Public Health Policy

Determinants of stunting are a concern in stunting locus villages, especially in East Nusa Tenggara, the province with the highest prevalence of stunting in Indonesia. This study aims to analyze the determinants of stunting in such villages. A cross-sectional research design was conducted on a sample of 166 mothers of children aged 24–59 months selected using a proportional random sampling method in four stunting locus villages in East Nusa Tenggara province, from January to March 2022. Chi-square and binary logistic regression were used to analyze the determinants of stunting with a significance level of p < 0.05. The prevalence of stunting among children aged below five years in the villages was 22.3%. Lack of maternal knowledge (AOR: 5.310; 95% CI: 0.671–41.997) and negative parenting (AOR: 3.026; 95% CI: 1.191–7.871) were associated with higher risk of stunting. Meanwhile, children aged below five years with close birth spacing (AOR: 0.304; 95% CI: 0.087–1.063) had a low risk...

Africa's maternal, newborn, child, and adolescent health (RMNCAH) outcomes remain far from the SDG 2030 targets. This paper, based on Dr. Diana Nambatya Nsubuga's presentation at the 8th Eastern Africa ReTAC, frames RMNCAH as the defining test of Africa's health sovereignty. It introduces the Africa Health Security and Sovereignty (AHSS) Framework and the AU Champion MNCH Roadmap as continental instruments for resilience, accountability, and measurable impact. The meeting concluded with the unanimous adoption of the AU Champion MNCH Roadmap and the Three Zeros Framework as Africa's blueprint for action.

BackgroundAntimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major global public health concern and its surveillance is a fundamental tool for monitoring the development of AMR. In 1998, the Nepalese Ministry of Health (MOH) launched an Infectious Disease (ID) programme. The key components of the programme were to establish a surveillance programme for AMR and to develop awareness among physicians regarding AMR and rational drug usage in Nepal.MethodsAn AMR surveillance programme was established and implemented by the Nepalese MOH in partnership with the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR, B) from 1998 to 2003. From 2004 to 2012, the programme was integrated and maintained as a core activity of the National Public Health Laboratory (NPHL) and resulted in an increased number of participating laboratories and pathogens brought under surveillance. The main strategies were to build national capacity on isolation, identification and AMR testing of bacterial pathogen...

Air pollution poses a serious concern to cities and towns across western Uttar Pradesh, India. Therefore, we have examined the dynamics of gaseous and particulate pollutants, as well as meteorological factors and their sources, at four Central Pollution Control Board monitoring sites in Ghaziabad and Meerut. We reported high concentrations of SO 2 (36.83 µg/ m³), NO 2 (115.58 µg/m³), and O 3 (92.38 µg/m³) during March, December, and April, respectively. These elevated levels are attributed to anthropogenic aerosols and photochemical oxidation. Conversely, pollution levels dropped significantly during the rainy season, as rainfall helped wash contaminants out of the atmosphere. High levels of PM 10 , PM 2.5 , and Black Carbon (BC) were recorded in November and December, mainly due to biomass burning, temperature inversions, and the shallow boundary layer. Loni and Indirapuram showed high monthly AQI values of 294.27 and 221.64, respectively. We also estimated the SO 2 /NO 2 ratio to distinguish between vehicular and non-vehicular emissions. High ratios in May (4.59) and April (3.48) of 2022 indicate a significant contribution from industrial sources. Similarly, high PM 2.5 /PM 10 ratios (0.7-0.75) imply that fine particulate matter (PM 2.5) is likely from construction activities. During the Post-Monsoon and winter seasons, AQI is strongly influenced by biomass burning (BB), during which we observed elevated BC concentrations higher than 5 µg/m³. Additionally, we identified different aerosol sources using Ångström Exponent and Aerosol Optical Depth. Biomass burning aerosols were dominant throughout the study period. During the post-monsoon season, BB aerosols, along with urban and industrial emissions, were prevalent. The weak correlation between BC and wind speed indicates the contribution from local sources. In the pre-monsoon season, dust and mixed-phase aerosols were prominent, while winter featured high levels of urban and industrial emissions. This study is critical for understanding AQI trends, pollution sources, and their dynamics over the past few years across western Uttar Pradesh.

Background: Glioblastoma multiforme is the most common and aggressive primary adult brain neoplasm. The current standard of care is maximal safe surgical resection, radiotherapy with concomitant temozolomide, followed by adjuvant temozolomide according to the Stupp protocol. Although the protocol is well adopted in high-income countries (HICs), little is known about its adoption in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs). The aim of this study is to describe a protocol design for a systematic review of published studies outlining the differences in GBM management between HICs and LMICs. A systematic review will be conducted. MedLine via Ovid, Embase and Global Index Medicus will be searched from inception to date in order to identify the relevant studies. Adult patients (>18 years) with histologically confirmed primary unifocal GBM will be included. Surgical and chemoradiation management of GBM tumours will be considered. Commentaries, original research, non-peer reviewed pieces, opinion pieces, editorials and case reports will be included. Results: Primary outcomes will include rates of complications, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), prognosis, progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS) as well as rate of care abandonment and delay. Secondary outcomes will include the presence of neuro-oncology subspecialty training programs. Discussion: This systematic review will be the first to compare the current landscape of GBM management in HICs and LMICs, highlighting pertinent themes that may be used to optimise treatment in both financial brackets. The protocol has been registered on the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO; registration number: CRD42020215843).

Background: Public healthcare systems face complex challenges in integrating generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) while ensuring trust, accountability, and equity.
Aim: This chapter examines how human–AI governance (HAIG) frameworks can support the democratic and anticipatory integration of GenAI into the Basque public healthcare system (Osakidetza) through living lab experimentation.
Method: Using a qualitative action research design, the study combined co-design workshops, focus groups, and ethnographic observation with general practitioners (GPs) and patients in a primary care context, supported by BioGipuzkoa.
Results: Findings identified five interdependent factors shaping trustworthy GenAI adoption: epistemic uncertainty and clinical judgment, trust and explainability, accountability and error, data ownership and consent, and digital divides and access.
Contribution: The chapter demonstrates how living labs can serve as a practical HAIG instrument—operationalizing anticipatory governance, enabling participatory oversight, and offering a replicable methodology for other regions seeking to integrate GenAI responsibly into public healthcare.
Conclusions: The study concludes that embedding GenAI within HAIG-informed living lab infrastructures in Osakidetza and BioGipuzkoa can strengthen augmentation of clinical judgment, multilayered explainability, shared accountability, participatory data governance, and inclusion—thereby providing a concrete pathway for the democratic and anticipatory integration of GenAI in public healthcare systems that is elaborated in Section 6.

Drug-related crimes constitute a highly dangerous category of crime that not only infringes upon the State's management regime over narcotic substances but also negatively affects social order and safety, public health, and the stability of families, schools, and residential communities. Based on firstinstance criminal trial statistics in Thai Nguyen Province from 2021 to June 2025 and an analysis of 100 first-instance criminal judgments involving 144 defendants, this article evaluates the situation, causes, and preventive measures for drug-related crimes in Thai Nguyen Province. The findings indicate that during the study period, Thai Nguyen recorded 3,043 cases and 3,648 defendants tried at first instance for drug-related offenses. These crimes accounted for a significant proportion of the overall crime structure in the locality. Although the number of cases and defendants showed a downward trend, the nature of these crimes remained complex, reflected in the high proportion of particularly serious offenses, the widespread occurrence of illegal possession, trafficking, transportation, and organization of illicit drug use, as well as the simultaneous presence of heroin and various synthetic drugs. In addition to criminal sanctions, the prevention and control of drug-related crimes require integrated measures, including local management, social prevention, legal education, addiction treatment, and support for offenders' social reintegration. On this basis, the article proposes a comprehensive prevention-oriented solution system suitable to the socioeconomic characteristics and crime situation of Thai Nguyen Province.

Concerns that were raised with the first dietary recommendations 30 y ago have yet to be adequately addressed. The initial Dietary Goals for Americans (1977) proposed increases in carbohydrate intake and decreases in fat, saturated fat, cholesterol, and salt consumption that are carried further in the 2010 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee (DGAC) Report. Important aspects of these recommendations remain unproven, yet a dietary shift in this direction has already taken place even as overweight/obesity and diabetes have increased. Although appealing to an evidence-based methodology, the DGAC Report demonstrates several critical weaknesses, including use of an incomplete body of relevant science; inaccurately representing, interpreting, or summarizing the literature; and drawing conclusions and/or making recommendations that do not reflect the limitations or controversies in the science. An objective assessment of evidence in the DGAC Report does not suggest a conclusive proscription against low-carbohydrate diets. The DGAC Report does not provide sufficient evidence to conclude that increases in whole grain and fiber and decreases in dietary saturated fat, salt, and animal protein will lead to positive health outcomes. Lack of supporting evidence limits the value of the proposed recommendations as guidance for consumers or as the basis for public health policy. It is time to reexamine how US dietary guidelines are created and ask whether the current process is still appropriate for our needs.

Sticks and stones will break my bones, but names will never hurt me'', goes the childhood taunt. Not so, according to Paul Rusesabagina, the hero of the movie Hotel Rwanda, concerning the Rwandan genocide. The big question, of course, is why did it all happen? Rusesabagina, after telling us ''it happened because of ethnic hatred'' directed against the Tutsis, descendents of the ruling classes of Rwanda, then asks: ''What caused this to happen? Very simple. Words''. This is the punch line from Ruseabagina's book, No Ordinary Man (1), that inspired the movie, for those of us concerned with the prediction and prevention of genocide -the intentional destruction of a population in whole or in part. It recalls the statement of Abraham Joshua Heschel, the Jewish theologian who escaped from Europe, who wrote that it was not machinery, but words that killed at Auschwitz. Genocide and mass atrocities have been the ranking cause of violent deaths in the 20th century. The toll is estimated to be some 250 million, of whom 70 million have died since World War II. Ruseabagina's book is essential reading for everyone in public health and social medicine. Rusesabagina tells the story of his relatively happy childhood in the countryside of Rwanda, the land of the thousand hills: brewing of banana beer, his father's role in shaping his personality, and his excitement about his work as a hotel manager for Hotel Milles Collines. He gives us a retrospective look into how the Hutu-Tutsi divide was rigidified by European rulers.

Essas reflexões foram elaboradas considerando esses tempos difíceis em que vivemos, quando morrem cerca de mil pessoas a cada dia. Apesar desta tragédia humanitária, muitos, inclusive autoridades políticas, não parecem se incomodar com o fato ou ao menos se manifestam publicamente sobre isso. O descaso com a morte e o luto de milhares de brasileiros gera desconforto em diversas pessoas, como nós, que entendem que não deveria ser possível para alguém conviver no espaço público sem reconhecer a legitimidade de cada outro, individual ou social, que habite o mesmo espaço. Parece-nos ser um fato o desconforto que esse tipo de comportamento blasé provoca nos mais diferentes grupamentos sociais. Imaginamos que seja

revised and then initiated implementation of a curriculum to improve the educational process for, and competence of, its graduates. As an increasing body of research demonstrates the detrimental effects of oral diseases on health and the interrelationships between oral and systemic diseases (including HIV and diabetes), the importance of dentistry education grows. We describe the population oral health problems in Tanzania, the need to enhance the dental workforce, and the process of curricular reform to meet these needs. This reform included transition to a competency-based curriculum featuring teaching methods that will enhance the effectiveness of the education and performance of graduates in traditional and new roles. We conclude with lessons for Tanzania and for health professions educational institutions elsewhere, as well as for public health-care planners concerned about linking health professions education to improving population health in resource-poor countries.

Sustainable national development demands a comprehensive improvement in human resource (HR) quality, with nutritional status serving as one of its primary determinants. Indonesia continues to face serious chronic nutritional challenges, with a stunting prevalence of 21.6% among children under five, compounded by wasting and underweight issues that further intensify the national malnutrition burden. This study examines the role of the Free Nutritious Meals Policy (Makan Bergizi Gratis/MBG), launched by the Indonesian government in January 2025 through Presidential Regulation No. 83 of 2024, as a strategic response to these challenges. The theoretical framework draws upon Todaro & Smith's (2020) human development theory and the concept of human capital investment within the context of achieving the Indonesia Emas 2045 vision. This study employs a qualitative descriptive approach through a literature review

The Book of Coffee is an interdisciplinary work that explores coffee from its historical origins to production processes, consumption culture, and sustainability dimensions. It brings together contributions from scholars in gastronomy, food science, tourism, and social sciences.

This book covers topics such as Turkish coffee culture, specialty coffee, coffee industry, brewing techniques, and sustainability issues.

(Kahvenin Kitabı, kahvenin tarihsel gelişiminden üretim süreçlerine ve tüketim kültürüne kadar geniş bir çerçevede ele alındığı disiplinlerarası bir çalışmadır.)

Background
Ayurveda, the ancient Indian system of medicine, emphasises the role of individual constitution in health. Modern Ayurgenomics integrates Ayurvedic principles with genomic analysis, aiming to personalize Yogic interventions for cancer patients.
Objective
The current study aims to explore the intersection of Ayurgenomics, deha prakriti, and Yoga Therapy in the context of medical oncology.
Method
The study included 60 chemotherapy patients, with their deha prakriti assessed using AyuSoft. Patients' symptoms were diagnosed with the Rotterdam Symptom Checklist (RSCL). The data was analyzed to observe any correlation between Prakriti type and chemotherapy response.
Results
Vatapradhan types show high physical impairment (38.96) but retain functionality (13.83). Pittapradhan types have minimal physical burden (24.05) but high psychological strain (13.00) with a positive life outlook. Kapha-dominant types experience moderate physical (27.78–34.61) and psychological burdens (9.69–12.12) and slower disease progression. Major findings revealed that vata-dominant patients required more immediate intervention due to rapid tumor growth, while pitta-dominant patients were more susceptible to chemotherapy side effects. Patients with kapha prakriti showed slower tumor growth. Appropriate Yogic interventions and dietary adjustments may help manage the loss of vitality during chemotherapy.
Conclusion
The study highlights the growing relevance of integrating traditional Eastern wisdom, such as Ayurveda, with Western scientific approaches to personalize cancer care. Integrating Prakriti-based Yogic interventions may alleviate the physical and psychological impact of cancer and its treatments, enhancing the overall quality of life for patients.

Remito mediante el sistema de ELSEVIER el trabajo para EDITORIAL, si Vd. lo aprueba, titulado: Los trastornos oculares del espectro alcohólico fetal (Ocular fetal alcohol spectrum disorders), firmado por el Prof. Santiago Grisolía, la Prof. Elena Bendala y yo misma. En los años 80, cuando el Instituto de Investigaciones Citológicas de Valencia tuvo como Director a coautor de este trabajo, el Prof. Grisolía, desarrolló una línea de investigación pionera en neurotoxicología del desarrollo, sobre los efectos del abuso de alcohol sobre la gestación, mediante un modelo internacionalmente reconocido de alcoholismo en la rata. Me uní a este reto en 1986 y desde entonces hemos comprobado que la afectación ocular es de interés preferente tanto para el diagnóstico como seguimiento de los pacientes afectos. Cada vez aumenta más la prevalencia de los trastornos del espectro alcohólico fetal, como así se denomina en la actualidad a los pacientes que sufren los efectos del consumo de alcohol gestacional. Y además, la adicción se produce en adolescentes y adultos jóvenes. Por ello, Profesor Muñoz Negrete, le rogamos revise este trabajo y si lo considera para publicación en la revista que Vd. dirige, contribuiríamos a la difusión oftalmológica de este problema, en parte desconocido.

The objective of this study was to analyze the money demand function for Zambia for the period 1978 – 2018 using annual time series data. The study employed the Gregory Hansen cointegration technique. The study also employed Hendry’s General to Specific technique to estimate the error correction model by obtaining a parsimonious model. The results of the Gregory Hansen test confirmed the presence of a cointegrating relationship and selected the GH-2 model as the most plausible model with a level shift and a trend. The results also endogenously determined 1994 as the break year in the money demand function. Other interesting results obtained by the study suggest that inflation and interest rate are the robust determinants of real money demand both in the short and long run. Furthermore, unlike many other developing countries, the results show that money is a necessity in Zambia. The other interesting results suggested by the study are that the financial sector reforms of 1994 diminis...

During the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, the COVIDiSTRESS Consortium launched an open-accessglobal survey to understand and improve individuals’ experiences related to the crisis. A year later,we extended this line of research by launching a new survey to address the dynamic landscape of thepandemic. This survey was released with the goal of addressing diversity, equity, and inclusion byworking with over 150 researchers across the globe who collected data in 48 languages and dialectsacross 137 countries. The resulting cleaned dataset described here includes 15,740 of over 20,000responses. The dataset allows cross-cultural study of psychological wellbeing and behaviours a yearinto the pandemic. It includes measures of stress, resilience, vaccine attitudes, trust in government andscientists, compliance, and information acquisition and misperceptions regarding COVID-19. Openaccessraw and cleaned datasets with computed scores are available. Just as our initial COVIDiSTRESSdataset has ...

Background: As the global population ages, ensuring the autonomy and wellbeing of older adults living at home has become increasingly important. Supporting independence is central to aging in place, which requires access to appropriate health and social resources. In this context, community-based public health interventions may play an important role in addressing physical, cognitive, and psychosocial challenges associated with aging.Objective: This systematic review aimed to synthesize evidence from randomized controlled trials examining community-based public health interventions that promote independence among older adults and to identify key components associated with successful aging in place.Methods: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials was conducted, including 91 publications representing 85 independent randomized controlled trials, retrieved from MEDLINE/PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, CINAHL, and PsycINFO. Community-based public health interventions were defined as structured programs delivered in non-institutional settings to support health, functional ability, and autonomy among community-dwelling older adults. Data extraction included intervention characteristics, outcomes related to independence, and levels of community engagement. Outcomes were categorized as primary independence measures (e.g., ADL/IADL performance, disability status), functional capacity proxies (e.g., gait speed, balance), and psychosocial enablers of independence (e.g., self-efficacy, depressive symptoms) to support interpretive clarity. Methodological quality was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute checklist for randomized controlled trials. Findings were analyzed using thematic synthesis.Results: Across 91 publications representing 85 independent randomized controlled trials, 45% of publications were classified as low risk of bias, 31% as moderate, and 24% as high. Community-based interventions such as physical activity programs, cognitive and psychological support, multidomain models, nutrition interventions, social engagement initiatives, and rehabilitation strategies were generally associated with improvements in direct and indirect independence-related outcomes, including functional ability, mobility, cognitive performance, mental well-being, and social participation, although the magnitude and consistency of effects varied across intervention types and outcome domains. Interventions integrating multiple components and tailored delivery formats were frequently associated with improvements in functional outcomes and psychosocial enablers related to independence.Conclusion: Community-based public health interventions that address the multidimensional needs of older adults may support the maintenance of functional ability and independence in later life. Structured, scalable models that integrate physical, cognitive, and social components may strengthen aging-in-place strategies and inform future public health planning.

Achievement in academics in Bangladesh is closely associated with the future career opportunities, social mobility and family expectations and thus students are highly susceptible to mental turmoil. With the education system mainly being based on high-stakes tests, the struggle to secure a scarce number of university spots, mental problems like depression, anxiety, and stress have emerged as a common occurrence. This dissertation explores the connection between depression, anxiety, stress, and academic achievement of the students based on the psychological theories developed and exhaustive review of international and Bangladeshi empirical researches. The research comes up with a conceptual model that incorporates theories of cognitive, stressbased, motivational, and resource-oriented theories to demonstrate how psychological distress is connected with academic performance via cognitive, emotional, and behavioral mechanisms. According to evidence provided by the reviewed literature, depression, anxiety, and stress were always linked to poor academic performance, poor concentration, low motivation, burnout, and high risk of academic disengagement and dropout. The situation in Bangladesh shows more pressure due to parental expectations, economic condition, competition in the admissions tests and inaccessibility to the services of mental health care. The review also confirms the existence of reverse causality whereby the poor academic performance worsens the psychological distress which forms a self-reinforcement loop between academic performance and psychological distress. The results in general indicate that mental health cannot exist separately of academic achievement. The dissertation highlights how academic and mental health interventions should be integrated in the Bangladeshi educational institutions so that the students' well-being and future academic prosperity can be fostered.

IMPORTANCE: The health effects of restrictive immigration and refugee policies targeting individuals from Muslim-majority countries are largely unknown.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze whether President Trump's 2017 executive order 13769, "Protecting the Nation from Foreign Terrorist Entry into the United States" (known as the "Muslim ban" executive order) was associated with changes in health care utilization by people born in targeted nations living in the US.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This retrospective cohort study included adult patients treated at Minneapolis-St. Paul HealthPartners primary care clinics or emergency departments (EDs) between January 1, 2016, and December 31, 2017. Patients were categorized as (1) born in Muslim ban-targeted nations, (2) born in Muslim-majority nations not listed in the executive order, or (3) non-Latinx and born in the US. Data were analyzed from October 1, 2019, to May 12, 2021.

EXPOSURES: Executive order 13769, "Protecting the Nation from Foreign Terrorist Entry into the United States."

MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Primary outcomes included the number of (1) primary care clinic visits, (2) missed primary care appointments, (3) primary care stress-responsive diagnoses, (4) ED visits, and (5) ED stress-responsive diagnoses. Visit trends were evaluated before and after the Muslim ban issuance using linear regression, and differences between the study groups after the executive order issuance were evaluated using difference-indifference analyses.

RESULTS: A total of 252 594 patients were included in the analysis: 5667 in group 1 (3367 women [59.4%]; 5233 Black individuals [92.3%]), 1254 in group 2 (627 women [50%]; 391 White individuals [31.2%]), and 245 673 in group 3 (133 882 women [54.5%]; 203 342 White individuals [82.8%]). Group 1 was predominantly born in Somalia (5231 of 5667 [92.3%]) and insured by Medicare or Medicaid (4428 [78.1%]). Before the Muslim ban, primary care visits and stress-responsive diagnoses were increasing for individuals from Muslim-majority nations (groups 1 and 2). In the year after the ban, there were approximately 101 additional missed primary care appointments among people from Muslim-majority countries not named in the ban (point estimate [SE], 6.73 [2.90]; P = .02) and approximately 232 additional ED visits by individuals from Muslim ban-targeted nations (point estimate [SE], 3.41 [1.53]; P = .03).

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Results of this cohort study suggest that after issuance of the Muslim ban executive order, missed primary care appointments and ED visits increased among people from Muslim-majority countries living in Minneapolis-St. Paul.

The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) established the legal principles for recognizing sovereign rights over genetic resources and brought forward conceptual innovations for safeguarding the collective rights of Indigenous peoples and local communities. However, there is little research into which governance structures at the national level are most effective for promoting fair and equitable benefit-sharing. This article has two aims: first, to examine the effects of different regulatory approaches on economic and scientific development, and second, to look at the impacts of varying levels of inclusiveness on benefit sharing. To achieve these ends, we present a novel theoretical framework that captures two dimensions: regulatory centralization and inclusiveness. We use this framework to analyze how biodiversity governance in Brazil has changed since the 1990s by drawing on data from stakeholder interviews, policy papers, and quantitative sources. Our analysis points to three main findings. First, it suggests that open access under certain terms and conditions is arguably more effective for controlling access to genetic resources and promoting economic and scientific activities. Second, we find that higher levels of inclusiveness tend to strengthen benefit sharing. Third, power dynamics and structural inequalities can become important barriers to the participation of traditional knowledge holders.

The U.S. federal government has undertaken an unprecedented dismantling of core institutions related to health research, policy, and services. Beyond politicizing issues of health and social welfare, these actions have revealed conflicting positions about what counts as evidence for health and what knowledge should be accepted as science. Cultural psychiatry’s focus on illness meanings offers ways of understanding these processes and intervening at the individual, family, community, and public health levels. Cultural psychiatry can address the erosion of medical authority in several ways: (1) by improving our understanding of the nature of knowledge production and what influences trust and mistrust in medical authority; (2) by providing strategies for culturally responsive, evidence-based clinical practice; (3) by challenging public health policy and practice with empirically grounded and politically informed analysis and critique; (4) by recognizing the lived experience of disempowered and marginalized groups, whose testimonies rarely influence policy or research; and (5) by assessing the limits of medicine and psychiatry and how these may be contributing to misunderstandings.

Leptospirosis, also known as Weil's disease, is an emerging zoonotic infection that occurs worldwide but is particularly common in the tropics. There has been an increasing trend of leptospirosis in the Philippines since the outbreak occurred in 2020. The number of reported cases was 182 in 2020, 1661 in 2021, and 2794 in 2022. This present article aimed to access previously published studies on the prevalence, implications, and efforts to combat leptospirosis worldwide, with a particular focus on the Philippines from 2001 to 2023. In writing this article, we conducted a thorough search of databases such as PubMed, Researchgate, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar within 20 years. This present article found that more than 810 cases were reported from 1 January to 4 March 2023. The Cagayan Valley Region has 103 cases, the Zamboanga Peninsula has 77 cases, and the Western Visayas Region has 176 cases, making them the worst-hit areas. The increase in leptospirosis cases in the Philippines is primarily attributed to several factors. Firstly, the country is prone to natural disasters such as typhoons, floods, and landslides, which increase the risk of water sources and the environment being contaminated with Leptospira bacteria. To address the menace of leptospirosis in the Philippines, we urge the Philippine government to focus on improving healthcare infrastructure, providing swift, reliable, and effective treatments, implementing safety regulations, supplying personal protective equipment to medical authorities, and taking strict actions to improve water sanitation.

This document was prepared by Enrique Valencia Lomelí, consultant with the Social Development Division of the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), David Foust Rodríguez and Darcy Tetreault Weber, researchers with the University of Guadalajara, and is part of the series of studies on "Social Protection Systems in Latin America and the Caribbean", edited by Simone Cecchini, Social Affairs Officer, and Claudia Robles, consultant with the same Division. Luna Gámez and Daniela Huneeus, consultants, provided editorial assistance. Humberto Soto and Astrid Rojas provided valuable comments. The document was produced as part of the activities of the project "Strengthening social protection" (ROA/149-7) and "Strengthening regional knowledge networks to promote the effective implementation of the United Nations development agenda and to assess progress" (ROA 161-7), financed by the United Nations Development Account. Printing of this publication was made possible by the contribution of the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH and the Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development of Germany (BMZ), in the framework of the project "Social covenant for more inclusive social protection" of the ECLAC/BMZ-GIZ cooperation programme "Promoting low-carbon development and social cohesion in Latin America and the Caribbean" (GER/12/006). The opinions expressed in this document, which has been reproduced without formal editing, are the sole responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Organization.

Tulisan serta penelitian ini , akan menunjukkan bahwa penyidikan suatu tindak pidana bukan hanya dilakukan oleh penyidik Kepolisian Negara, tetapi dapat juga dilakukan oleh Penyidik Pegawai Negeri Sipil dalam tindak pidana tertentu dalam hal ini tindak pidana bidang melakukan penyidikan terhadap tindak pidana yang diatur di dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 26 Tahun 2009 tentang Kesehatan. Penelitian ini sendiri menggunakan metode pendekatan Yuridis Imperis secara induktif serta tehnik pengumpulan data secara studi kepustakaan,dan studi lapangan. Pada dasarnya peny elesai an tulisan ini bertujuan untuk menguraikan pelaksanaan penyidikan yang dila k ukan oleh Penyidik Pegawai Negeri Sipil yang ada di Balai Pengawasan Obat dan Makanan di Palu. Berdasarkan wawancara dan penelusuran data administrasi pada institusi tersebut di atas, dapat diketahui bahwa pelaksanaan penyidikan yang dilakukan Penyidik Pegawai Negeri Sipil Balai POM di Palu dilaksanakan sesuai dengan ketentuan yang berlaku . Dari...

Program Makan Bergizi Gratis (MBG) tidak hanya diposisikan sebagai kebijakan pemenuhan kebutuhan gizi masyarakat, tetapi juga sebagai instrumen strategis untuk menggerakkan ekonomi lokal dan memperkuat pembangunan nasional. Dengan alokasi anggaran sebesar Rp71 triliun dalam APBN 2025, program ini menciptakan permintaan pangan dalam skala besar yang berpotensi menghasilkan efek pengganda (multiplier effect) bagi sektor pertanian, peternakan, dan UMKM desa. Artikel ini membahas bagaimana MBG dapat menjadi sarana pemberdayaan ekonomi akar rumput melalui penyerapan bahan pangan lokal serta keterlibatan pelaku usaha kecil dalam rantai distribusi makanan. Selain itu, program ini dipandang relevan dalam perspektif ekonomi syariah karena mencerminkan prinsip maslahah mursalah dan distribusi kekayaan yang berkeadilan. Di sisi lain, implementasi MBG menghadapi tantangan berupa distribusi logistik, pengawasan anggaran, serta risiko monopoli dalam rantai pasok pangan. Oleh sebab itu, transparansi, pemanfaatan teknologi digital, dan keberpihakan terhadap produsen lokal menjadi faktor penting dalam menentukan keberhasilan program. Pada akhirnya, MBG dipandang sebagai investasi jangka panjang yang tidak hanya bertujuan menurunkan angka stunting dan meningkatkan kualitas sumber daya manusia, tetapi juga memperkuat ekonomi desa menuju pertumbuhan yang inklusif dan berkelanjutan.

Проблема и цель. Являясь эффективным средством удовлетворения большинства материальных запросов человечества, экономика неспособна сама определить свои цели. Эта проблема приобретает свою остроту в условиях глобализации и кризиса традиционных ценностей, в частности, религиозных. Возможные ответы на вопросы о конечных целях современной экономики способна предложить биоэтика, однако ее рассматривают преимущественно лишь в утилитаристском ключе. Целью данной статьи будет выявить потенциал биоэтики как этически и научно обоснованного способа обрести новую социальную идентичность, с учетом неизбежности принятия человечеством стратегии самоограничения. Методология исследования. Исследование отношений этики и экономики осуществляется с помощью неоинституционализма как методологии исследования, однако внимание сконцентрировано не на экономических или политических институтах, а на институтах моральных, которые большинство представителей неоинституционализма безосновательно недооценивают. Результаты и обсуждение. Новая экономическая логика, основанная на роботизации, создает предпосылки для превращения деятельности людей по формулированию новых этических норм и усовершенствованию классических едва ли не в основное содержание труда человека в новой экономике и новом обществе. Каждый человек является носителем множественной социальной идентичности: он должен научиться не «играть роль», а именно быть в полной мере цельной личностью в каждой своей социальной роли. Не утилитаризм, а этика ценностей, этика добродетелей, применение новых, биоэтических принципов, защита биоэтических ценностей, следование биоэтическим добродетелям в медицинской практике уже приводит не только к повышению эффективности лечения и укреплению профессиональной медицинской этики, но и к прямым положительным экономическим эффектам. Заключение. Биоэтика выступает не только как источник институциональных ценностей для экономики будущего, но и, возможно, как самостоятельный социальный институт, который будет играть все большую роль в институциональной структуре будущего общества. Ключевые слова: биоэтика, множественная социальная идентичность, гуманитарные науки, биоэтические ценности, биоэтические принципы, биоэтические добродетели, неоинституционализм Перспективы Науки и Образования Международный электронный научный журнал

Non-communicable diseases constitute more than 72% of annual global deaths and are now rightfully receiving increased attention in the global health agenda. However, one of the primary risk factors for non-communicable diseases continues to be neglected: alcohol. Although the alcohol industry uses sophisticated public relations campaigns to maintain this near invisibility within the health agenda, the global health community is also culpable. Global health policy makers do not appreciate the evidence on alcohol, identify and confront interference from the alcohol industry, or prioritise resources, policies, and programmes for alcohol control. According to the International Agency for Research on Cancer, alcohol, like asbestos and tobacco, is a Group 1 carcinogen and can cause multiple forms of cancer, but particularly breast cancer; health risks are associated with drinking at any degree of consumption. WHO's 2018 Global Status Report on Alcohol and Health estimates that, annually, alcohol is responsible for more than 25% of global deaths in people aged 20-39 years and kills more than 3 million people, the population We declare no competing interests.

Background Human immunodeficiency virus and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) is still among the leading causes of disease burden and mortality in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), and the world is not on track to meet targets set for ending the epidemic by the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Precise HIV burden information is critical for effective geographic and epidemiological targeting of prevention and treatment interventions. Age- and sex-specific HIV prevalence estimates are widely available at the national level, and region-wide local estimates were recently published for adults overall. We add further dimensionality to previous analyses by estimating HIV prevalence at local scales, stratified into sex-specific 5-year age groups for adults ages 15–59 years across SSA. Methods We analyzed data from 91 seroprevalence surveys and sentinel surveillance among antenatal care clinic (ANC) attendees...

The advancement of digital transformation has provided a growing application and use of technologies in various fields and sectors of contemporary society. In this sense, several studies have pointed to the possibilities and opportunities for the adoption of wearebles in industries of high operational complexity as solutions aimed at the safety and health of workers in various sectors. By examining potential applicability of wearables according to the perception of workers in the oil and gas (O&G) industry, this study proposes and develops an analytical framework of the applicability of wearables with the potential to promote safety in the O&G industry. The study revealed a low use of wearables, and by adopting an approach oriented to the experience and opinions of workers, it presents a map with clues and opportunities for processes of adoption and/or development of wearables and similar digital technologies.

Background The high morbidity, mortality, and economic burden attributed to cancer-causing human papillomavirus (HPV) call for researchers to address this public health concern through HPV vaccination. Disparities of HPV-associated cancers in Vietnamese and Korean Americans exist, yet their vaccination rates remain low. Evidence points to the importance of developing culturally and linguistically congruent interventions to improve their HPV vaccination rates. We adopted digital storytelling (DST) that combines oral storytelling with computer-based technology (digital images, audio recording, and music) as a promising approach for facilitating the communication of culturally relevant health messages. Objective This study aimed to (1) assess the feasibility and acceptability of intervention development through DST workshops, (2) conduct an in-depth analysis of the cultural experience that shapes HPV attitudes, and (3) explore aspects of the DST workshop experience that could inform fu...

Background The high morbidity, mortality, and economic burden attributed to cancer-causing HPV call for researchers to address this public health concern through human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination. Disparities of HPV-associated cancers in Vietnamese and Korean Americans (VA, KA) exist, yet their vaccination rates remain low. Evidence points to the importance of developing culturally and linguistically congruent interventions to improve their HPV vaccination rates. This paper aimed to assess feasibility acceptability and the process and mothers’ lived experience of creating and sharing personal stories. Methods Through community partner, social media and snowballing, we recruited two VA and six KA mothers (mean age = 41.4 years old; SD = 5.8) who had children vaccinated against HPV. Three virtual digital storytelling (DST) workshops were conducted between July 2021 and January 2022. Our team supported mothers to develop their own stories, practice digital editing and helped with ...

Current US guidelines for cholesterol recommend limiting intake of cholesterol to <300 mg/day for the general population and <200 mg/day for individuals with elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. These recommendations, however, are at odds with international (e.g., Canada, United Kingdom, and Australia) guidelines that provide no specific numerical recommendation, but instead recommend reducing total fat intake and shifting fat consumption away from saturated and trans fats to unsaturated fats. A conference was held on December 3, 2008, to evaluate the data supporting current US nutrition policy recommendations to limit dietary cholesterol and analyze the consequences of this policy on the eating patterns and health of the US population. This review is a summary of the information and perspectives presented by conference speakers and discussed by conference participants.n ure_294 355..364