Radiation Biology

Helicobacter pylori infection is the main cause of chronic stomach inflammation and the main factor causing stomach ulcers and stomach cancer, affecting approximately half of the world's population. To identify factors associated with H. pylori infection in patients attending various government Hospitals in Tripoli for diagnosis and treatment. A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted from April 2025 to August 2025. 72 patients were infected with Helicobacter pylori, 58% of whom were female and 42% male. H. pylori infection to be 19.4% in the 31-40 age group and lowest in the 81-90 age group at 1.3%. Forty-six percent of patients had a university degree. 68% of H. pylori infections were found in people who used a source of untreated drinking water in compared with 32% use bottled water, and people who regularly ate at public restaurants had a slightly higher infection rate 56% compared to those who mainly ate at home. 72% of those who drink stimulants are infected, 74% of patients are smokers and infected, 26% non-smokers and infected too, 60% of patients who use traditional toilets are infected, 25% of patients have undergone histopathology examination, and 24% have undergone stool antigen and testing for Helicobacter pylori infection. Health awareness and educating the public about the risk factors associated with H. pylori infection and taking the necessary measures for a safe life are important factors in reducing this risk to public health. Further studies should be conducted to identify risk factors and develop a comprehensive strategic plan to combat them.

The "Linear no-threshold" (LNT) model predicts that any amount of radiation increases the risk of organisms to accumulate negative effects. Several studies at below background radiation levels (4.5 to 11.4 nGy hr(-1)) show decreased growth rates and an increased susceptibility to oxidative stress. The purpose of our study is to obtain molecular evidence of a stress response in Shewanella oneidensis and Deinococcus radiodurans grown at a gamma dose rate of 0.16 nGy hr(-1), about 400 times less than normal background radiation. Bacteria cultures were grown at a dose rate of 0.16 or 71.3 nGy hr(-1) gamma irradiation. Total RNA was extracted from samples at early-exponential and stationary phases for the rt-PCR relative quantification (radiation-deprived treatment / background radiation control) of the stress-related genes katB (catalase), recA (recombinase), oxyR (oxidative stress transcriptional regulator), lexA (SOS regulon transcriptional repressor), dnaK (heat shock prote...

Purpose: In case of a mass-casualty radiological event, there would be a need for networking to overcome surge limitations and to quickly obtain homogeneous results (reported aberration frequencies or estimated doses) among biodosimetry laboratories. These results must be consistent within such network. Inter-laboratory comparisons (ILCs) are widely accepted to achieve this homogeneity. At the European level, a great effort has been made to harmonize biological dosimetry laboratories, notably during the MULTIBIODOSE and RENEB projects. In order to continue the harmonization efforts, the RENEB consortium launched this intercomparison which is larger than the RENEB network, as it involves 38 laboratories from 21 countries. In this ILC all steps of the process were monitored, from blood shipment to dose estimation. This exercise also aimed to evaluate the statistical tools used to compare laboratory performance. Materials and methods: Blood samples were irradiated at three different doses, 1.8, 0.4 and 0 Gy (samples A, C and B) with 4-MV X-rays at 0.5 Gy min À1 , and sent to the participant laboratories. Each laboratory was requested to blindly analyze 500 cells per sample and to report the observed frequency of dicentric chromosomes per metaphase and the corresponding estimated dose. Results: This ILC demonstrates that blood samples can be successfully distributed among laboratories worldwide to perform biological dosimetry in case of a mass casualty event. Having achieved a substantial harmonization in multiple areas among the RENEB laboratories issues were identified with the available statistical tools, which are not capable to advantageously exploit the richness of results of a large ILCs. Even though Zand U-tests are accepted methods for biodosimetry ILCs, setting the number of analyzed metaphases to 500 and establishing a tests' common threshold for all studied doses is inappropriate for evaluating laboratory performance. Another problem highlighted by this ILC is the issue of the dose-effect curve diversity. It clearly appears that, despite the initial advantage of including the scoring specificities of each laboratory, the lack of defined criteria for assessing the robustness of each laboratory's curve is a disadvantage for the 'one curve per laboratory' model.

Purpose: Two quality controlled inter-laboratory exercises were organized within the EU project 'Realizing the European Network of Biodosimetry (RENEB)' to further optimize the dicentric chromosome assay (DCA) and to identify needs for training and harmonization activities within the RENEB network. Materials and methods: The general study design included blood shipment, sample processing, analysis of chromosome aberrations and radiation dose assessment. After manual scoring of dicentric chromosomes in different cell numbers dose estimations and corresponding 95% confidence intervals were submitted by the participants. Results: The shipment of blood samples to the partners in the European Community (EU) were performed successfully. Outside the EU unacceptable delays occurred. The results of the dose estimation demonstrate a very successful classification of the blood samples in medically relevant groups. In comparison to the 1st exercise the 2nd intercomparison showed an improvement in the accuracy of dose estimations especially for the high dose point. Conclusions: In case of a large-scale radiological incident, the pooling of ressources by networks can enhance the rapid classification of individuals in medically relevant treatment groups based on the DCA. The performance of the RENEB network as a whole has clearly benefited from harmonization processes and specific training activities for the network partners.

Purpose: The RENEB accident exercise was carried out in order to train the RENEB participants in coordinating and managing potentially large data sets that would be generated in case of a major radiological event. Materials and methods: Each participant was offered the possibility to activate the network by sending an alerting email about a simulated radiation emergency. The same participant had to collect, compile and report capacity, triage categorization and exposure scenario results obtained from all other participants. The exercise was performed over 27 weeks and involved the network consisting of 28 institutes: 21 RENEB members, four candidates and three non-RENEB partners. Results: The duration of a single exercise never exceeded 10 days, while the response from the assisting laboratories never came later than within half a day. During each week of the exercise, around 4500 samples were reported by all service laboratories (SL) to be examined and 54 scenarios were coherently estimated by all laboratories (the standard deviation from the mean of all SL answers for a given scenario category and a set of data was not larger than 3 patient codes). Conclusions: Each participant received training in both the role of a reference laboratory (activating the network) and of a service laboratory (responding to an activation request). The procedures in the case of radiological event were successfully established and tested.

Purpose: In the framework of the 'Realizing the European Network of Biodosimetry' (RENEB) project, two intercomparison exercises were conducted to assess the suitability of an optimized version of the cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay, and to evaluate the capacity of a large laboratory network performing biodosimetry for radiation emergency triages. Twelve European institutions participated in the first exercise, and four non-RENEB labs were added in the second one. Materials and methods: Irradiated blood samples were shipped to participating labs, whose task was to culture these samples and provide a blind dose estimate. Micronucleus analysis was performed by automated, semi-automated and manual procedures. Results: The dose estimates provided by network laboratories were in good agreement with true administered doses. The most accurate estimates were reported for low dose points ( 0.94 Gy). For higher dose points (! 2.7 Gy) a larger variation in estimates was observed, though in the second exercise the number of acceptable estimates increased satisfactorily. Higher accuracy was achieved with the semi-automated method. The results of the two exercises performed by our network demonstrate that the micronucleus assay is a useful tool for large-scale radiation emergencies, and can be successfully implemented within a large network of laboratories.

This article focuses on the analytic modeling of responses of cells in the body to ionizing radiation. The related mechanisms are consecutively taken into account and discussed. A model of the dose- and time-dependent adaptive response is considered for 2 exposure categories: acute and protracted. In case of the latter exposure, we demonstrate that the response plateaus are expected under the modelling assumptions made. The expected total number of cancer cells as a function of time turns out to be perfectly described by the Gompertz function. The transition from a collection of cancer cells into a tumor is discussed at length. Special emphasis is put on the fact that characterizing the growth of a tumor (ie, the increasing mass and volume), the use of differential equations cannot properly capture the key dynamics—formation of the tumor must exhibit properties of the phase transition, including self-organization and even self-organized criticality. As an example, a manageable perco...

A stochastic model based on the Markov Chain Monte Carlo process is used to describe responses to ionizing radiation in a group of cells. The results show that where multiple relationships linearly depending on the dose are introduced, the overall reaction shows a threshold, and, generally, a non-linear response. Such phenomena have been observed and reported in a number of papers. The present model permits the inclusion of adaptive responses and bystander effects that can lead to hormetic effects. In addition, the model allows for incorporating various time-dependent phenomena. Essentially, all known biological effects can be reproduced using the proposed model.

Background: Radiation exposure is the main hazard in medical X-ray investigations. The aim of this study was to evaluate the radiation dose received in chest x-rays for trauma patients in the Majmaah area. The results were compared with other national and international findings. Furthermore, the reference radiation dose level was measured for different examinations by conventional x-rays. Thus, conventional X-ray examination of trauma patients was investigated. Materials and Methods: Seven hundred patients were evaluated at King Khalid Hospital, Majmaah. The average and range of exposure parameters were 73.5 ± 9.1 (65.9-124.9) and 2.7 ± 0.71 (0.2-9.6) for X-ray tube potential (kVp) and current multiplied by the exposure time (s) (mAs), respectively. Results: The entrance surface air kerma dose measured for chest (PA), skull (AP and LAT), lumbosacral (AP and LAT), and knee joint (AP and LAT) were 0.20+0.07 with a range of 0.13-0.37, 0.86 ± 0.01 with a range of 0.09-2.92 and 0.09 ± 0.02 with a range of 0.04-0.17, 0.10 ± 0.02 with a range of (0.04-0.17 and 0.1 ± 0.02 with a range of 0.03-0.16, and 0.86 ± 0.01 with a range of 0.09-2.92, respectively. The measured doses for pediatric patients were 0.20 ± 0.07 (0.13-0.37) and 0.18 ± 0.03 (0.06-0.23) for female and male patients, respectively. Conclusion: It was concluded that 90% of the procedures had normal findings. However, a precise justification is required, especially for young patients. For dose measurement techniques, the machine-and patient-related factors must be fixed in order to obtain accurate results.

Exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMFs) released from mobile phones has been evident to affect individuals' health, indicating that almost all individuals in the globe will be affected in case health is influenced by mobile phones. Recently, using cellular phones has provoked several queries about their safety, since operators are exposed to ultra-high frequency EMFs. The effect on individuals' bodies is mainly dependent on the EMFs exposure's power and frequency. Besides, the potential health results of weak, high-frequency EMFs and biological effects have been increasingly interested in. Various system diseases have strong association with EMFs, including mobile phones, as reported by some studies conducted on the association of magnetic fields (MFs) with reproduction, cancer or neurobehavioral reactions. Since clinical and/or electrical appliances have been widely used, there is nowadays a growing increase in studies investigating the EMFs effect on the biological system. Some of which suggested EMFs exposure's adverse effects. Similar to technological advances, using EMFs is of a growing increase, resulting in higher levels of everyday EMFs exposure than those which naturally exist. The continuous increase in using cell phones with their effects produced by the exposure to EMFs has provoked another query of their potential side effect on the living organism and has raised various measures of concerns. The social life of humans has been dramatically changed after the discovery of electricity. A huge number of electronic devices has been generated due to the rapidly industrial and economic developments and improvements. Currently, exposure to EMFs from different electronic devices, including computers, phones, power lines, radios, etc. is inevitable in everyday lives. Nonetheless, the most individuals' awareness and knowledge of the harmful effect of EMFs on their health emitted by such devices are poor. In mobile-phone telecommunications, radio waves of 900-MHz as well as 1800-MHz are frequently used. Radiation technologies such as mobile phone, microwave and radiofrequency have intensively used in the recent decades with the growing demand of electronic devices. X band radar frequency between 8-12 GHz is widely used in industrial and scientific devices and domestic, military, and medical applications. Irradiation emitted by radar system into the environment may pose a health risk to the workers in certain occupations. Since mobile phones and military radar devices are placed in close proximity to the genitals, the reproductive system is then absorbed high radiation rates when compared with other organs. Several studies have reported the detrimental EMFs effect on testis and seminal factors, such as morphology, motility, and concentration. Other studies investigated the cytotoxic effects of EMFs exposure on spermatogonia, spermatogenesis, induced apoptosis, decreased testicular biopsy score, degeneration of germ cells. Whereas, other studies suggested that EMFs do not impact the male reproductive system. Similar experiments were conducted to investigate the EMFs effects on the kidney structure. They were found that the exposure EMF scan cause pathological effects in kidney tissue

The South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA/AMAS) is conventionally described as a region where Earth's inner Van Allen radiation belt dips to its lowest altitude, exposing low-Earth-orbit satellites to elevated energetic particle ux. This paper argues that the SAA constitutes a far broader phenomenon: an ontological and epidemiological infrastructure whose chronic eects on biological systems, atmospheric dynamics, ecological networks, and human neuropsychiatric health have been systematically underestimated. Drawing on geophysics, chronobiology, epidemiology, neuroscience, ecology, climate science, and international environmental law, we construct a transdisciplinary framework the Gray Zone Model in which the SAA functions as a planetary-scale entropy operator that degrades biological signal delity, corrupts circadian synchronisation, suppresses melatonin production, and elevates the statistical burden of oncological, cardiovascular, and psychiatric disorders across the South American and Southern African populations directly beneath its footprint. We further integrate WHO/GBD epidemiological data demonstrating that Tropical Latin America registers the highest age-standardised anxiety disorder rates globally, and that melanoma incidence in southern Brazil follows a geographic gradient consistent with anomaly intensity. Finally, we identify two previously unaddressed interdisciplinary gaps: (i) the SAA as an inverse transcranial magnetic stimulation device operating at population scale, and (ii) a structural lacuna in international environmental law regarding geophysical natural hazards of geomagnetic origin. The ongoing bifurcation of the anomaly into two distinct lobes, conrmed by ESA Swarm data through 2024, renders these concerns temporally urgent.

Background: Two long-standing obstacles to accurately modeling solid tumor response to fractionated radiotherapy have been (1) non-uniformity in cellular radiosensitivity, the cells of the tumor interior, including quiescent cells, being less radiosensitive, and (2) the need to accurately model repopulation dynamics. Methods: A new model was developed to address these obstacles. It assumes that the effect of a given course of treatment is best described by means of the "next-generation number (NGN)" concept of mathematical biology. Results: The model estimates the expected number (Xf) of indefinitely clonogenic cancer cells in existence, given a starting number (X0), following W weeks of treatment using daily fraction size D. By Markov's Inequality, the tumor control probability (TCP) satisfies TCP ≥ 1-Xf , which relation is useful in the Xf << 1 regime. The model provides a clear-cut criterion by which D could be selected to minimize effects in normal tissues. It also provides insight into which types of tumor are best treated using hypofractionation. Model parameters could be identified from clinical TCP data, as has been done for the linear-quadratic model, or identified from clonogenic assay data. Conclusions: Ionizing radiation works, in the mathematical sense, to reduce the number of cancer cells present by modulating the fruitfulness of the process of cellular replication. This process, which usually results in the replacement of one indefinitely clonogenic cancer cell with two at the conclusion of each cell cycle, is rendered less fruitful than normal, so that a cell does not even replace itself, on average, when it attempts to replicate.

Introduction: Progress in both the development of Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors (TKIs) and modern radiation therapy (RT) have opened new horizons for the safe and effective treatments of cancer. Combination therapies of TKIs and radiation therapy have been evaluated with variable sequencing and dosing of both agents. Radiation therapy induces cellular damage to cancer and normal tissue DNA by the production of direct and indirect ionization leading to a cascade of biological events. These ultimately lead to potential loss of cellular reproductive capacity, cell death or impotency. Repair mechanisms of RT-induced cell damage require repair pathways dependent on TK. TKIs are key regulators of cellular function and signaling proteins that catalyze phosphorylation reactions of tyrosine molecules. The purpose of this study was to briefly review the basic biology of RT and TKIs and to review the modern literature pertaining to the toxic and therapeutic effects of their combination in the tre...

Ionizing radiations are known to challenge the integrity of the genome, by inducing several lesions like double strand breaks, single strand breaks and oxidative base damages in the DNA. Eukaryotic DNA is packaged inside the nucleus in the form of chromatin, which is formed by the interaction of histone proteins with DNA. Higher order chromatin structure acts as a barrier to the detection and repair of DNA damage. Modulations in chromatin structure are central in cellular responses to radiation-induced DNA damage. Such conformation changes may be monitored, by using a tool that studies the dynamic changes in size and shape of particles due to conformational modifications. Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) is a sensitive and non-invasive tool, to study the dynamics of biomolecules in solution. In the present study, Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) was used to analyze radiation-induced conformational changes in the structure of native chromatin.

I present a new dose-survival equation for fitting clonogenic assay data collected for irradiated cells, one motivated by the hypothesis that all cellular activities can be partitioned into two states ("state R" and "state Q") which differ in their sensitivity to low-LET radiation. The LQ model can be derived from it by taking a Taylor expansion. The empirical observation that rapidly proliferating cancer cells have a straighter dose-survival relationship, while slowly proliferating cancer cells and normal cells have a curvier one featuring a shoulder region, is explained in terms of state R and state Q. The new equation (1) provides a convention for classifying cells as radioresistant, (2) provides a means of reducing, or possibly eliminating, cell cycle phase as a variable in treatment outcome, and (3) may enable standardization of the results reported for clonogenic assays. Finally, a novel hypothesis is offered for the "oxygen enhancement ratio" phenomenon.

Background In 2002 the International Agency for Research on Cancer classified extremely low frequency magnetic fields (ELFMF) as a possible carcinogen on the basis of epidemiological evidence. Experimental bioassays on rats and mice performed up to now on ELFMF alone or in association with known carcinogens have failed to provide conclusive confirmation. Objectives To study the carcinogenic effects of combined exposure to sinusoidal-50 Hz (S-50Hz) magnetic fields and acute γ radiation in Sprague-Dawley rats. Methods We studied groups of male and female Sprague-Dawley rats exposed from prenatal life until natural death to 20 or 1000 μT S-50Hz MF and also to 0.1 Gy γ radiation delivered as a single acute exposure at 6 weeks of age. Results The results of the study showed significant carcinogenic effects for the mammary gland in males and females and a significant increased incidence of malignant schwannomas of the heart as well as increased incidence of lymphomas/leukemias in males. C...

Effects of various concentrations of calcium chloride on callus growth and potassium nutrition of calli cultures of Potato (Solanum tuberosum) cv. Cardinal were studied. Calli cultures of Potato were treated with Calcium chloride in 5 different concentrations (0.1; 1; 3; 6; 9mM). Calcium chloride treatments had significant effect on almost all parameters studied. Maximum relative growth rate (0.711 week -1 ) and water content (94.872%) were recorded at 6mM Calcium chloride. The maximum K + accumulation in dried matter (695.568 µmoles g -1 Dry Wt.) at 3mM Calcium chloride and maximum Ca ++ accumulation in dried matter (450.83 µmoles g -1 dry wt.) at 9mM Calcium chloride were found. The minimum relative growth rate (0.376 week -1 ), water content (62.611%), K + accumulation in dried matter (485.98 µmoles g -1 dry wt.) and Ca ++ accumulation in dried matter (187.367 µmoles g -1 dry wt.) were recorded at 0.1mM Calcium chloride. It is concluded from the experiment that better results were obtained from 3-6mM Calcium chloride treatment on Potato callus.

Analisi critica dei conflitti di interesse tra industria nucleare, chimica, farmaceutica e ricerca oncologica/virologica (1945-2026) Versione depurata-1° maggio 2026 Documento di lavoro per ricerca futura-non definitivo Introduzione Da oltre ottant'anni si osserva un sistema di incentivi in cui le stesse strutture economiche e istituzionali che producono o gestiscono tecnologie potenzialmente dannose (radiazioni ionizzanti, sostanze chimiche, farmaci) sono anche protagoniste della ricerca e della cura delle patologie che ne derivano, in particolare il cancro. Questo documento analizza i legami finanziari, storici e istituzionali tra: • Industria nucleare (Orano, EDF, Cameco, Uranium One) • Industria chimica (Bayer, BASF-eredi di IG Farben) • Industria farmaceutica (Sanofi, Pfizer, Regeneron, Gilead, Moderna) • Agenzie di ricerca e sanità pubblica (NIH/NIAID, INSERM, OMS, AIEA, CIRC) L'obiettivo non è dimostrare una "cospirazione", ma mappare conflitti di interesse strutturali e identificare le aree in cui la ricerca scientifica appare sistematicamente sbilanciata.

The results of the calculations of the displacements per atom distribution induced by the gamma irradiation on YBa 2 Cu 3 O (7-x) superconductor and Iron slabs up to 15 MeV are presented. Firstly, a calculation procedure for the displacements cross sections and the displacements per atom distributions was introduced, relaying on the application of the energy flux distribution values of secondary electrons, formerly calculated using the Monte Carlo methods based code system MCNPX. Finally, calculation results of displacements per atom distribution were compared with the corresponding energy deposition profiles, obtaining a nearly linear correlation among them at different depth positions for a wide range of Gamma Radiation incident energy.

BACKGROUND: This monocentric study evaluated the effect of ukrain in the treatment of pancreatic cancer. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Between January 1996 and December 1999 we treated 21 patients with 10 mg ukrain every second day x10. The control group received supportive treatment only. RESULTS: Ukrain treatment was well tolerated. Mean values on pain measure and Karnofsky index were significantly better in the ukrain group than in controls ( P<0.05). One-year survival was 76% in the ukrain group, compared to 9.5% in the control group. Median survival after treatment with ukrain was 574 days, compared to 197 days in the control group. CONCLUSIONS: Our data demonstrate that ukrain improves quality of life in patients suffering from advanced pancreatic cancer and significantly prolongs survival time in these patients.

Objectives: The radiation-induced adaptive response (RAR), also referred to as radioadaptation, describes modifications of biological radiation sensitivity following prior exposure to low doses or low dose-rates of ionizing radiation. Despite extensive experimental evidence, RAR remains difficult to reproduce consistently and lacks a unified quantitative and methodological framework. The objective of this study was to develop a systematic biophysical approach enabling coherent analysis and comparison of RAR experiments performed under different irradiation protocols. Methods: We formulated a dose-and time-dependent adaptive response function characterized by transient, memory-like dynamics. On this basis, we derived analytical expressions describing RAR under multiple irradiation schemes, including priming-challenge protocols, radiation training, constant low dose-rate exposure, and variable dose-rate scenarios. A unified relative endpoint parameter was introduced to quantify the magnitude of the adaptive response across experimental designs. Results: The proposed framework yields explicit expressions for the adaptive response parameter under diverse exposure conditions and demonstrates how RAR magnitude depends on dose, dose-rate, and time interval between exposures. The methodology enables consistent normalization of experimental endpoints, facilitates parameter estimation from empirical data, and clarifies conditions under which adaptive effects are expected to emerge or vanish. Conclusion: This work provides a coherent and transferable methodological foundation for quantitative RAR research. The framework improves comparability between experimental studies and supports mechanistic interpretation of low dose adaptive effects, while remaining primarily applicable to controlled experimental systems rather than population-level radiation risk assessment.

En este estudio se hace una evaluación de la radiación ionizante atmos férica en Costa Rica. Se discute la variación del campo de radiación ionizante con la altura en la atmósfera inferior y se determinan las contribuciones telúrica y cósmica. Una evaluación de la dosis absorbi da en aire (energía liberada en el aire por unidad de masa), a la cual se encuentra expuesta la población de Costa Rica, se hace tomando en cuenta las contribuciones de las diferentes fuentes y su variación con la altitud. Costa Rica is made. The variation of the ionizing radiation field with height in the lower atmosphere is discussed and the teluric and cosmic contributions are determined. The results obtained in Costa Rica are compared with similar studies carried out by other authors in middle- latitudes. An evaluation of the absorbed doses in air (energy released in the air per unit mass), to which the Costa Rican population is exposed, is made taking into account the contributions of the different sources and their variation with altitude.

Radiation-induced impairment of hippocampal neurogenesis is one of serious factors associated with cognitive detriments after radiation therapy of brain cancers and realization of long-term manned space flights. The goal of this study is to develop a mathematical model describing radiation-induced changes in cellular populations participating in neurogenesis and how these alterations worsen the processing of information by hippocampus. Modeling results have demonstrated that heavy ions may cause non-reversible suppression of neurogenesis, which is followed by failure of pattern encoding and retrieval by hippocampal neural networks.

Today the applications of nuclear physics span a very broad range of topics and fields. This review discusses a number of aspects of these applications, including selected topics and concepts in nuclear reactor physics, nuclear fusion, nuclear non-proliferation, nuclear--geophysics, and nuclear medicine. The review begins with a historic summary of the early years in applied nuclear physics, with an emphasis on the huge developments that took place around the time of World War II, and that underlie the physics involved in designs of nuclear explosions, controlled nuclear energy, and nuclear fusion. The review then moves to focus on modern applications of these concepts, including the basic concepts and diagnostics developed for the forensics of nuclear explosions, the nuclear diagnostics at the National Ignition Facility, nuclear reactor safeguards, and the detection of nuclear material production and trafficking. The review also summarizes recent developments in nuclear geophysics and nuclear medicine. The nuclear geophysics areas discussed include geo--chronology, nuclear logging for industry, the Oklo reactor, and geo-neutrinos. The section on nuclear medicine summarizes the critical advances in nuclear imaging, including PET and SPECT imaging, targeted radionuclide therapy, and the nuclear physics of medical isotope production. Each subfield discussed requires a review article onto itself, which is not the intention of the current review. Rather, the current review is intended for readers who wish to get a broad understanding of applied nuclear physics. Confinement Fusion 13 3.4 Nuclear Diagnostics for Inertial Confinement Fusion 15 4. Nuclear Threat Reduction and Global Security 18 4.1 Forensic analysis of a nuclear explosion 18 4.2 Detecting Illicit Production of Weapons Material at Reactor Facilities 22 4.3 Neutrino Monitoring of Reactors 25 4.4 Border Protection 26 5. Nuclear Geophysics 28 5.1 Isotope Chronology 28 5.2 Nuclear Logging in the Oil, Gas, Coal, and Mineral Industries. 31 5.3 The Oklo Reactor 34 5.4 Geo--neutrinos and the Earth's Internal Heat 36 6. Nuclear Medicine 38 6.1 Nuclear Imaging 38 6.2 Targeted Radionuclide Therapy 39 6.3 Production of radioisotopes 41 7. Concluding remarks 43 8. References 43

Publisher Summary Preliminary results of the studies suggest that there would be little or no public health advantage from relocating Ramsar&#39;s inhabitants, and studies performed on the inhabitants of other HBRAs, like Yangjiang, China indicate that there is no harmful impact induced by natural radiation. Furthermore, after the Chernobyl accident there were widespread psychological reactions to the accident that were due to fear of the radiation, not due to radiation doses similar to those found in Ramsar. Considering the ill effects of relocation of the residents of areas contaminated after the Chernobyl accident, it can be concluded that relocation of the inhabitants of high background radiation areas of Ramsar not only is not necessary, it may lead to considerable social, economical and psychological problems. In addition, if future studies show that low levels of radiation exposure are, indeed harmless, governments and their citizens may allocate considerable sums of money to...

This paper explores the complexities of extrapolating insect data to understand nuclear exposure effects on humans. Within radiation research, animal studies are invaluable tools for understanding biological effects of radiation exposure. However, data are often employed selectively, exposing unsettled science in extrapolating animal data to human radiation effects. Here we focus on our understanding of the genetic effects of radiation exposure, and how the debates about the long-term effects on humans were molded by research carried out on the model organism known as Drosophila; disagreements among scientists occurred within the constraints of research on this model organism, creating what we see as a possible Drosophila bias. By tracing how Drosophila became the dominant model organism for radiation genetics, we show how this choice created an epistemic framework that often dismissed contradictory evidence from other organisms, including the more recent Lepidoptera data from Fukushima. Even when animal studies demonstrate harm, they are often dismissed due to the belief-and some of the science-of human exceptionalism: that humans are intrinsically more resilient than animals. In this work, we consider Michel Foucault's ideas on epistemes as they apply to human exceptionalism in the context of radiation effects, mutation, and harm. By examining these two cases genealogically, we demonstrate how Drosophila's dominance established frameworks of population resilience that persist to this day, leading to the dismissal of contradictory butterfly findings as inconsistent with "conventional understanding" rather than as challenges to what counts as legitimate evidence in radiation biology.

In this research, we aimed to investigate the effects extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMF) on proliferation and apoptosis during treatment of primary and metastatic colon cancer cell lines. Material and Methods: Colon cell lines; COLO-320, COLO-741 and as control mouse fibroblast (STO) cells were cultured in 24 wells of tissue culture plate. Both COLO-320 and COLO-741 cells were treated with α-lactalbumin, sulindac and α-lactalbumin + sulindac. The cells from all groups were exposed to 60 Hz ELF-EMF for 48 hours. For cytotoxicity analyses, the cells were collected and analyzed with ELISA. The cells were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for 30 minutes. Cell proliferation was analyzed by evaluating of anti-Ki-67 distribution using indirect immunohistochemistry, cell death were evaluated using TUNEL assay. Results: After TUNEL assay, the TUNEL positive cells were detected in all treated and control groups. However, the number of apoptotic cells was increased after treatment with α-lactalbumin and EMF exposure on COLO-320 cells. The apoptotic cells were less in STO cells. The distribution of Ki-67 was also detected in all groups, but, there were more Ki-67 immunoreactivity in COLO-741 cells than other groups. The cell cytotoxicity was also increased after EMF exposure in all groups. Discussion: Our results suggested that the EMF exposure may increase the effects of α-lactalbumin on primary colon cancer cell lines. However, the proliferation of both cancer and control cells were not affected. The EMF exposure may trigger apoptotic pathway in primary colon cancer cell lines.

Ionizing radiation is effective in treating cancer but causes significant damage to the mucosa, thereby increasing patient discomfort, delaying therapy, and raising the risk of mortality. The underlying mechanisms of this damage remain poorly understood, and current treatments are largely palliative. In this study, ferroptosis was identified as the primary mode of cell death responsible for the radiation-induced depletion of oral mucosal epithelial cells. Notably, a compensatory phase was also discovered in the early stages following radiation exposure, during which fibroblasts provide crucial metabolic support. Specifically, fibroblasts supply polyamines that are readily absorbed by basal epithelial cells, protecting them from ferroptosis. Supplementation with polyamines was found to effectively prevent mucosal injury. These findings highlight the critical role of fibroblast-mediated metabolic support in protecting the oral mucosa from radiation-induced damage and offer insights into enhancing the body's intrinsic protective mechanisms against radiation-related diseases.

Progress in both the development of Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors (TKIs) and modern radiation therapy (RT)
have opened new horizons for the safe and effective treatments of cancer. Combination therapies of TKIs and radiation therapy
have been evaluated with variable sequencing and dosing of both agents. Radiation therapy induces cellular damage to cancer
and normal tissue DNA by the production of direct and indirect ionization leading to a cascade of biological events. These
ultimately lead to potential loss of cellular reproductive capacity, cell death or impotency. Repair mechanisms of RT-induced
cell damage require repair pathways dependent on TK. TKIs are key regulators of cellular function and signaling proteins that
catalyze phosphorylation reactions of tyrosine molecules. The purpose of this study was to briefly review the basic biology
of RT and TKIs and to review the modern literature pertaining to the toxic and therapeutic effects of their combination in the
treatment of cancer based on preclinical and clinical data.
Methods: A retrospective review of the basic biology of RT and TKIs with the aim of identifying their combined toxicity
and benefit in the treatment of cancer was performed. A systematic search of the standard published radiotherapeutic,
radiobiology, chemotherapy and radiotherapy texts, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Clinical Key using the search terms; TKI,
RT and combination TKI and RT from 1985-2020 was employed. Data were abstracted from 222 entries from the literature
published in English. Issues of toxicity and therapeutic efficacy were defined to evaluate the safe and effective use of combined
modality therapy (CMT).

Purpose: To assess early changes in brain metastasis in response to whole brain radiotherapy (WBRT) by longitudinal Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). Materials and methods: Using a 7T system, MRI examinations of brain metastases in a breast cancer MDA-MD231-Br mouse model were conducted before and 24 hours after 3 daily fractionations of 4 Gy WBRT. Besides anatomic MRI, diffusion-weighted (DW) MRI and dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) MRI were applied to study cytotoxic effect and blood-tumorbarrier (BTB) permeability change, respectively.

Introduction: Progress in both the development of Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors (TKIs) and modern radiation therapy (RT) have opened new horizons for the safe and effective treatments of cancer. Combination therapies of TKIs and radiation therapy have been evaluated with variable sequencing and dosing of both agents. Radiation therapy induces cellular damage to cancer and normal tissue DNA by the production of direct and indirect ionization leading to a cascade of biological events. These ultimately lead to potential loss of cellular reproductive capacity, cell death or impotency. Repair mechanisms of RT-induced cell damage require repair pathways dependent on TK. TKIs are key regulators of cellular function and signaling proteins that catalyze phosphorylation reactions of tyrosine molecules. The purpose of this study was to briefly review the basic biology of RT and TKIs and to review the modern literature pertaining to the toxic and therapeutic effects of their combination in the treatment of cancer based on preclinical and clinical data. Methods: A retrospective review of the basic biology of RT and TKIs with the aim of identifying their combined toxicity and benefit in the treatment of cancer wa performed. A systematic search of the standard published radiotherapeutic, radiobiology, chemotherapy and radiotherapy texts, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Clinical Key using the search terms; TKI, RT and combination TKI and RT from 1985-2020 was employed. Data were abstracted from 220 entries from the literature published in English. Issues of toxicity and therapeutic efficacy were defined to evaluate the safe and effective use of combined modality therapy (CMT). Results: Few randomized studies were available for high-level recommendations. The combined treatment of cancer with TKIs and RT may have benefit for palliation, progression free survival, and potential survival under well-defined circumstances. Any benefit of combined therapy is accompanied by significant potential for enhanced radiation toxicity in addition to the baseline potential toxicities of both agents. Conclusion: The data reviewed suggest potential benefit from the CMT of TKIs and RT but at a significant risk of toxicity, which may include severe, hematological, cardiac, gastrointestinal, pulmonary and central nervous system toxicity. Further randomized prospective studies are necessary to define their safe and effective combined therapies.

Purpose: The fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) technique, which easily detects reciprocal translocations, is currently used to estimate doses in retrospective biological dosimetry, after suspected accidental overexposure to ionizing radiation (IR). This study of 42 cases aimed to verify the appropriateness of this assay for radiation dose reconstruction, compared to the dicentric assay, and to evaluate other limitations. Material and methods: We labeled chromosomes 2, 4, and 12 by 3-color FISH painting to detect translocations on lymphocytes of patients with suspected past IR overexposure. Result: Translocation dose estimation showed doses significantly different from 0 Gy in 25 of the 42 cases. The lowest positive dose measured was 0.3 Gy. Several months after IR exposure, the doses measured by translocation and dicentric assays are quite similar. For a year, dose estimation by translocation assay becomes more relevant as dicentric frequency starts to decrease, coming close to 0 for more than a year after the exposure. The persistence of translocations enabled us to corroborate an overexposure 44 years earlier. Interpretation of the observed translocation yield requires the knowledge of the patient's other radiation exposures. A dose assessment by this biomarker is relevant only if the radiation exposure is confirmed. Conclusions: This technique is appropriate for corroborating a former IR exposure of individuals. When the radiation dose is greater than 1 Gy, the translocations in complex exchanges must be considered. Another relevant point is the use of an appropriate background yield of translocations. The dose assessment, however, also depends on exposure to various genotoxic agents besides IR. If no evidence about the existence of radiation exposure is available, dose assessment is not useful. For this reason, report only the translocation frequency and its comparison with the background yield by age class is preferable.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine a new approach to retrospective biological dosimetry, by using a long-term animal model to determine the stability of translocation frequency after in vivo irradiation. While the frequency of dicentrics is known to decrease over time, the persistence of more stable chromosomal aberrations such as translocations could be useful if their stability were definitively proved. Materials and Methods: Four monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) were exposed to two different doses of ionising radiation: 2 Gy whole body irradiation for two and 4 Gy for two others. Blood samples were obtained at various times after irradiation. Both total and two-way translocations were detected by fluorescence in situ hybridisation. Translocations were scored in stable cells, that is, those without dicentrics, rings or fragments. The course of translocation frequency was analysed at four time-points: one hour (H1), 2 months (M2), 10 months (M10) and 31 months (M31) after irradiation. We observed two separate trends in translocation frequency: total translocation frequency decreased slightly in animals irradiated with a dose of 2 Gy, while two-way translocation frequency was relatively stable in all irradiated animals. We confirmed the long-term stability of translocations and found that it seems to depend on the type of the translocation recorded. Overall translocations were stable for up to 31 months regardless of dose, but two-way translocations were more stable than those that were non-reciprocal, especially in stable cells.

The present study aimed to examine the radioprotective effect of a nutraceutical supplement of yeast glucan with Zn bisglycinate against histological and biochemical changes induced by γ-irradiation. Animals received orally in water suspension (65 mg Glucan + 100 mg Zn bisglycinate kg -1 body weight for 5 consecutive days before irradiation & 7 days during the period of radiation exposure) (2 Gy x 4 delivered every other day). Results revealed that the major part of yeast extract was 1,3-β-D-glucan and confirm the existence of chelation in Zn bisglycinate. Histological examinations of different tissues (liver, heart, kidney and testis) showed that administration of the nutraceutical supplement has attenuated radiationinduced damaged and improved tissue architecture. The histological amelioration in the different tissues was accompanied by a remarkable decrease of their lipid peroxide levels. Moreover, the metabolic disorders accompanying tissue damage were significantly ameliorated....

CaSO 4 :Dy nanoparticles synthesized by chemical co-precipitation method was irradiated with 100 MeV O 7+ Swift Heavy Ions (SHI) in the fluences range from 1 x 10 11 to 5 x 10 12 ion/cm 2 . An XRD spectrum shows the orthorhombic phase with crystallite size around 65 nm. The TL dosimetric peak appeared at 554 K which seems to be a deep level trap co-related with good linear dose response. These nanoparticles also revealed the good sensitivity along with low fading (4.3 % for 2 months). Finally, this results suggest that CaSO 4 :Dy nanoparticles can be used for the ion dosimetry.

Purpose: To detect the possible biochemical signs of inflammatory activation in the peripheral circulation in a rodent model of hippocampus irradiation, and to examine the effects of L-alpha-glycerylphosphorylcholine (GPC) in this experimental protocol. Materials and methods: Anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to 40 Gy cobalt irradiation of both hemispheres of the hippocampus, with or without GPC treatment (50 mg/kg intravenously (i.v.), 5 min before the irradiation, n = 6, each). A third group (n = 6) served as saline-treated control. Blood samples were obtained 3 h after the end of irradiation in order to examine the changes in plasma histamine, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 1-beta, interleukin 6 (IL-6) and interleukin 10 (IL-10); liver tissue samples were taken to determine adenosine triphosphate (ATP) concentrations. Results: The hepatic ATP levels were significantly declined, while plasma concentrations of circulating TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10 and hista...

The multi-MW target proposed for the EURISOL facility will be based on fission of uranium (or thorium) compounds to produce rare isotopes far from stability. A two-step process is used for the isotope production. First, neutrons are generated in a liquid mercury target, irradiated by the 1 GeV proton or deuteron beam, provided by the EURISOL linac driver. Then, the neutrons induce fission in a surrounding assembly of uranium carbide. R&D projects on several aspects of the target assembly are ongoing. Key criteria for the target design are a maximum beam power capability of 4 MW, a remote handling system with minimum downtime and maximum reliability, as well as radiation safety, minimization of hazards and the classification of the facility. In the framework of the ongoing radiation characterization and safety studies, radiation transport simulations have been performed to calculate the prompt radiation dose in the target and surrounding materials, as well as to determine shielding m...

Abstract.The NEutron Detector Array (NEDA) project aims at the construction of a new high-efficiency compact neutron detector array to be coupled with large $ \gamma$-ray arrays such as AGATA. The application of NEDA ranges from its use as selective neutron multiplicity filter for fusion-evaporation reaction to a large solid angle neutron tagging device. In the present work, possible configurations for the NEDA coupled with the Neutron Wall for the early implementation with AGATA has been simulated, using Monte Carlo techniques, in order to evaluate their performance figures. The goal of this early NEDA implementation is to improve, with respect to previous instruments, efficiency and capability to select multiplicity for fusion-evaporation reaction channels in which 1, 2 or 3 neutrons are emitted. Each NEDA detector unit has the shape of a regular hexagonal prism with a volume of about 3.23l and it is filled with the EJ301 liquid scintillator, that presents good neutron-$ \gamma$ d...

A given outcome of radiotherapy treatment can be modeled by analyzing its correlation with a combination of dosimetric, physiological, biological, and clinical factors, through a logistic regression fit of a large patient population. The quality of the fit is measured by the combination of the predictive power of this particular set of factors and the statistical significance of the individual factors in the model. We developed a genetic algorithm (GA), in which a small sample of all the possible combinations of variables are fitted to the patient data. New models are derived from the best models, through crossover and mutation operations, and are in turn fitted. The process is repeated until the sample converges to the combination of factors that best predicts the outcome. The GA was tested on a data set that investigated the incidence of lung injury in NSCLC patients treated with 3DCRT. The GA identified a model with two variables as the best predictor of radiation pneumonitis: th...

Based on the results of a Horizon Scanning exercise sponsored by the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry that focused on advancing the adverse outcome pathway (AOP) framework, the development of guidance related to AOP network development was identified as a critical need. This not only included questions focusing directly on AOP networks, but also on related topics such as mixture toxicity assessment and the implementation of feedback loops within the AOP framework. A set of two articles has been developed to begin exploring these concepts. In the present article (part I), we consider the derivation of AOP networks in the context of how it differs from the development of individual AOPs. We then propose the use of filters and layers to tailor AOP networks to suit the needs of a given research question or application. We briefly introduce a number of analytical approaches that may be used to characterize the structure of AOP networks. These analytical concepts are furt...

Evidence that the current Radiation Protection legislation is in error by up to 1000-fold and this has caused the deaths of more than 5 million individuals globally since 1950. Information for legislators, politicians and anti-nuclear groups. Information for those engaged in discussing the relaxation of radiation legislation. European Committee on Radiation Risk (ECRR) 1Feb 2026

Purpose: Technological advancement in the treatment of cancer together with early detection and diagnosis have considerably improved the survival of breast cancer patients. On the other hand, the potential of patients developing side effects from cancer treatment are not negligible. Despite the progress that has been made in terms of early diagnosis, therapy, and survival, including improvements in the chemotherapeutic agents, radiation and molecular targeted therapies, cardiotoxicity of cancer therapy is still cause for concern. Radiation therapy for breast cancer is associated with increased risk of heart disease and myocardial infarction. Furthermore, the association of radiation therapy to chemotherapy is an important aspect to be considered in the development of cardiac disease, as this could play an additional role as a risk factor. Besides the heart effect, other side effects can be observed in the bone, ovary, uteri, and other organs. This paper aims to review the recent literature to present the current understanding of side effects associated with breast cancer treatment. The focus is on recent preclinical studies that have assessed potential changes in different organs that may be injured after breast cancer treatment, both due to both radiation and chemotherapy agents. Conclusion: Radiation-induced heart disease is one important side effect that must be considered during the treatment planning and patient follow-up. The cardiac damage can be potentialized when chemotherapy is associated to radiotherapy, and the literature findings indicate that heart fibrosis plays an important role at the radio-chemotherapy induced cardiac damage. Literature findings also showed important side effects at the bone, that can lead to ospeoporosis, due to the decrease of calcium, after radio or chemotherapy treatments. This decrease could be explained by the ovarian failure observed at rats after chemotherapy treatment. It is of great importance to acknowledge the complications originating from the treatment, so that new strategies can be developed. In this way, it will be possible to minimize side effects and improve the patients' quality of life.