Radiation Protection

The term of radiation hazards is connected to the hazardous levels of ionizing radiation that could be harmful to the living tissue. Reflecting the contemporary lifestyle the World Health Organization (WHO), stated that as the use of ionizing radiation increases, so does the potential for health hazards if not properly used or contained. The increased rate of ionizing radiation can be attributed to the variety of anthropogenic activities, ranging from ore extraction, medical services, and energy production to military installations. On the other hand, radiation protection practices term indicates the measures directed to the protection of humans, in the first place, and other living organism from the harmful effects of exposure to ionizing radiation. In that sense, efficient and effective radiation protection from the perspective of society usually involves minimizing costs and capital commitment in any way. On the other hand, effective and efficient radiation protection management activities from the perspective of the army involve broader radiation protection measures during peacetime, emergencies and even wartime. The aim of this paper is to help the development of an integrative review for radiation protection, addressing the contemporary needs within the different but prominent stakeholders: civil and military structures. The paper offers an in-depth analysis of related core terms: radiation protection principles and modalities of protection. The applied methodology consists of comparative structure analysis and evaluation of available data. Obtained results are intended to be used in further implementation processes regarding the radiation protection practices both in civil and military structures.

There is theoretical and epidemiological evidence that the ICRP model is unsafe when applied to internal radiation exposure. A recent review by me  includes an overview of the main supporting evidence of the failure of the ICRP model as applied to internal radionuclide exposures, including criticism of the extensive studies of those individuals exposed to Radium-226 and Radium-228. The results of a study of the German Ra-224 patients have been presented in the literature [Nekolla et al 1999, 2010]. The paper was presented by Dr Elke Nekolla of the German Radiological Protection Agency BfS. This provides a useful set of data with which to follow up the assertion that these retrospective Radium studies are not safe for examining the health effects on Radium because of confounding causes of death. In addition these results demonstrate that a number of other cancers apart from bone cancer and head cancers are caused by exposure to Radium.

This is to certify that Toni Blair (Enrolment no. 2021/0850), a student of B. Pharm VIII th Semester of Maulana Azad Institute of Pharmacy, Jodhpur has submitted the Report of their Project Work titled: ''FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF ALOE VERA BASED SUNSCREEN'' This report has been reviewed and is in accordance with the guidelines provided for the Project work submission in the partial fulfilment of requirement for the degree of

The aim of this study was to determine the entrance surface air kerma (ESAK) in adult patients during digital radiography and to evaluate the optimisation potential in five common X-ray examinations in Tanzania. Based on a sample of 240–610 patients, ESAK was estimated using X-ray tube output measurements, patient information and backscatter factors. The results show that the mean ESAK values were higher or comparable to data from the literature. The diagnostic reference values of ESAK for digital radiography were 0.31 mGy (chest PA), 4 mGy (lumbar spine AP), 5.4 mGy (lumbar spine LAT), 3.8 mGy (abdomen AP) and 2.4 mGy (pelvis AP). For computed radiography, the mean ESAK ranges were 0.44–0.57 mGy (thoracic AP), 3.59–3.72 mGy (lumbar spine AP), 6.16–6.35 mGy (lumbar spine LAT), 3.89–3.44 mGy (abdominal AP) and 2.92–3.47 mGy (pelvic AP). In conclusion, high ESAK variations show the potential for optimising protection in digital radiology.

Background: Computed Tomography (CT) is one of the most widely used imaging modalities but contributes significantly to patient radiation exposure. Multi-Detector CT (MDCT) has improved diagnostic accuracy and speed but also raised concerns about increased radiation doses. Dose-Length Product (DLP) is a key parameter for evaluating overall radiation burden in CT.

Rationale and Objectives. A previous scan-regularized reconstruction (PSRR) method was proposed to reduce radiation dose and applied to lung perfusion studies. Normal and ultra-low-dose lung computed tomographic perfusion studies were compared in terms of the estimation accuracy of pulmonary functional parameters. A sequence of sheep lung scans were performed in three prone, anesthetized sheep at normal and ultralow doses. A scan protocol was developed for the ultra-low-dose studies with electrocardiographic gating: time point 1 for a normal x-ray dose scan (100 kV, 150 mAs) and time points 2 to 21 for low-dose scans (80 kV, 17 mAs). A nonlinear diffusionbased post-filtering method was applied to the difference images between the low-dose images and the high-quality reference image. The final images at 20 time points were generated by fusing the reference image with the filtered difference images. Results. The power spectra of perfusion images and coherences in the normal scans showed a great improvement in image quality of the ultra-low-dose scans with PSRR relative to those without RSRR. The gamma variate fitting and the repeatability of the measurements of the mean transit time demonstrated that the key parameters of lung functions can be reliably accessed using PSRR. The variability of the ultra-low-dose scan results obtained using PSRR was not substantially different from that between two normal-dose scans. Conclusions. This study demonstrates that an approximate 90% reduction in radiation dose is achievable using PSRR without compromising quantitative computed tomographic measurements of regional lung function.

Background: Computed Tomography (CT) is one of the most widely used imaging modalities but contributes significantly to patient radiation exposure. Multi-Detector CT (MDCT) has improved diagnostic accuracy and speed but also raised concerns about increased radiation doses. Dose-Length Product (DLP) is a key parameter for evaluating overall radiation burden in CT.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the radiation doses received by adult patients undergoing six common routine types of CT scans in Libya. These types cover the Head, Neck, Chest, Abdomen, Pelvis and Trunk. This work consists of measurements of (191) patients examinations in (1) government Hospital. The average doses area CTDIvol Volume computed tomography dose index (CTDIvol) and dose-length product (DLP) were measured for each patient for each examination. The corresponding average effective doses were calculated from the DLP measurement for each scan using NRPP X-Dose software online. The risk rate of developing cancerous tumors as a results of exposure to radiation doses during diagnostic medical applications was also measured using a CT scanner, and the results were compared with these derived from similar surveys published by the United Nations Scientific Committee on the effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR, 2000,2007). Current measurements will provide a useful starting point and baseline for setting National diagnostic reference levels for the first time. These results can be used in the future to evaluate the populations collective dose of medical exposure and risk of cancer from CT Scan applications.

To evaluate the knowledge of CT technologists about radiation protection as well as CT parameters and their impact on image quality and patient dose. This cross-sectional descriptive-analytic study was performed in 11 government hospitals from different cities, Libya, was conducted between April and September 2025, using a valid and reliable online questionnaire consisting of 18 questions assigned to 150 CT technologist. Each questionnaire contained demographic characteristics along with CT parameters including mAs, pitch, scan time, automatic tube current modulation, image construction technique and effects of these parameters on image quality and radiation dose. There were statistically significant differences in the level of knowledge among CT technologists regarding radiation protection and specialized training, with 73% reporting that they had not received any training in this regard. As for knowledge of the device's parameters and their relationship to image quality and patient dose, 74% of them reported that they had not received any training on this subject, and the results showsa significant difference in the mean mAs (1.09±0.288, P<0.005), pitch(1.21±0.409, P<0.005), ATCM (1.39±0.490,P<0.05)and image reconstruction(1.15±0.339, P<0.005). The overall familiarity of CT technologists about radiation protection and scan parameters which affecting image quality, dose or both was found insufficient. In this case, retraining update courses should be offered frequently to augment and refresh the knowledge of technologists. which can contribute to reducing exposure for patients, CT staff and community at the same time.

Aims of this study to find out the state of personnel radiation protection and monitoring practices applied to staff of the government hospitals (Radio-diagnostic and therapeutic departments) in western coast of the Libyan state. A cross survey was conducted targeted radiology staff working in ten selected government owned hospitals on Western coast of the Libya state was conducted. Materials and Methods: Survey visits were conducted to all the functional radiology departments facilities in Western coast of the Libya state and the available facilities identified, staff interviewed and the data collection tool was a questionnaire consisting of twenty-nine questions, which was distributed to the targeted sample, data was collected and analyzed using a statistical package Microsoft excel. Result: Personnel radiation monitoring was available in only 4 out of 10 hospitals (40%) and in two of the hospitals radiation monitoring does not cover all the Staff on employment. Radiation monitors were found to be read fairly regularly at about every quarter of the year but it takes more than 3 years for fresh supplies of radiation monitoring devices to be made in the hospitals where radiation monitoring is carried out. Radiation protection supervisors were available in only 4 hospitals (40%). The majority of radiology staffs employees believe that the hospitals administration doesn't provide allocations for this, its budget and doesn't care about that. Dosimetric records of staff are not given any consideration during recruitment of new staff. Conclusion: There are inadequate personnel radiation monitoring practices in most of functional radio-diagnostic and radio-therapeutic in western coast of Libya state, and the level of monitoring is very poor. This is a significant precautionary lapse as radiations risks cannot be assessed and corrective measures taken.

patent application for the intellectual property protection of the inventive idea has been deposited 2 • Two prototypes were characterized: • a blue light emitting plastic tile, optically coupled to a wavelength shifting (WLS) fiber, in order to match the SiPM peak sensitivity. • a green emitting scintillating fiber, coupled to a clera fiber conveying the light to a SiPM. For the tile, the SiPM sensor in use was produced by SensL 3 , a RAPSODI consortium partner. The fiber system was interfaced to both the SensL sensor and to a Multi Pixel Photon Counter produced by HAMAMATSU 4 • The basic characteristics of the sensors are reported in Tab I. The charge from the sensor is integrated and sampled by a QDC after a transimpedance amplification stage. The QDC conversion capacitance is 0.11 pC per QDC unit.

Purpose or Problem 
The purpose of this experiment was to investigate how different plant species respond to varying levels of ozone exposure in a controlled environment. Ozone, a common air pollutant, can negatively affect plant health by damaging leaf tissues and reducing growth. Understanding how plants react to ozone is important for agriculture and environmental conservation.

Procedure 
First, several plant species were selected for testing. A control chamber with normal air was set up, and three additional chambers were prepared with ozone concentrations of 50 ppm, 100 ppm, and 200 ppm. The ozone generator was calibrated to ensure accurate levels. Plants were placed in each chamber and exposed for different time intervals: 1 hour, 3 hours, and 6 hours. During exposure, observations were made about leaf color, wilting, and overall plant condition. After exposure, the plants were monitored for any delayed effects.

Conclusion 
The experiment showed that different plant species have different levels of resilience to ozone exposure. Higher ozone concentrations caused more noticeable damage, including leaf discoloration, wilting, and stunted growth. Some species were more tolerant, while others were highly sensitive. The results suggest that ozone pollution can significantly impact plant health, and further research is needed to understand long‑term effects. Reducing ozone pollution is important for protecting ecosystems and supporting sustainable agriculture.

Objective: To investigate the effect of surgical procedure, mastectomy versus breast conservation surgery (BCS) on radiotherapy dose to the lung, in patients of breast cancer treated with adjuvant radiotherapy (RT). Study Design: Retrospective longitudinal study. Place and Duration of Study: Combined Military Hospital Rawalpindi, Pakistan over a period of 8 months, on patients treated between Jan 2023-Aug 2023. Methodology: A total of 103 female breast cancer patients receiving an equivalent of 50 Gray in 25 fractions or more (upto 16 gray in 8 fractions or equivalent) of adjuvant radiotherapy to breast after breast conservation surgery (BCS) or chest wall (after mastectomy) were studied. All received field in field intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) with tangential beams. Their lung doses were estimated by measuring the central lung distance (CLD), as a surrogate to volumetric lung dose. Data was analyzed by SPSS version 22. Pearson correlation was checked. Mean CLD between the two surgical groups was compared. Results: Of total 103 patients, 72(69.9%) had modified radical mastectomy (MRM) and 31(30.1%) had breast conservation surgery (BCS). Surgical procedure mastectomy versus breast conservation surgery has a significant correlation with CLD (r=-0.27, p-value 0.005). Mean CLD after MRM was 2.71±0.63 cm and after BCS was 2.34±0.49 cm with a statistically significant difference (p-value-0.005). Conclusion: Breast conservation surgery (BCS) not only spares the organ but also reduces the radiation toxicity due to lower effective doses to the underlying lung, leading to decreased side effects. All cases where BCS is possible, mastectomy should be avoided.

La estimación precisa del enriquecimiento del uranio-235 (235U) es un aspecto
fundamental en el monitoreo, control y verificación de materiales nucleares. Aquí se
presenta un estudio experimental y teórico enfocado en la utilización de
espectrometría gamma de alta resolución, empleando un detector HpGe, para la
determinación no destructiva del contenido de 235U en muestras de uranio.
El método se basa en la identificación y cuantificación de la línea gamma
característica de 185.7 keV emitida por el 235U, junto con otras líneas relevantes del
uranio-238 (238U) y sus productos de decaimiento. Gracias a la alta resolución del
sistema HpGe, fue posible discriminar con precisión las señales gamma
superpuestas, lo cual representa una mejora significativa frente a detectores
convencionales.
Se analizaron varias muestras de dióxido de uranio (UO2) Y octaóxido de triuranio
(U3O8) con enriquecimientos conocidos, aplicando la calibración energética y
normalización respecto al tiempo de conteo y a la masa de la muestra. Los
resultados mostraron una tendencia lineal sólida entre la intensidad neta de la línea
de 185.7 keV y el porcentaje de enriquecimiento, con coeficientes de correlación
superiores a R2 = 0.99.
El estudio demuestra que la espectrometría gamma con detectores HpGe permite
realizar estimaciones rápidas, precisas y no destructivas del enriquecimiento de
uranio, con una diferencia máxima del 15% entre lo declarado comparado con lo
experimental. Se identificaron variables críticas que afectan la exactitud de la
medición, como la geometría de la muestra y el blindaje por las condiciones de fondo
radiactivo. 
En conclusión, el método propuesto presenta una herramienta que puede ser
utilizada en aplicaciones de salvaguardias nucleares, inspecciones radiológicas,
control estratégico de materiales fisibles, etc.
Palabras clave: Uranio, Espectrometría gamma, HpGe, Radiación, Enriquecimiento,
No destructivo.

In the future, astronauts will be sent into space for longer durations of time compared to previous missions. The increased risk of exposure to dangerous radiation, such as Galactic Cosmic Rays and Solar Particle Events, is of great concern. Consequently, steps must be taken to ensure astronaut safety by providing adequate shielding. In order to better determine and verify shielding requirements, an accurate and efficient radiation transport code based on a fully three dimensional radiation transport model using the Green's function technique is being developed.

The HZETRN code was used in recent trade studies for renewed lunar exploration and currently used in engineering development of the next generation of space vehicles habitats and EVA equipment A new version of the HZETRN code capable of simulating high charge and energy HZE and light-ions with either laboratory or space boundary conditions with enhanced neutron and light-ion propagation

developed to predict and evaluate the profitability of the practice in the outpatient setting. To date, much of the focus has been put on predicting initial revenues and costs, while downstream revenues have been only theorized. We want to determine wholesale value from the outpatient VIR practice and if a walk-in clinic would be best if open in or off main hospital campus. Materials: Patients were sorted based on where initial contact with VIR was, and charges and payments were captured based on initial contact location as well as insurance carrier. Additionally, new patients during the last fiscal year were identified and sorted by whether they were soon in the inhospital clinic, or the off campus clinic. These patients were followed and downstream VIR revenues were captured in the form of both imaging and procedures. Results: From 4/1/15 to 3/31/16 groups of 90 patients from off campus clinics and 225 patients from in-hospital clinics were compared. Revenues were gathered and averaged within groups and compared. Average radiology professional revenue was $1126 on average for patients from off campus clinics, and $1717 for in-hospital clinics (po0.001). These values did not include procedural income at this time. These values are representative of where the patients made initial contact with the VIR department, and not where the revenue was specifically generated. Conclusions: There has been much debate as to the overall value of VIR clinics, and how they can add value to both the department and the hospital as a whole. Furthermore if they do add value, how can that value be maximized. Our early results show that more value is generated when patients establish care in in-hospital clinics. This may be from a multitude of factors including more consistent follow up, and quicker turnaround times for imaging and procedures. More research is needed to add procedural value and to further evaluate factors that make in-hospital clinics more value producing than off campus clinics. As VIR departments continue to grow and expand, creating a value producing clinic will be a crucial component.

A group of rebel scientists contends that efforts to protect humans from radioactive contamination have short-changed the environment. But some experts are balking at their calls for a radical new approach MONTE CARLO, MONACO-The devastating

This study aimed to find the association between job satisfaction and radiation protection knowledge, attitude and practice of medical radiation workers occupationally exposed to ionizing radiation. In this crosssectional study, 530 radiation workers affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences completed a knowledge, attitude and practice questionnaire on protecting themselves against radiation and Job Descriptive Index as a job satisfaction measure during May to November 2014. Opportunities for promotion (84.2%) and payment (91.5%) were the most important factors for dissatisfaction. Radiation workers who were married, had more positive attitudes toward protecting themselves against radiation, and had higher level of education accounted for 15.8% of the total variance in predicting job satisfaction. In conclusion, medical radiation workers with a more positive attitude toward self-protection against radiation were more satisfied with their jobs. In radiation environments, improving staff attitudes toward their safety may be considered as a key strategy to increase job satisfaction.

Cancer is an important long-term risk for astronauts exposed to protons and high-energy charged particles during travel and residence on asteroids, the moon, and other planets. NASA's Biomedical Critical Path Roadmap defines the carcinogenic risks of radiation exposure as one of four type I risks. A type I risk represents a demonstrated, serious problem with no countermeasure concepts, and may be a potential "show-stopper" for long duration spaceflight. Estimating the carcinogenic risks for humans who will be exposed to heavy ions during deep space exploration has very large uncertainties at present. There are no human data that address risk from extended exposure to complex radiation fields. The overarching goal in this area to improve risk modeling is to provide biological insight and mechanistic analysis of radiation quality effects on carcinogenesis. Understanding mechanisms will provide routes to modeling and predicting risk and designing countermeasures. This white paper reviews broad issues related to experimental models and concepts in space radiation carcinogenesis as well as the current state of the field to place into context recent findings and concepts derived from the NASA Space Radiation Program.

We report the present results of the CUORICINO experiment, a cryogenic experiment on neutrinoless Double Beta Decay (DBD) of 130 Te consisting of an array of 62 TeO 2 crystals with a total active mass of 40:7 kg. The array is framed inside a dilution refrigerator, heavily shielded against environmental radioactivity and high-energy neutrons, and it is operated at a temperature of 8 mK in the Gran Sasso Underground Laboratory. After several improvements the live time of the experiment is near 75%.

Background: Radiation exposure is the main hazard in medical X-ray investigations. The aim of this study was to evaluate the radiation dose received in chest x-rays for trauma patients in the Majmaah area. The results were compared with other national and international findings. Furthermore, the reference radiation dose level was measured for different examinations by conventional x-rays. Thus, conventional X-ray examination of trauma patients was investigated. Materials and Methods: Seven hundred patients were evaluated at King Khalid Hospital, Majmaah. The average and range of exposure parameters were 73.5 ± 9.1 (65.9-124.9) and 2.7 ± 0.71 (0.2-9.6) for X-ray tube potential (kVp) and current multiplied by the exposure time (s) (mAs), respectively. Results: The entrance surface air kerma dose measured for chest (PA), skull (AP and LAT), lumbosacral (AP and LAT), and knee joint (AP and LAT) were 0.20+0.07 with a range of 0.13-0.37, 0.86 ± 0.01 with a range of 0.09-2.92 and 0.09 ± 0.02 with a range of 0.04-0.17, 0.10 ± 0.02 with a range of (0.04-0.17 and 0.1 ± 0.02 with a range of 0.03-0.16, and 0.86 ± 0.01 with a range of 0.09-2.92, respectively. The measured doses for pediatric patients were 0.20 ± 0.07 (0.13-0.37) and 0.18 ± 0.03 (0.06-0.23) for female and male patients, respectively. Conclusion: It was concluded that 90% of the procedures had normal findings. However, a precise justification is required, especially for young patients. For dose measurement techniques, the machine-and patient-related factors must be fixed in order to obtain accurate results.

Radiation Exposure is the main hazard in medical x-rays investigations. The objective of this work was to study the attended radiation dose measured in the Majmaah area. Furthermore, to measure the radiation dose level for different examinations in conventional x-rays. Thus, conventional x-rays examination of traumatic patients. A sample of 700 patients was evaluated using at King Khaled Hospital-Majmaah. The average and range of exposure parameters were 73.5 ± 9.1 (65.9-124.9) KVp and 2.7 ± 0.71 (0.2-9.6) mAs for X-ray exposure factors, respectively. The measured Entrance Surface Air Kerma (ESAK) dose for chest (PA), skull ((AP) and (LAT.)), Lumbosacral ((AP) and (LAT.)) In addition, knee joints ((AP) and (LAT.)) were 0.20 + 0.07 with range of (0.13-0.37) mGy, (0.86 ± 0.01) with range of (0.09-2.92) mGy and 0.09 + 0.02 with range of (0.04-0.17) mGy, (0.10 ± 0.02 with range of (0.04-0.17) mGy and 0.1 + 0.02 with range of (0.03-0.16) mGy and 0.86 ± 0.01 with range of (0.09-2.92) mGy respectively. The study was concluded that most of the procedures were done in King Khalid Hospital-Majmaah were in the permissible limits. In dose measurement techniques, the machine and patient-related factors must be fixed for accurate results.

Immersion, percolation and tritium release experiments in peat and vermiculite soil samples were performed to analyze their behavior in this widely used medium for plant cultivation. Samples were immersed in tritiated water for 696 h and the isotope exchange capacity evaluated. A vertical flow regime was also considered with analysis for hydraulic conductivity to understand tritium mobility and therefore its availability. Peat soil showed a high tritium retention after percolation, but vermiculite seem to suppress its retention ability. The high moisture and organic content of peat enhanced its isotope exchange capacity. The falling head method was used to numerically evaluate the saturated hydraulic conductivity and outflow flux. Calculated isotope exchange capacity was 4.95×10-2 molT 2 O/g for peat and 3.38×10-2 molT 2 O/g for vermiculite. The tritium release experiment showed significant release of tritiated carbons in peat.

A beach umbrella intercepts all direct UV irradiance, but only part of the diffuse component. Using a simple sky view factor model, we have determined the fraction of the hemispheric diffuse irradiance that is not intercepted by the umbrella. Assuming a sensor at the surface and close to the center of the umbrella, isotropic diffuse irradiance and for an umbrella of 80 cm radius and 100 cm high, our results show that approximately 34% of the incident horizontal irradiance is not intercepted by the umbrella. These results agree with irradiance measurements conducted with and without the umbrella. The model is next extended to examine receipt of UV radiation by a human figure in a vertical position, either standing or sitting.

Background: Quantitative risk assessments should be accompanied by uncertainty analyses of the risk models employed in the calculations. In this study, we aim to develop a computational code named SUMRAY for use in cancer risk projections from radiation exposure taking into account uncertainties. We also aim to make SUMRAY publicly available as a resource for further improvement of risk projection.Materials and Methods: SUMRAY has two versions of code written in R and Python. The risk models used in SUMRAY for all-solid-cancer mortality and incidence were those published in the Life Span Study of a cohort of the atomic bomb survivors in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The confidence intervals associated with the evaluated risks were derived by propagating the statistical uncertainties in the risk model parameter estimates by the Monte Carlo method.Results and Discussion: SUMRAY was used to calculate the lifetime or time-integrated attributable risks of cancer under an exposure scenario (bas...

Background Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a potentially life-threatening condition that requires prompt and accurate diagnosis. Computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA) is the reference standard for PE detection; however, it carries risks of radiation exposure and contrast-induced nephropathy, particularly in younger patients and those requiring repeated scans. This study aimed to evaluate whether a combined low-dose, low-contrast CTPA protocol could achieve diagnostic image quality comparable to the standard protocol. Methods In this prospective comparative study, 44 patients with clinically suspected PE were enrolled. The control group (n = 22) underwent standard CTPA (120 kVp, 90 mL contrast), while the experimental group (n = 22) received an optimized protocol (100 kVp, 70 mL contrast, automatic tube current modulation, and 50% ASiR-V iterative reconstruction). Radiation dose parameters and contrast usage were recorded. Subjective image quality was graded by two blinded radiologists using a 5-point Likert scale, and quantitative metrics Hounsfield units (HU), signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) were compared between groups. Results The optimized protocol achieved a 39.6% reduction in effective dose (2.65 ± 0.54 mSv vs. 4.39 ± 0.62 mSv; p ≤ 0.001) and a 22.2% reduction in contrast volume (70 mL vs. 90 mL). Subjective image quality was comparable between groups (p = 0.606). Quantitative analysis revealed no significant differences in SNR, CNR, or vascular attenuation (p > 0.05). Interobserver agreement was excellent (ICC = 0.91). Conclusions A low-dose, low-contrast CTPA protocol can substantially reduce patient radiation and contrast exposure while maintaining diagnostic image quality. This approach supports the ALARA principle and may serve as a practical, cost-effective standard for routine PE imaging, especially in resource-limited or high-risk patient settings.

Convectional radiation shielding materials such as lead and concrete present significant toxicity and structural limitations, underscoring the need for safe, high performance glass based alternatives. This paper studies the radiation shielding parameter for the glass of Gd2O3-doped zinc borotellurite glasses, with varying concentrations of Gd2O3 (x = 0.0 to 0.05 mol, coded as S1 to S6). Theoretical calculations using Phy-X and WinXCom software reveal that the glass sample with 5% Gd2O3 (S6) exhibits superior radiation shielding performance, with the highest mass attenuation coefficient (MAC = 0.07623 cm2/g at 0.662 MeV), linear attenuation coefficient (LAC) and effective atomic number (Zeff = 19.10 at 0.662 MeV), as well as the lowest half-value layer (HVL = 1.857 cm at 0.662 MeV) and mean free path (MFP = 2.679 cm at 0.662 MeV) values. The results show a direct correlation between the concentration of Gd2O3 and the material's radiation shielding properties, with S6 demonstrating the best performance. Comparison with lead-free and concrete radiation shielding materials for gamma energies 0.662 MeV, 1.17 MeV and 1.332 MeV reveals that S6 outperforms all compared materials in HVL, MFP and Zeff, highlighting its potential as a superior radiation shielding material. The maximum deviation between MAC value calculated via Phy-X and WinXCom results is 0.088%, confirming the reliability of the calculations.

CaSO4:Tm is excellent phosphors for dosimetry of ionising radiations due to their high sensitivity, wide dose range (from 10 À6 to 1 Gy), relatively simple trap structure, good chemical, thermal and physical stability and ease of preparation. Since 1968 have been developed new methods of preparing aim to increase the sensitivity and the linearity of the CaSO 4 :Tm thermoluminescence. The objective of this work is to obtain single crystals of CaSO 4 :Tm under controlled crystal growth conditions, such as temperature, atmosphere and velocity, aiming to improve the TL sensitivity of the crystals and investigate its dosimetric properties in order to evaluate the applicability of this material to dosimetry.

Aims of this study to find out the state of personnel radiation protection and monitoring practices applied to staff of the government hospitals (Radio-diagnostic and therapeutic departments) in western coast of the Libyan state. A cross survey was conducted targeted radiology staff working in ten selected government owned hospitals on Western coast of the Libya state was conducted. Materials and Methods: Survey visits were conducted to all the functional radiology departments facilities in Western coast of the Libya state and the available facilities identified, staff interviewed and the data collection tool was a questionnaire consisting of twenty-nine questions, which was distributed to the targeted sample, data was collected and analyzed using a statistical package Microsoft excel. Result: Personnel radiation monitoring was available in only 4 out of 10 hospitals (40%) and in two of the hospitals radiation monitoring does not cover all the Staff on employment. Radiation monitors were found to be read fairly regularly at about every quarter of the year but it takes more than 3 years for fresh supplies of radiation monitoring devices to be made in the hospitals where radiation monitoring is carried out. Radiation protection supervisors were available in only 4 hospitals (40%). The majority of radiology staffs employees believe that the hospitals administration doesn't provide allocations for this, its budget and doesn't care about that. Dosimetric records of staff are not given any consideration during recruitment of new staff. Conclusion: There are inadequate personnel radiation monitoring practices in most of functional radio-diagnostic and radio-therapeutic in western coast of Libya state, and the level of monitoring is very poor. This is a significant precautionary lapse as radiations risks cannot be assessed and corrective measures taken.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the radiation doses received by adult patients undergoing six common routine types of CT scans in Libya. These types cover the Head, Neck, Chest, Abdomen, Pelvis and Trunk. This work consists of measurements of (191) patients examinations in (1) government Hospital. The average doses area CTDIvol Volume computed tomography dose index (CTDIvol) and dose-length product (DLP) were measured for each patient for each examination. The corresponding average effective doses were calculated from the DLP measurement for each scan using NRPP X-Dose software online. The risk rate of developing cancerous tumors as a results of exposure to radiation doses during diagnostic medical applications was also measured using a CT scanner, and the results were compared with these derived from similar surveys published by the United Nations Scientific Committee on the effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR, 2000,2007). Current measurements will provide a useful starting point and baseline for setting National diagnostic reference levels for the first time. These results can be used in the future to evaluate the populations collective dose of medical exposure and risk of cancer from CT Scan applications.

There are 26 synchrotron radiation beamlines planned to be installed in Indus-2 for various applications. 5 are commissioned, 2 are under commissioning trial stage and several are under installation. During operation of these beamlines, radiation levels are monitored within and outside hutches. During initial trial runs streaming of radiation to accessible areas through gaps in the hutch structure and overlaps was observed. Shield augmentation and reducing gap between overlaps are found to be effective in preventing streaming of radiation. The paper describes radiation safety features, surveillance program and radiation levels in and around synchrotron radiation beamlines hutches of Indus-2.

Radiological safety aspects of the operation of the electron storage ring, Indus-1 (450 MeV, 100 mA) is described in the paper. The ring is provided with a modular hybrid shielding comprising of mild steel and lead through which synchrotron radiation (SR) beam lines pass out. During the commissioning phase several radiation protection problems like streaming of highenergy bremsstrahlung x-rays through front ends of SR beam lines, shield joints, its detection and containment were encountered. Experimental measurements on the response of conventional radiation monitors with respect to water phantom were carried out to evaluate the dose build up factors in the streaming high-energy radiation field. The studies lead to the deduction of correction factors for the monitors for use in Indus-1. Improvement in monitor response on account of spectral degradation through shield and radiation levels during accidental beam loss are other problems, which are evaluated. Details of the radiation protection programme, radiation physics studies, the current status of radiation levels and access control are presented.

Looking for work is complex. It involves a synthesis of decisions relating to many separate jobseeking tasks, requiring discrimination of how an individual's skills match the job description, whether the salary offered is acceptable, location of the work and the logistics of arranging suitable transport. These job-seeking tasks are even more difficult for the disabled, and despite the Web Access Initiative (WAI), there are no Web-enabled work searching systems designed as vocational rehabilitation tools. An opportunity exists among the educational technologists to devise a customizable learning platform that can supply a much needed life-long learning resource. It is becoming increasingly obvious that a range of computer supported collaborative learning (CSCL) systems may provide a ubiquitous approach to fulfilling the desire for reskilling the general population. This paper describes a research project in progress, designed to provide an interactive Web-enabled work searching resource for those undergoing vocational rehabilitation.

The Jordan Rift Valley (JRV) is considered the food bowl of Jordan, especially during the winter season. In this study, soil and vegetable samples collected from greenhouses in the northern JRV were analysed for their radioactive content. The activity concentrations of 238 U, 235 U, 232 Th, 226 Ra, 137 Cs and 40 K in soil were found to be (+ + + + +SD) 33 + + + + + 12, 2.2 + + + + + 0.7, 11.2 + + + + + 3.3, 40.5 + + + + + 15.5, 3.5 + + + + + 1.3 and 156.0 + + + + + 46.6 (Bq kg 21 ), respectively. In vegetables, the activity concentration of 40 K was found in the range of 698-1439 Bq kg 21 , while those of 226 Ra and 228 Ra were found to be in the range of <0.61-2.56 and <0.69-3.35 Bq kg 21 , respectively. Transfer factors for 40 K were found to be high and ranged from 5 to 8, while those for 226 Ra and 228 Ra were found to be from <0.01 to 0.07 and from <0.09 to 0.42, respectively. The calculated external annual effective dose is found to be within the worldwide range.

This article presents dosimetry based on the measurement of fluoro-DOPA activity in major tissues and in the bladder contents in humans after oral pretreatment with 100 mg carbidopa. Bladder activity was measured continuously by external probe and calibrated using complete urine collections. Quantitative dynamic PET scans provided time-activity curves for the major organs. Bladder wall dosimetry was calculated using the methods of MIRD Pamphlet No. 14. Effective dose was calculated as described in ICRP Publication 60. Mean absorbed dose to the bladder wall surface per unit administered activity was 0.150 mGy/MBq (0.556 rad/mCi) with the realistic void schedule used in our studies. The dose was 0.027 mGy/MBq (0.101 rad/mCi) to the kidneys, 0.0197 mGy/MBq (0.0728 rad/mCi) to the pancreas, and 0.0186 mGy/MBq (0.0688 rad/mCi) to the uterus. Absorbed doses to other organs were an order of magnitude or more lower than the bladder, 0.009-0.015 mGy/MBq. The effective dose per unit administe...

Introduction: Progress in both the development of Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors (TKIs) and modern radiation therapy (RT) have opened new horizons for the safe and effective treatments of cancer. Combination therapies of TKIs and radiation therapy have been evaluated with variable sequencing and dosing of both agents. Radiation therapy induces cellular damage to cancer and normal tissue DNA by the production of direct and indirect ionization leading to a cascade of biological events. These ultimately lead to potential loss of cellular reproductive capacity, cell death or impotency. Repair mechanisms of RT-induced cell damage require repair pathways dependent on TK. TKIs are key regulators of cellular function and signaling proteins that catalyze phosphorylation reactions of tyrosine molecules. The purpose of this study was to briefly review the basic biology of RT and TKIs and to review the modern literature pertaining to the toxic and therapeutic effects of their combination in the tre...

The thermoluminescence kinetic parameters of Ge-doped flat fibre have been investigated comprehensively using the computerized glow curve deconvolution analysis. The Ge-doped flat fibre was irradiated to 6 MV and 10 MV photon beam with dose ranging from 100 cGy to 300 cGy. Analysis was done using WinGCF software on the dependence of the glow curve intensity on dose delivered and the determination of the trap parameters. Ge-doped flat fibre was found to be linear over the entire dose range explored for both 6 MV and 10 MV irradiations with r 2 value of 0.9955 and 0.9933 respectively. The glow curve consists of five individual glow peaks. The peak height increases with increasing irradiation dose. The first peak (P1) is a dominant individual peak for low temperature peak (LTP) with the maximum temperature ranging from 167.4°C to 179.0°C for both beams studied. Meanwhile, peak (P4) is a dominant individual glow curve for high temperature peak (HTP) with maximum temperature for 6 MV and 10 MV and is observed between 264.5°C to 279.4°C. Peak 1 has the lowest activation energy which is less than 0.72 eV while peak 2 shows the highest activation energy (1.3 eV < Ea < 2.1 eV) which indicates the deepest electrons trap. The results showed that the peak integral will increases as the dose increases. The Ge-doped flat fibre demonstrated the second-order kinetic peak behavior by exhibiting the symmetric shape of the glow curve with high temperature half of the curve slightly broader than the low temperature half, which suggests the possibility of electron retrapping.

Programming education remains highly dependent on visual representations, creating significant barriers for students with visual impairments. Traditional programming environments and teaching materials frequently rely on graphical interfaces and visual flow representations, which are difficult to access through assistive technologies such as screen readers. This study presents the design and preliminary validation of a tactile educational toolkit aimed at supporting the teaching of programming logic through physical representation of algorithm structures. The prototype was developed based on classical flowchart conventions and fabricated using modular tactile components that allow the assembly of sequential and conditional algorithm structures. A laboratory-based evaluation was conducted with four programming specialists who tested the prototype by assembling a flowchart representing a conditional algorithm. Usability was assessed using the System Usability Scale (SUS) and an additional structured questionnaire evaluating symbolic coherence, assembly stability, branching representation, and structural readability. The results indicated a mean SUS score of 88.75, corresponding to an excellent level of usability. Specialists also reported high agreement regarding the clarity and pedagogical consistency of the tactile representation. The findings suggest that the proposed toolkit provides a coherent and intuitive physical model for representing algorithm structures, demonstrating strong potential as an inclusive educational resource for introductory programming instruction. Future work will involve empirical evaluation with visually impaired learners in authentic educational contexts.

The widespread adoption of wireless earbuds has raised concerns regarding potential health risks associated with electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure. This study evaluated EMF emissions from nine commercially available wireless earbud models across three operational modes: Idle, Music, and Calling. Using a calibrated EM Field Meter under controlled environmental conditions, measurements were conducted at a standardized distance of 5 cm to assess electric field strength (E-field), magnetic field strength (H-field), and specific absorption rate (SAR). Results showed significant variations across device models and operational modes. Calling Mode consistently produced the highest emissions, with mean values of 8.39 V/m (E-field), 1.92 µT (H-field), and 0.007 W/kg (SAR), while Music Mode exhibited the lowest levels. The P-Series model recorded peak values of 12.0 V/m, 4.4 µT, and 0.017 W/kg during Calling Mode. A strong positive correlation between E-field and SAR (R² = 99.1%) was observed. Comparison with international public exposure limits established by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection-ICNIRP (61 V/m; 2.0 W/kg) and the Federal Communications Commission-FCC (1.6 W/kg) indicates that maximum recorded values represent less than 20% of the E-field limit and approximately 1% of the SAR limit. Based on margin-of-exposure analysis, EMF exposure from the tested wireless earbuds is classified as low risk, even under Calling Mode. These findings suggest compliance with international safety standards under normal operating conditions.
Keywords: Electromagnetic field, wireless earbuds, specific absorption rate, EMF exposure, wireless communication devices

Abstract- This study investigates the accumulation
of radiation dose over time in the presence of
radioactive decay, analyzing the impact of half-life,
initial dose rate, and decay constant on exposure
levels. Using an analytical modeling approach, the
research explores both short-term and long-term
dose accumulation, highlighting key differences in
radiation risk profiles. The findings indicate that
sources with shorter half-lives cause rapid initial
dose accumulation but stabilize quickly, whereas
longer half-life sources contribute to prolonged
radiation exposure. Sensitivity analysis reveals that
variations in the initial dose rate significantly affect
long-term exposure levels, while decay constants
influence the rate at which radiation stabilizes. The
study underscores the importance of managing
these factors to minimize radiation risks posesand
improve safety protocols in occupational and
environmental settings. These insights are crucial
for optimizing radiation protection strategies,
ensuring controlled exposure, and mitigating long-
term health effects.
Indexed Terms- Decay constant, Half-life,
Radiation dose accumulation, Radiation protection,
Sensitivity analysis

Analisi critica dei conflitti di interesse tra industria nucleare, chimica, farmaceutica e ricerca oncologica/virologica (1945-2026) Versione depurata-1° maggio 2026 Documento di lavoro per ricerca futura-non definitivo Introduzione Da oltre ottant'anni si osserva un sistema di incentivi in cui le stesse strutture economiche e istituzionali che producono o gestiscono tecnologie potenzialmente dannose (radiazioni ionizzanti, sostanze chimiche, farmaci) sono anche protagoniste della ricerca e della cura delle patologie che ne derivano, in particolare il cancro. Questo documento analizza i legami finanziari, storici e istituzionali tra: • Industria nucleare (Orano, EDF, Cameco, Uranium One) • Industria chimica (Bayer, BASF-eredi di IG Farben) • Industria farmaceutica (Sanofi, Pfizer, Regeneron, Gilead, Moderna) • Agenzie di ricerca e sanità pubblica (NIH/NIAID, INSERM, OMS, AIEA, CIRC) L'obiettivo non è dimostrare una "cospirazione", ma mappare conflitti di interesse strutturali e identificare le aree in cui la ricerca scientifica appare sistematicamente sbilanciata.

This paper brings the pack onto a different but very useful terrain: it does not deal with the molecular biology of the tumour, but rather with therapeutic geometry. It shows that, in headand-neck radiotherapy, a divergent wax tissue compensator can correct contour and thickness irregularities and reduce hot spots, thereby improving dose uniformity in a simple and low-cost way.

Se presentan los resultados en la aplicación de la simulación matemática para el estudio de la efi ciencia cuántica de un detector de silicio cristalino del tipo microbandas, destinado a imagenología médica y al desarrollo de otras aplicaciones como la autenticación y fechado de obras de arte. Se evaluó el efecto de la geometría fuente-detector, de la energía de los rayos X y del grosor de la zona muerta del detector en la efi ciencia cuántica de este dispositivo. Los resultados de la simulación se compararon con el pronóstico teórico y con los datos experimentales disponibles, verifi cándose una adecuada correspondencia. Se concluyó que la confi guración frontal es más efi ciente para energías incidentes menores a los 17 keV, y que la confi guración de borde es la recomendada para aplicaciones que requieran la detección de energías superiores a este valor. También se determinó que la disminución de la zona muerta del detector conduce a un considerable aumento de la efi ciencia para cualquier valor de energía en el intervalo de 5 a 100 keV.