and non-gang youths,

The objective of this study was to explore the lived experience and its tentative meanings of psychological therapists working in a prison setting. An interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) epistemology and method were chosen for this study as it focused on understanding the meanings attributed by participants to their particular lived experience. Eight participants (counsellors and psychotherapists 1) were interviewed using semi-structured questions based on existing research and on one of the researcher's (Bertrand-Godfrey) experiences of working therapeutically in a male prison. Interviews lasted approximately an hour and were analysed using IPA [Smith, J., Flowers, P., & Larkin, M. (2009). Interpretative phenomenological analysis: Theory, method and research. London: Sage.], an idiographic method which allows an in-depth analysis of the transcripts. The close analysis of the eight interviews produced five super-ordinate themes: the challenges to frame and boundaries, facing the specificities of a prison environment, focus on the therapeutic relationship, focus on the self and the choice of working in prison. Participants found prison to be a challenging context for practising as psychological therapists with strong feelings either towards clients within the therapeutic relationship, towards the establishment or within themselves. On the other hand, most of the participants realised that despite the context they were able to function in conditions that others have found too adverse to handle. The implication for practice stems from the finding that although challenging for the relationship and for the self, some counsellors and psychotherapists are willing to undertake this task which requires them stepping away from the familiar.

The objective of this study was to explore the lived experience and its tentative meanings of psychological therapists working in a prison setting. An interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) epistemology and method were chosen for this study as it focused on understanding the meanings attributed by participants to their particular lived experience. Eight participants (counsellors and psychotherapists 1) were interviewed using semi-structured questions based on existing research and on one of the researcher's (Bertrand-Godfrey) experiences of working therapeutically in a male prison. Interviews lasted approximately an hour and were analysed using IPA [Smith, J., Flowers, P., & Larkin, M. (2009). Interpretative phenomenological analysis: Theory, method and research. London: Sage.], an idiographic method which allows an in-depth analysis of the transcripts. The close analysis of the eight interviews produced five super-ordinate themes: the challenges to frame and boundaries, facing the specificities of a prison environment, focus on the therapeutic relationship, focus on the self and the choice of working in prison. Participants found prison to be a challenging context for practising as psychological therapists with strong feelings either towards clients within the therapeutic relationship, towards the establishment or within themselves. On the other hand, most of the participants realised that despite the context they were able to function in conditions that others have found too adverse to handle. The implication for practice stems from the finding that although challenging for the relationship and for the self, some counsellors and psychotherapists are willing to undertake this task which requires them stepping away from the familiar.

This paper presents evidence for why Corrections should take the humanist, spiritual, and religious self-identities of people in prison seriously, and do all it can to foster and support those self-identities, or ways of establishing meaning in life. Humanist, spiritual, and religious (H/S/R) pathways to meaning can be an essential part of the evidence-based responsivity principle of effective correctional programming, and the desistance process for men and women involved in crime. This paper describes the sociology of the H/S/R involvement of 349 women and 3,009 men during the first year of their incarceration in the Oregon prison system. Ninety-five percent of the women and 71% of the men voluntarily attended at least one H/S/R event during their first year of prison. H/S/R events were mostly led by diverse religious and spiritual traditions, such as Native American, Protestant, Islamic, Wiccan, Jewish, Jehovah Witness, Latter-day Saints/Mormon, Seventh Day Adventist, Buddhist, and Catholic, but, increasingly, events are secular or humanist in context, such as education, yoga, life-skills development, nonviolent communication, and transcendental meditation groups. The men and women in prison had much higher rates of H/S/R involvement than the general population in Oregon. Mirroring gender-specific patterns of H/S/R involvement found in the community, women in prison were much more likely to attend H/S/R events than men.

This article, based on an anthropological study of a treatment center for adolescent girls, analyzes staff-resident relations in light of Parsons' "sick-rote" model. It explores how the model, in its local interpretation, becomes dysfunctional and thus leads the entire treatment process into a dead end.

Background to Research Methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) has been available in Ireland since 1992, with initial provision of treatment in Dublin. The Report of the Expert Group on the Establishment of a Protocol for the Prescribing of Methadone was undertaken in 1993. In 1998, the Misuse of Drugs (Supervision of Prescription and Supply of Methadone) Regulations was introduced, with specific administrative structures implemented in order to monitor treatment delivery and patient trends (Central Treatment List or CTL). The Methadone Treatment Protocol was devised by the Irish College of General Practitioners (ICGP) in 1998, in order to present systematic protocols for methadone prescription and patient management, support MMT delivery across Ireland, general practitioner (GP) training, increase the number of clients on MMT within a community based primary care context, and assist in audits (Butler, 2002). An internal review was conducted in 2005 by the Methadone Prescribing Implementation Committee (2005). Currently, there are three types MMT service provision in Ireland namely; in specialised clinics, and with Level 1 and 2 trained prescribing doctors. Level 2 trained doctors are qualified to initiate treatment, stabilise doses and provide ongoing maintenance treatment (Delargy, 2008

The relationship between correctional officers (COs) and prisoners is dynamic and bounded by a unique context. COs engage in numerous sanctioned and unsanctioned behaviors within their correctional institution. The latter actions are typically referred to as deviant behavior. COs' deviance can have a debilitating effect not only on other officers, correctional workers, the administration, but also inmates and the institution as a whole. This article specifies a model of the interaction between COs' deviance and inmate reactions to these kinds of behaviors. In general, the study argues that convicts can respond in four different, but interrelated ways: obedience or deference to authority, apathy, adaptation, and resistance. Acts of prisoners resisting can further lead to COs' deviant behaviors to continue within the correctional institution.

95Este trabajo se basa en el analisis de material etnografico obtenido mediante la organizacion de gru-pos de discusion en los que participaron 166 agentes pertenecientes a todos los rangos de la Policia Judicial de la ciudad de Mexico. Indaga en las practicas de abusos de autoridad y de corrupcion, las cuales han de comprenderse a partir de la necesidad de la reproduccion institucional para conservar nichos laborales y estrategias de obtencion de recursos. Tambien considera el peso que tienen en dichas practicas la precariedad en el trabajo y los abusos de poder que sufren los policias, forzando-los a instaurar codigos morales propios y reglas de conducta que a menudo generan, a su vez, abusos hacia la sociedad civil. Finalmente, analiza el uso de eufemismos legales que se convierten en coarta-das de dominacion derivadas de la legitimidad del Estado.P

The aim of the present study was to examine, from an inmate perspective, their use of drugs and the perceived effect of the prison environment upon their drug using behaviour. Design of the study was an analytic survey, presented to the respondents as an anonymous, selfadministered questionnaire. The results suggest that the prison environment is not a supportive environment for those individuals that wish to abstain from drug use and indeed for most respondents, actually encouraged drug use.

Surviving Zambian Prisons-Prisoner experiences, Coping strategies and Sex in prison' PhD dissertation by Anne Egelund Prisons in Africa are understudied and poorly understood. Perhaps surprisingly, amongst the research produced, there has been very little focus on prisoner perspectives. Rather, most studies focus on prison staff and other more institutional perspectives. This PhD makes an important contribution to the field of prisons research in Africa, where the dissertation explores how male inmates experience imprisonment, and how they struggle for physical, social and psychological survival. The thesis is built on a data collection in Zambian male prisons, where 72 inmates, 15 former prisoners and 10 staff members were interviewed in the period from 2011-2013. The interviewing methodology rested in the life story/narrative tradition. Some ethnographic observations were also part of the data. Every prisoner's experience is unique and his own, yet common themes also occur. The well-known 'pains of imprisonment' from international prisons research, such as the loss of liberty, stigma, isolation from family and loved ones are in the Zambian context exacerbated by the poor conditions of imprisonment, where overcrowding, ill-health, injustice, and social abandonment pose specific challenges and affect inmates' identities as men. The author characterises imprisonment in Zambia as chronic crisis, where enormous demands are made on prisoners for them to survive.

95Este trabajo se basa en el analisis de material etnografico obtenido mediante la organizacion de gru-pos de discusion en los que participaron 166 agentes pertenecientes a todos los rangos de la Policia Judicial de la ciudad de Mexico. Indaga en las practicas de abusos de autoridad y de corrupcion, las cuales han de comprenderse a partir de la necesidad de la reproduccion institucional para conservar nichos laborales y estrategias de obtencion de recursos. Tambien considera el peso que tienen en dichas practicas la precariedad en el trabajo y los abusos de poder que sufren los policias, forzando-los a instaurar codigos morales propios y reglas de conducta que a menudo generan, a su vez, abusos hacia la sociedad civil. Finalmente, analiza el uso de eufemismos legales que se convierten en coarta-das de dominacion derivadas de la legitimidad del Estado.P

95Este trabajo se basa en el analisis de material etnografico obtenido mediante la organizacion de gru-pos de discusion en los que participaron 166 agentes pertenecientes a todos los rangos de la Policia Judicial de la ciudad de Mexico. Indaga en las practicas de abusos de autoridad y de corrupcion, las cuales han de comprenderse a partir de la necesidad de la reproduccion institucional para conservar nichos laborales y estrategias de obtencion de recursos. Tambien considera el peso que tienen en dichas practicas la precariedad en el trabajo y los abusos de poder que sufren los policias, forzando-los a instaurar codigos morales propios y reglas de conducta que a menudo generan, a su vez, abusos hacia la sociedad civil. Finalmente, analiza el uso de eufemismos legales que se convierten en coarta-das de dominacion derivadas de la legitimidad del Estado.P

Universidad aUtónoma metropolitana-Xochimilco Universidad de GUadalajara childwatch international research network proGrama infancia ilustración de portada: luis Guerrero Baca formación: Guadalupe Urbina martínez colección: todos jUeGan primera edición: 2011 © Universidad aUtónoma metropolitana-Xochimilco Universidad autónoma metropolitana-Xochimilco calzada del hueso 1100, col. villa Quietud méxico, d.f., 04960 isBn colección: 970-654-591-0 isBn liBro: 978-607-477-656-0 impreso y hecho en méxico Introducción norma del río Calidad de vida e imágenes de futuro de jóvenes estudiantes universitarios Graciela tonon, lía rodríguez de la vega, silvana savio Pobreza y exclusión: ¿qué piensan los niños y adolescentes? Gloria lópez, Yuherqui Guaimaro La violencia y la juventud: diagnóstico de cuatro comunidades jamaiquinas julie meeks Gardner, nancy Guerra, kirk williams, ian walker Políticas públicas vigentes en la ciudad de México dirigidas a la población de calle: algunos puntos de conflicto Georgina cárdenas pérez Relatos de vida: itinerarios de inclusión y exclusión social ruth pérez lópez Institucionalización de niños, niñas y adolescentes con discapacidad: anotaciones para una agenda de política pública irene rizzini, neli de almeida Apuestas por la niñez: la experiencia investigativa del programa de maestría en educación y desarrollo humano 2000-2010 ofelia roldán vargas, Yicel nayrobis Giraldo Diálogos sobre la infancia en la Universidad Pedagógica Nacional rosa maría nashiki angulo, Germán pérez estrada Modelando y practicando una cultura de paz Gloria lópez, Yuherqui Guaimaro, maría fernanda rodríguez Índice Relatos de vida: itinerarios de inclusión y de exclusión social ruth pérez lópez 1 ResUMeN Uno de los problemas más relevantes que encontramos en cuanto a niñez y juventud callejeras es el de su salida de la calle y por ende su reintegración social. el presente trabajo tiene como propósito reflexionar sobre los procesos que llevan a un individuo a reinsertarse socialmente o a permanecer en una situación de "exclusión social", identificando los acontecimientos o encuentros que causaron en él una necesidad de cambio o, al contrario, una preferencia más marcada por la vida en la calle. esto, analizando por un lado, en qué medida el sujeto es producto de su pasado y, por otro, de qué forma logra desprenderse de su historia individual y familiar para construir su propia trayectoria personal, evidenciando en este proceso tanto la estructura social, como las singularidades individuales. Palabras clave: poblaciones callejeras, relato de vida, historia de vida, integración y exclusión social, cambio social.

Juvenile correctional programs must bridge the gap between an institution's official system and the delinquent subculture or anti-official system. This paper describes how one program de- veloped techniques to utilize the natural boy leadership of the informal anti-official system and certain elements of the boy culture as a strategem for enhancing the resocialization proc- ess of delinquents in a youth rehabilitation camp setting. It is suggested that, if treatment is to become more effective, juvenile correctional personnel must utilize the informal system within their institutions as an agent of change. HE RECENT LITERATURE stresses the T importance of recognizing the peer culture within the juvenile cor- rectional institution as a force which must be exploited if delinquents are to modify their values and behavior patterns. The impact of the counsel- ing interview can be dissipated quickly by peer pressure on the

The benefits of rehabilitation of alcohol and drug addiction far outweigh the economic costs of providing rehabilitation services. However, there is a gap in rehabilitation service provision globally, especially in developing nations and a majority of people worldwide are still living with alcohol and drug use disorders or addictions. This paper explored the experiences of rehabilitation service providers at two rehabilitation centres in Ghana. Methods: This was a qualitative study which adopted purposive sampling approach to recruit the study participants. The sample involved fourteen service providers at two rehabilitation centres in Cape Coast Metropolis of the Central Region in Ghana. An interview guide was used to conduct in-depth interviews and the data were analysed through content analysis. The service providers were of the view that provision of rehabilitation services was a challenge as a result of negative attitudes of some patients and their guardians as well as some staff members and management. The service providers also expressed their dissatisfaction with inadequate and poor available facilities, limited interdisciplinary personnel, salaries, and remunerations. The findings also indicated that relationships between and among staff members, patients, and management foster or serve as barriers to the provision of rehabilitation services. Service providers should, therefore, not be neglected but motivated and provided with the needed support to improve their conditions of service and commitment in order to facilitate the provision of rehabilitation services. Providing more user-friendly facilities consistent with rehabilitation services and applicable to patients could ensure effective and efficient provision of rehabilitation services. Furthermore, good working conditions and environment foster work satisfaction, commitment, and relationships which positively influence the provision of rehabilitation services.

Este articulo da cuenta de una investigacion sobre ese otro rostro del colapso del sistema de seguridad publica en Mexico: la descomposicion de la policia mexicana y la implicacion de sus agentes en el entramado policial delictivo. Zona oscura de la realidad nacional que cuando el poder politico pretende componerlo —se trate de las corporaciones federales, estatales o municipales— siempre destapa una institucion que tiene una doble adscripcion. Ahi, la estructura simultanea e ilegal se monta sobre la estructura legal de la fuerza y el saber para la ilegalidad se monta sobre el saber legal. De ahi que los delitos policiales se conviertan en el vestigio mas visible de esa doble adscripcion institucional y exijan ser explorados desde ese marco de relaciones, funciones, actividades, formas de comportamiento, creencias y normas que rigen la vida policial. En esa cultura policial imperante la subalternidad, desigualdad, discriminacion y marginacion que tambien se vive al interior de las f...

The occupational cultures in which one is immersed have a profound impact on individual and group occupational identities (Ashforth and Kreiner, 1999). Occupational cultures are socially constructed patterns of shared thinking, feeling, and behaving, distinctly associated with particular occupations (Manning, 2007; Schein, 2010). The occupational cultures of prison officers provide a lens through which they perceive their challenging and complex working world, and their place in it. This paper provides insight into the nature of occupational cultures in Irish prisons and their interplay with the identities of prison officers, including their attitudes, feelings, habits, and practices. It identifies how these occupational cultures are challenged, perpetuated, and/or reinforced in our prisons. The paper presents some of the key findings from a large-scale study, commencing with the relationship between officers' experiences of solidarity and conformity with high levels of entitativity. 1 This will be applied to account for the conceptualisation of 'jailing', discretion, professionalism and legitimacy in prison officers' occupational cultures. The paper draws on unprecedented access to conduct ethnographic research in four Irish prisons from 2015 to 2017, including 76 interviews with all ranks from prison officer to governor. It is complemented by data from a survey distributed to every prison in the state (n = 544). The analysis of prison officers' occupational cultures and identities provides an in-depth understanding of the experience of prison work and the perception and appropriation of penal policy, while generating possibilities for future research, training, and policy.

El análisis de la tortura ejercida por policías en México se ha centrado en su relación con el sistema de justicia penal. Sin embargo, las policías desarrollan otros objetivos y ámbitos de actuación donde la tortura también puede ser una práctica común. Utilizando la Encuesta Nacional de Población Privada de la Libertad se construyeron modelos de regresión logística para probar dos motivaciones alternativas: la extracción de renta y la imposición de castigos. Los resultados confirman la importancia de explicaciones de la tortura que trasciendan la perspectiva del sistema de justicia penal y den cuenta de la complejidad formal e informal de la acción policial. Finalmente, discutimos los límites de los resultados y sugerimos nuevas rutas de investigación

While prison studies in the Global North have given special attention to notions of legitimacy and domination, Southern prison studies have suggested that alternative forms of governance are key to understanding prison order. Based on ethnographic research in Brazilian maximum-security prisons, my research analyses the production of order across three contested spheres: (1) around a penal project, where authorities position themselves either in favour of containment or rehabilitation; (2) an institutional form of governance, where prison governors and officers establish a paternalist patronage (“colonel”) or improvement of legitimacy (“penal treatment”) approach to governance and; (3) staff-prisoners interactions for order, where they arrange their competing interests either through personalised “negotiations” or by producing common understandings (“dialogues”). Drawing from the Brazilian context, I argue that the concept of hegemony allows us to integrate contributions from both Northern and Southern prison studies and thus better understand order, governance and power. Hegemony centres the intricate dynamic of pursuit for consent in the prison apparatus while foregrounding the struggles of interests between penal authorities, prison staff and inmates—dynamics that must take into account North/South differences and the contextualised setting of policies, institutions and culture. Hegemony then not only allows us to understand the crises faced by Brazilian prisons, but also addresses how are agents within this hegemony trying to change it—struggling, resisting or adapting—and critically reflect on avenues of change.

Dieter, V. S. (2022). Co-Governance of Dialogue: Hegemony in a Brazilian Prison. In: Sozzo, M. (ed) Prisons, Inmates and Governance in Latin America. Palgrave Studies in Prisons and Penology. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham.

This article uses multi-level analysis to model the effects of both institutional and state characteristics on juvenile reported sexual behavior (both consensual and forced) in 118 juvenile correctional facilities across 36 states. Data are taken from the 2012 National Survey of Youth in Custody (NSYC). We examine three dimensions of reported sexual contact including: forced sexual contact between juveniles and other institutionalized juveniles; forced sexual contact between juveniles and staff; and alleged consensual contact between juveniles and staff. At the institutional-level, facility capacity is the most consistent significant predictor of reported sexual contact. Findings also indicate that state-level variables such as median income and state-level violent crime rates are significantly associated with some types of reported incidents. Privacy protections of the available data make it impossible to look at individual level factors; however, we suggest this as a future step in important research.