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Random Number Generation

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Random Number Generation is the process of producing a sequence of numbers that lack any predictable pattern, often used in statistical sampling, cryptography, and simulations. It can be achieved through algorithms (pseudo-random) or physical processes (true random), ensuring the numbers generated are uniformly distributed over a specified range.
lightbulbAbout this topic
Random Number Generation is the process of producing a sequence of numbers that lack any predictable pattern, often used in statistical sampling, cryptography, and simulations. It can be achieved through algorithms (pseudo-random) or physical processes (true random), ensuring the numbers generated are uniformly distributed over a specified range.

Key research themes

1. What are the physical and thermodynamic limits affecting the generation of random numbers?

This research theme investigates the fundamental physical principles, particularly thermodynamic constraints, that govern random number generation (RNG). It distinguishes between pseudorandom number generators (PRNGs), true random number generators (TRNGs), and hybrid systems, focusing on the energetic costs and information-theoretic limits imposed on RNG implementations. Understanding these limits is crucial for designing efficient RNG systems, especially those based on physical entropy sources, and provides a rigorous foundation that bridges information theory and nonequilibrium thermodynamics.

Key finding: This paper uses the Information Processing Second Law to analyze the thermodynamic costs—heat dissipation and work consumption—of RNG algorithms implemented as finite-state machines across three main classes: RNGs... Read more
Key finding: The study presents a TRNG design that extracts entropy from the histogram distribution of 8-bit grayscale images, mapping pixel value distributions into random numbers. This physical method highlights a resource-based source... Read more
Key finding: This research introduces a TRNG leveraging the chaos inherent in graphics processing unit (GPU) operations, specifically utilizing chaotic logistic maps sensitive to initial conditions and race conditions in GPU thread memory... Read more

2. How can random number generation methods be generalized and adapted to generate non-numeric random objects?

This theme explores the methodological generalization of random number generation beyond numeric sequences to include random generation of diverse non-numeric entities such as permutations, passwords, Latin squares, and CAPTCHAs. It investigates formalisms and encoding strategies that bridge numeric RNG outputs to arbitrary object spaces. This line of research enhances the scope of randomness applications and addresses challenges in encoding, uniformity, and computational implementation for complex combinatorial structures requiring true or pseudorandom sampling.

Key finding: This work formalizes the generalized problem of random object generation (ROG) and proposes a unified framework that encodes arbitrary non-numeric entities into numeric codes, enabling the use of S-restricted random number... Read more
Key finding: This study develops a mathematical and computational method to represent arbitrary human-readable text as base-36 numbers using digits 0-9 and letters a-z. It rigorously formulates a bijection from textual strings (including... Read more
Key finding: The paper reviews and advocates for the incorporation of chaotic number generation within metaheuristic and AI optimization algorithms that require stochastic inputs. It identifies the significance of random initializations... Read more

3. What are the methodologies and evaluation metrics to ensure the quality, uniformity, and unpredictability of random number generators for cryptographic and simulation applications?

Ensuring the quality of random number generators (RNGs) is pivotal for secure cryptographic operations as well as reliable scientific simulations. This theme consolidates research on standardized methodologies, statistical test suites, hardware implementation considerations, and empirical evaluation frameworks to assess RNG outputs. The coverage includes statistical uniformity, correlation analysis, entropy assessment, and cryptographic robustness, emphasizing tools from agencies like NIST and BSI, and methods ranging from empirical tests to hardware noise source evaluations.

Key finding: This study proposes novel parameters and tests to quantify uniformity and correlation in RNG outputs, applying these tests to standard language library RNG implementations (C/C++, Java, Fortran). The findings elucidate that... Read more
Key finding: Using a large sample of university students generating random numbers between 1 and 10, this empirical analysis applies statistical methods to evaluate randomness quality and identifies that human-generated random numbers... Read more
Key finding: This work proposes a pseudorandom number generator (PRNG) designed for quantum key distribution (QKD) that leverages the Learning with Errors (LWE) lattice problem's inherent Gaussian noise to produce non-deterministic... Read more

All papers in Random Number Generation

CouCouGen is a lightweight pseudorandom number generator (PRNG) based on three coupled counters with nonlinear updates and a PCG-style output mixer. This document provides a complete introduction to the algorithm, including its formal... more
The DNenc Engine is a hyper-accelerated symmetric cryptographic engine that completely offloads data obfuscation pipelines to the GPU, designed to eliminate sequential CPU core limitations in ultra-low-latency environments such as... more
An important statistical test on the pseudo-random number generators is called the spectral test. The test is aimed at answering the question of distribution of the generated pseudo-random vectors in dimensions d that are larger than the... more
This ninth volume closes a critical gap in post-quantum cryptography (PQC) by deriving hybrid, thermodynamic-augmented security reductions for lattice-based architectures. The work shifts the definition of cryptographic resilience from... more
The transition to post-quantum cryptography (PQC) based on the Learning with Errors (LWE) problem suffers from a critical epistemological gap: its security is predicated on transient computational bottlenecks, not information-theoretic... more
Computers are abstractions that help humans solve problems via other abstractions known as software programs, which are implemented using other abstractions known as software languages. Programming languages happen to be just one aspect... more
Quantum random number generators provide physical randomness by converting intrinsically probabilistic measurement outcomes into usable digital values. This white paper presents a simple five-bit protocol for generating uniformly... more
In late April 2026, a viral claim circulated on professional social media platforms asserting that researchers at the National University of Singapore’s Centre for Quantum Technologies (CQT) had published a Physical Review X article... more
In the present time, dam management is considered one of the important challenges for e-government in Iraq, becuase it needs information technology infrastructure, data integrity, and protection of user privacy against Internet threats... more
Entropy generation in a machine has always been an area of great interest, especially given its practical applications. A good source of entropy is a fundamental ingredient in many simulations of large physical systems, robust... more
Entropy generation in a machine has always been an area of great interest, especially given its practical applications. A good source of entropy is a fundamental ingredient in many simulations of large physical systems, robust... more
A longstanding problem in cryptography is the generation of publicly verifiable randomness. In particular, public verifiability allows to generate parameters for a cryptosystem in a way people can legitimately trust. There are many... more
synthesisers, the module integrates control voltage (CV) inputs, potentiometers, and an display for real-time interaction and feedback, aligning with ubimus principles of accessibility and creative flexibility. We detail the module's de... more
We present a minimal construction for a true random number generator in which every component-the inputs, the combination function, and the rule selecting the function-is itself a non-constant, uncorrelated variable. We call this the... more
Hardware-based security primitives like True Random Number Generators (TRNG) have become a crucial part in protecting data over communication channels. With the growth of internet and cloud storage, TRNGs are required in numerous... more
Machine learning (ML) frameworks rely heavily on pseudorandom number generators (PRNGs) for tasks such as data shuffling, weight initialization, dropout, and optimization. Yet, the statistical quality and reproducibility of these... more
In this work a novel image encryption scheme using stream cipher algorithm based on nonlinear filter generator is considered. In this work a novel image encryption scheme is proposed based on stream cipher algorithm using pseudorandom... more
Randomness is thought as the lack of predictability in outcome: the presence of spontaneity; the apparent absence of external cause. Unpredictable random sequences are of paramount importance to the safety and security in many... more
Entropy is a measure of uncertainty or randomness. It is the foundation for almost all cryptographic systems. True random number generators (TRNGs) and physical unclonable functions (PUFs) are the silicon primitives to respectively... more
Encryption involves every aspect of working with and learning about codes. Over the last 40 years, it has grown in prominence to become a prominent scholarly discipline. Because most interactions now take place online, people require... more
A wide range of applications require, by hypothesis, to have access to a high-speed, private, and genuine random source. Quantum Random Number Generators (QRNGs) are currently the sole technology capable of producing true randomness.... more
The speed of quantum random number generators is a major concern for practical quantum applications. However, the bit extraction process limits the final bit rate due to lack of comparably fast electronics. Here we introduce optical... more
The subject matter of the article is pseudo-random number generators. Random numbers play the important role in cryptography. Using not secure pseudo-random number generators is a very common weakness. It is also a fundamental resource in... more
The subject matter of the article is pseudo-random number generators. Random numbers play the important role in cryptography. Using not secure pseudo-random number generators is a very common weakness. It is also a fundamental resource in... more
Random numbers play an important role in many areas, for example, encryption, cryptography, static analysis, simulations. It is also a fundamental resource in science and engineering. There are algorithmically generated numbers that are... more
Problem statement: The problem of testing randomness is motivated by t he need to evaluate of the quality of different random number generators used by many practical applications including computer simulations, cryptography and co... more
In this paper we discuss the problem of testing randomness m otivated by the need to evaluate of the quality of different random number generators which may not generate a true random numbers. Such number generators are used by many... more
Cryptography is the process of transforming the meaning of information with the aid of an encryption key. DNA cryptography is a new rapidly evolving technology that uses DNA computing principles: Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C),... more
We explore the intersection of cold-fusion-based quantum lattices ("cold factories"), topological quantum effects, and cryptographic applications. By leveraging physically unclonable lattice states, phase coherence phenomena... more
We explore the intersection of controlled low-energy quantum or nuclear systems, termed cold factories, and modern cryptographic applications. By leveraging topologically-protected quantum states, entanglement, and unpredictable... more
This publication manifests the technical framework for the Structural Persistence Engine (SPE) and the Sovereign Respiratory Provider (SRP). Designed as a defensive disclosure to establish prior art, this work details a method for... more
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