Snuff Boxes

Статья посвящена творчеству малоизвестного советского художника латышского происхождения Вольдемара Петровича Андерсона (1891–1938) и его участию в практике работы изобригад на новостройках Урала времен первой пятилетки. Живописные и графические произведения этого мастера являются большой редкостью для музейных собраний. Одна из картин художника – «Портрет землекопа Сангатуллы Сейфудинова» (1932) хранится в Екатеринбургском музее изобразительных искусств. В статье рассматривается история создания и бытования этого произведения В.П. Андерсона, представляются материалы к атрибуции полотна. Кроме того, картина анализируется в контексте особенностей портретного жанра в советском искусстве начала 1930-х гг., а также общих социально-культурных тенденций эпохи.

The employment of portrait miniatures as a genealogical tool in European court culture has its origins in their illustrative use for elaborately designed royal family trees, be it in sculpture, painting, or print.
Transferred into sumptuously designed compilations of valued family members or important ancestors and sovereigns such galleries en miniature served as means to create historicity as well as dynastic legitimation. Furthermore, they could connote both private and public aspects, from familial ties to dynastic and political propaganda. The handling therefore could be connected to a very private as well as a public display but also depended to a large extent on the material nature of these objects.
Framed in tableaus, miniatures could be openly displayed to visitors as part of royal collections. On the other hand, they could be arranged in portable assemblages such as leather-bound albums for private use. The most striking compilation, however, would be the inset in precious objects of virtue such as the golden snuff boxes known from the French and Habsburg courts, or the famous Fabergé eggs commissioned by the Russian Tsars. Gifted to family members or important allies, these objects were an ostentatious display of wealth and a distinct statement of the dynastic heritage.
The paper will discuss the various modes of settings as well as the multiple objectives of agency and handling of these ‘portable dynasties’ on the basis of selected objects from European courts.

The article illustrates an exemplary aspect of court structure and patronage by analyzing small but significant objects of courtly material culture that imbricated complex social, dynastic, and political relations: portrait miniatures and snuff boxes.
The 18th century witnessed a vogue for both portrait miniatures and snuff boxes, which were often manufactured together. These were among the most popular objects and collectibles within European court culture and played an essential role in courtly gift- giving as tokens of affliation and political propaganda, given among monarchs and also bestowed by royals to members of their household, deserving subjects, and foreign diplomats.
Sumptuously framed or decorated with valuable gemstones, these items were exquisite and precious artifacts made of the finest materials and often reflected a special bond between the giver and recipient. They could serve as visible signs of family ties or public alliances, just as they could symbolize special affections, contain secret messages, or even feature erotic innuendo. They were shown and perceived as items of economic, material, and symbolic value, but could also function as hidden references or dynastic emblems. Often, they were products of local
craftsmanship made by goldsmiths, jewelers, and gem cutters, whose trades were sponsored by royal permission; they thus promoted the local industry and economy.
The author discusses the cultural and economic importance of these objects for court culture by selecting outstanding examples from various European courts and analyzing their materiality, iconography, and agency. It demonstrates the importance of these objects in internal and external court (inter-)relations and dependencies.

В научный оборот вводится несколько произведений китайского фарфора с так называемой павильонной маркой, раскрываются проблемы, возникающие при изучении предметов китайского фарфора второй половины XIX – начала XX в. Рассматривается сложность и неоднозначность атрибуции изделий китайских императорских фарфористов исключительно по указанной марке, анализируются варианты реплик и имитаций эталонных предметов, впервые в отечественном искусствознании приводится информация об официальных образцах декора фарфора, созданных для китайских императорских печей во второй половине XIX в.

Austrian forces in northern Italy, Radetzky crushed the revolutions of 1848-1849 in Lombardy and Venetia, an achievement undone shortly after his death when Austria lost those lands in the unification of Italy. Though his victories proved to be ephemeral, at the time Radetzky's accomplishments were appreciated by soldiers and statesmen across Europe. During the campaign of 1813-1814, official dispatches hailed his "military genius" (59), praise echoed by Sked in his subtitle and thesis. Radetzky enjoyed the confidence of Emperor Francis I, Schwarzenberg, Prince Clemens von Metternich, and, at the end of his career, the young Emperor Francis Joseph. Beyond Austria, his admirers included Tsar Alexander I and his son, Nicholas I, as well as Prussian military reformer August Neidhardt von Gneisenau, mentor of Carl von Clausewitz. By the time of his death, Radetzky had been awarded the highest military honors his country could offer, along with those of Russia, Prussia, and several other foreign states. He had few detractors, but they included the cautious Archduke Charles, Austria's leading general in the wars against Napoleon, who disliked Radetzky's fiery temperament. Ironically, after the archduke's forced retirement in 1809, Radetzky succeeded him as the army's leading proponent of reform. Nevertheless, as late as the 1830s, Charles opposed Radetzky's appointment to his ultimate post, as commanding general in northern Italy. In addition to chronicling Radetzky's military campaigns, Sked focuses considerable attention on his role as a military reformer. Radetzky initiated lasting reforms in a variety of branches of the Austrian military, including the pioneers (sappers), the veterinary service, and the Institute for Military Geography. His guidelines for military attachés serving in foreign embassies, written in 1810, were still in effect when the Habsburg Empire dissolved in 1918. As commander in northern Italy, Radetzky conducted annual peacetime maneuvers in the 1830s and 1840s, decades before other armies did so. Like the Prussian military reformers Gneisenau and Gerhard von Scharnhorst, Radetzky's experiences fighting Napoleon made him appreciate the need for a welleducated general staff, but despite his best efforts the necessary reforms in military education came more slowly and were less systematic than those in Prussia. As early as 1811, Radetzky devised a course of study for staff officers, but the Austrian general staff school (Kriegsschule) was not established until 1852, forty-two years after its Prussian counterpart. Sked's work is not a comprehensive biography. He covers Radetzky's first eighteen years in two pages, highlighted by a physician's ironic assessment that the young count was too frail for "the exertions of a soldier's life" (3). Sked likewise devotes just two pages to his subject's often-stormy marriage of fifty-six years to Countess Franziska (Fanny) Romana Strassoldo-Graffenberg, who bore him eight children. Ultimately Radetzky's own longevity gave him the sad fate of surviving his much younger wife and all but two of his children. Although a bit more attention to his personal life might have added more insight into the man and the mind behind the great deeds, there is little to quarrel with here. Sked does an excellent job in explaining Radetzky's historical significance and arguing that he has been unfairly ignored. This work will be recognized for its valuable contribution to the literature on the history of nineteenth century, by specialists in Austrian history, as well as military historians.

On 13 September 1719, the opera Teofane, with music by Antonio Lotti and libretto by Stefano Pallavicini, was premiered in Dresden as one of many artistic events to mark the wedding of the Saxon Electoral Prince Frederick Augustus and Maria Josepha, the elder daughter of Emperor Joseph I. It was also one of the last monumental stagings of court opera in 18th-century Europe. Preparations began well in advance, but difficulties in finding a suitable librettist and subject continued until March 1719. Crucially, it was not so much a matter of obtaining an excellent libretto as of ensuring that it was fully in line with the Saxon political agenda of the time. Further difficulties arose from the vocal cast, originally composed of a troupe of Italian singers led by Lotti, as attempts to replace some of them with cheaper German singers failed. Count Christoph August Wackerbarth, minister in the Saxon Privy Council, was a central figure in the whole process. A close reading of his correspondence with Prince Frederick Augustus and King Augustus the Strong between 1718 and 1719 provides an insight into the details and allows us to reconstruct and understand the decision-making mechanisms at the Dresden court in artistic matters. This article is part of a research project funded by the National Science Centre of Poland (registration number 2017/25/B/HS2/02451).

As indicated by the current research on the wives and daughters of the Habsburg emperors on the threshold of the modern age, individual authors no longer devote themselves in their contributions to a mere outline of their basic biographical data and possible political influence Under the influence of new political history, in recent years they have begun to view the role of queens through the lens of dynastic history, in the context of their male counterparts In addition to anchoring the position of the empress in early modern power constitutions and contemporary legal discourse, they also often follow the symbolic depictions of these rulers on the basis of various communication situations connected with the exercise of power, such as coronation ceremonies and other rituals of transition between life and death-marriage, childbirth, death Nor is the importance of the communication networks of the empresses and their cultural patronage disregarded 1 The present study, which will be devoted to the first wife of Leopold I (1640-1705), Margaret Theresa of Spain (1651-1673), will follow the direction indicated The personality of the aforementioned empress, whom Leopold I married in 1666, has previously 1

М а т е р и а л ы и и с с л е д о в а н и я В ы п у с к 3 2 И с т о р и я и п а м я т н и к и о т е ч е с т в е н н о й к ул ьт у р ы И с т о р и я М у з е е в М о с к о в с к о г о К р е м л я П е р с о н а л и и Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение культуры «Государственный историко-культурный музей-заповедник «Московский Кремль» м о с к в а 2 0 2 2 УДК 72/76.03(47+57)(082) ББК 85.1я43 М34 Материалы и исследования / Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение культуры «Государственный историко-культурный музей-заповедник «Московский Кремль» / Отв. ред. А.Л. Баталов.-М., 2022. Вып. 32.-000 с.: ил.-экз. ISBN 978-5-88678-379-7 В сборнике, состоящем из трех разделов, публикуются научные труды сотрудников Музеев Московского Кремля. Хронологически исследования охватывают период от Средневековья до XX столетия. Издание предназначено как для специалистов-историков, искусствоведов, музейных работников, так и для всех, интересующихся УДК 72/76.03(47+57)(082) ББК 85.1я43 В оформлении обложки использован экспонат из собрания Музеев Московского Кремля: настольные часы-автомат «Бахус» (см. ил. 2 на с. 105

Собрание Екатеринбургского музея изобразительных искусств, насчитывающее на сегодняшний день более восемнадцати тысяч предметов, включает достаточно обширную коллекцию фарфора и художественного стекла России, Европы и стран Дальнего Востока. Сформировавшаяся за более чем 80-летнюю историю музея благодаря масштабным передачам от музейных институций и частных лиц коллекция европейского фарфора позволяет представить основные производства Германии, Австрии, Франции, Великобритании и Богемии в XVIII — первой трети XX в. В статье приводятся сведения об исключительном для региональных музеев случае пополнения коллекции европейского фарфора путем закупки и месте этого события в контексте истории формирования собрания европейского фарфора, а также вводятся в научный оборот новые произведения и раскрывается принцип их отбора для приобретения.

Статья посвящена атрибуции серебряной пластины с портретным изображением представительницы императорской фамилии Романовых из собрания Екатеринбургского музея изобразительных искусств. Приводятся данные о технологии и традиции создания подобного рода предметов, об организации-изготовителе, а также идентифицируется источник портретного изображения императрицы Елизаветы Алексеевны.
Проведенное исследование позволило атрибутировать произведение из музейной коллекции русского серебра рубежа веков и впервые ввести его в научный оборот. Одной из задач настоящей статьи также является актуализация одного из недостаточно освещенных в работах исследователей направлений творчества воспитанников Императорского Строгановского Центрального художественно-промышленного училища.

The attribution of a silver plate with a portrait image of a representative of the Romanovs imperial family from the collection of the Ekaterinburg Museum of Fine Arts is discussed. The article provides information about the technology and tradition of creating such objects and about the manufacturer, and identifies the source of the portrait of Empress Elizaveta Alekseevna.
The study made it possible to attribute the artwork in the museum’s Russian silver collection as the turn of the 19th century and introduce it to the scientific community for the first time. One of the objectives of this article is to highlight this insufficiently studied area of student creativity at the Imperial Stroganov Central School of Industrial Art.

Винокуров С.Е. Китайские флаконы для нюхательного табака: миниатюрный предмет роскоши как свидетельство процесса художественного обмена [Электронный ресурс] //Архитектон: известия вузов. – 2018. – №1(61). – URL: http://archvuz.ru/2018_1/17

Статья посвящена анализу китайской традиции создания флаконов для нюхательного табака, основным характеристикам работы мастеров Поднебесной с материалом, а также роли этих миниатюрных предметов роскоши в художественных связях Востока и Запада. На примере творчества известных ювелиров Европы – Рене Лалика, дома Картье и фирмы Фаберже – прослеживается специфика обращения европейской традиции к изысканному экзотичному предмету. Рассматриваются основные методы работы с дальневосточным типом предмета – от попыток имитации формы и характера декора до использования подлинных китайских флаконов-табакерок и изменениях их функциональной роли.

A feature common to both Austrians and Americans is the love of celebrating the past. The year of the Salzburg conference in 2015, for example, witnessed the 150th anniversary of the opening of the famous Ringstrasse in Vienna and at the same time marked the sesquicentennial of the American Civil War. This year, 2017, will witness the 300 th anniversary of Maria Theresa and the 100 th anniversary of John F. Kennedy. It is no surprise then, that during 2013 the governments of the Republic of Austria and the United States of America seized the opportunity to celebrate the 175 th anniversary of diplomatic relations between the two nations. This celebration reflected the beginning of the Austrian-American relationship with the exchange of representatives in 1838. For the occasion the U.S. Embassy in Vienna developed a multimedia exhibition to demonstrate the tenacity of the relationship. It was comprised of a series of panels filled with historical memorabilia, a printed booklet, an accompanying video (with the coincidental timing of 17.5 minutes), and even commemorative mugs filled with Tootsie Rolls-the invention, we were reminded, of an Austrian-American. Events were held throughout Austria, from Innsbruck in the West to Klagenfurt in the South. The most extravagant was held at the Diplomatic Academy in Vienna with then U.S. Ambassador William C. Eacho and Federal President of Austria Heinz Fischer in attendance. Both sides recounted how their lives have been shaped by the strong interrelation of Austria and the United States in the twentieth century, but in his remarks Ambassador Eacho noted how "From the outset, we knew it would be impossible to compile a full historical documentation of the relationship." "Our intention," he continued, "is to focus on the building, and at times, rebuilding of this relationship which has brought us to the continued cooperation and recognition of shared values on which our two countries thrive today." Perhaps these comments help to explain the most glaring omission in the celebration of Austrian-American relations: the founding period itself. Whilst the 2013 anniversary commemorated 1838, this is only the official date that relations began. The real story of Austrian-American, or rather U.S.-Habsburg, relations extends some sixty years earlier. This period witnessed with the first diplomatic attempts between the Habsburg Monarchy and the new American republic starting with the mission of William Lee to Vienna in 1778 and ending with the five-year mission of Baron Frederick Eugene de Beelen-Bertholf from 1784-1789. These missions and this period are the focus of this chapter but are sadly something that has, until now, received relatively little historical and popular attention. The lack of inclusion of this earlier interaction into the official commemoration has compounded this state of scholarly and popular amnesia. As a consequence our historical understanding of the founding of the United States in Europe is still incomplete, our vision of the Habsburg Monarchy is limited, and naturally how we view Austrian-American relations today is overtly narrowed by this omission. It is for these reasons that we should ask ourselves; should be celebrating 175 years or 235 years of Austrian-American relations?

Στο Αρχαιολογικό Μουσείο Θυρρείου Αιτωλοακαρνανίας εκτίθεται ένα πλακίδιο από μάργαρο με ανάγλυφη εικονιστική παράσταση στην άνω όψη (εικ.1). Το έκθεμα φαντάζει παράταιρο στην προθήκη με τα αγγεία των ελληνιστικών χρόνων, καθώς γίνεται άμεσα αντιληπτό πως πρόκειται για διακοσμητικό αντικείμενο των τελευταίων αιώνων. Βρέθηκε τη δεκαετία του 1960 στα χέρια αρχαιοκάπηλου, κάτοικου Θυρρείου Αιτωλοακαρνανίας, και κατόπιν εκτίμησης από την τότε αρμόδια ΣΤ΄ Αρχαιολογική Περιφέρεια Αχαΐας-Αιτωλοακαρνανίας χαρακτηρίστηκε ως αντικείμενο αρχαιολογικού ενδιαφέροντος (σημ. 1).

From the abolishment of the Tisa-Moriš Military Frontier (1751), up until
the setting up of the Banat Military Frontier (1764), the Banat Land Militia
(Bannatische Land Miliz) was responsible for all ground military defence.
Members of the Militia, mainly men relocated from the demilitarised Tisa-Moriš
Military Frontier, were organized in eight companies. Six of these companies were
known as The Upper companies (located in the vilages: Velika Kikinda, Vranjevo,
Botosh, Idvor, Mokrin and Milenci), and the other two were called The Lower
Companies (in Potok and Okruglica). The documentation hereby enclosed, testifies
of the Banat Land Milition’s single war confrontation – the one against the Prussian
army in Silesia (Germany and Bohemia), in 1757 and 1758 respеctively (Third
Silesian War or Seven Year’s War). This report about the reorganisation of
companies and the systematisation of officers, was compiled on July 5th 1757,
after the companies already marched out into the war zone, on June 15th and 27th.
The data in this report allow for an insight into the process of reorganisation, the
constitution and aptitude of the companies, as well as background knowledge of
certain officers, half of whom served in the Tisa-Moriš Military Frontier ten years
before. The officers and the menpower to fight in the war, were extracted from the
eight existing companies and allocated into nine newfound companies. The
following increase of number of companies to seventeen in total, led to a lack of
officers. So as to increase the number of officers, the following procedure was
adopted: firstly, the officers with appropriate ranks were given posts; secondly,
posts went to those who were given promotion, or to those whose status was
changed from ,,aggregirt‘’ to the ,,würkliche‘’; and finally, posts were given to the
two newly-appointed officers. Due to the lack of available officers, Banat was
mainly left with officers unfit for warfare due to age and health reasons. In the end,
30 officers were sent with the nine companies to the warzone, while the remaining
eight companies stayed in Banat, with two thirds of the manpower and 26 officers.
According to the report, two lines of soldiers marching out from Banat held 1156
men: 705 men allocated in the infantry company, and 437 in the cavalry.
Key Words: Banat, 1757, Banat Land Militia, Upper and Lower Companies,
Third Silesian War, Seven Year’s War (1757-1763), officers.

Madonna. Brühl himself was an extensive art collector and owned one of the largest private libraries of his time, a natural history collection, and a collection of mathematical and scientific instruments. In addition, his palaces were richly decorated with fabrics, furniture and porcelain. A particular highlight was his collection of objets de vertu, including the snuffboxes -especially those in porcelain -which are the subject of this essay.

The eighteenth-century was the age of diplomacy and the age of the snuff box [Figs 1 and 2] but few boxes survive so archival material is usually the primary resource for examining this elite phenomenon. Record keeping varied from court to court, with the French Présents du Roi [Presents of the King] setting an enviable gold standard. 1

This essay explores the varied meanings attached to imperial diplomatic gifts in eighteenth-century Habsburg court culture, particularly during the reign of Empress Maria Theresa. It examines the role of gifts in solidifying political allegiances and the different ways that social relationships were implied through giving different objects, ranging from a medieval hunting horn to furniture and snuff-boxes. The essay also discusses the ceremonial process of gift-giving in Vienna and the manner in which court protocol affected a gift's meanings. The influence of Habsburg dynastic and familial ideology on gift culture receives special emphasis in an extended discussion of one particularly impressive portrait-encrusted snuff-box.

|[1] d. 13 t Sept. Studtgard Es war den 13 tn Samstags nachmittags 4 Uhr als ich Studtgard verlieseinige wenige Freunde, die ich da ha<tt:>be, zogen noch einmal meinen Blik zurük, als ich vor de<r:>n <Stadt> Thor war; im ganzen aber entfernte ich mich gerne, und mit einer Art von Drang von einer Stadt, wo alles eben doch das Gepräge des Despotismus trägt, wo Sklavische Unterthänigkeit gegen den Fürsten und übermüthiger Bettlers Stolz gegen untergebene ieden gesellschaftl. Cirkel äuserst steif und uninterressant macht. Das Gefühl das edle Gefühl von der Gröse und Würde des Menschen, die Idee von der Gleichheit unter den Menschen, ist hier durch morgenländische Regierung ganz unter drükt worden, auch die besten Menschen sind angestekt, ob sie es gleich fühlen, sich daher zurükziehen, und in Ihrer Familie das suchen, was sie auser ihren Haus vermißen -Freiheit in Reden und handeln. Daher das wenige Gesellschaftliche in Studtgard, deswegens kann ein Fremder lange <in Studtgart> hier seyn, one bekannt zu werden, und Vergnügen zu finden in einer Stadt, die doch nicht von den Kleinsten in Deutschland ist, und wo ehedem der brillanteste Hof ware -Freilich kommt dazu noch der wenige Reichthum, der unter der Noblesse herrscht <-:>; die schlechten Gagen -die ehemaligen kostbaren Ausgaben bey Hofe etc sind die Ursachen davon. Der Herzog war eben rechter Hand von der Chausee in Berg um ein Manoeuvre einzurichten -ich sahe einige Reuter über das Feld kommen, retirirte mich also aus meinen Wagen, weil ich befürchtete, es seye der Herzog -Soweit ist es endlich gediehen, daß man sich fürchtet, auch nur ihn zu begegnen -denn Sicher sucht er sodann <gen> das aus, was entweder in Kleidung oder Ort des Auffenthalts nicht ganz ordonnanzmäsig ist, und eben so sicher rügt er es auf die empfindlichste Art. Ich lies des wegens meinen Wagen fortfahren, und nahme linker Hand einen Umweg -es war iedoch vergebliche Mühe denn es war nur einer seiner adjutanten, indeßen ware mein Kutscher immer zugefahren, und in der grösten Hitze, mit einen sehr starken Catharr war ich genötigt gegen 1½ Stunde zu Fuß nachzugehen, um ihn wieder einzuholen. Dies geschahe denn fast bey den Neuen Wirtshaus -der Pursch selbst hatte durch einige Vorfälle einen solchen Panischen Schreken vor den Herzog bekommen, daß er nur in einer weiten Entfernung sich u. mich sicher glaubte. |[2] Es war ein schöner heller Abend -der heitere Himmel, die schon etwas kühle Luft erfrischten nach der Schwülen Hitze des Tages. Fast gegen 10 Uhr kamen wir in Vaihingen an -es ist dieses ein kleines Landstädtchen an der Ens -ich beziehe mich, wie überhaupt wegen der ganzen Reise bis Carlsruhe auf meine Aufsätze von vorigen Iahr <d:>-immer ist es mir interreßant hierdurch zu passiren, weil ich mir dann <B:>bewußt bin, hier etwas gutes gestiftet zu haben, als das Städtchen fast abbrannte, die Leute kennen mich meistens noch und sind dankbar -In der Krone logiret man 1 Korrigierte Fassung (auf der Basis der Briefwechsels mit Michel Tremousa 1990-92); Christoph v. Wolzogen, Frankfurt, den 24. Oktober 2007. Da diese diplomatische (vollständige) Fassung nur die Basis der gekürzten (gedruckten) Fassung darstellte, wurden die laufenden Korrekturen nur noch in der gekürzten Fassung vorgenommen. In Zweifelsfällen ist daher die gedruckte (gekürzte) Fassung (Wilhelm v. Wolzogen: "Dieses ist der Mittelpunkt der Welt". Pariser Tagebuch 1788/1789, hg. von Eva Berié und Christoph von Wolzogen, S. Fischer: Frankfurt 1989) stets zu vergleichen (obwohl hier einige Lesefehler stehenblieben, die jetzt hier in der "Urfassung" korrigiert wurden). 2 gut, reinlich und nicht theuer -ich muste für 2 Pferde -NachtEßen, Thee -Frühstük und Verköstigung meines Pursches nur 2 Fl. 50 bezalen, und alles war gut gekocht und dienstfertigd. 14 t Sept. Pforzheim Die angerechneten 6 Stunden von hier nach Pforzheim sind sehr klein -man fährt sie bequem in 3 oder 2½ Stund [en]. Auch in Pforzheim hat man gute Wirtshäuser -in Adler ist ein ganz ehrbarer u. stattlicher Wirth -es speisten noch einige Kaufleute und der Wirth an den Tisch und wir hatten doch 6 Schüßeln, und durften nicht viel dafür bezalen. In der Post soll man noch beßer seyn, indeßen ist der HE. Postmeist [er] keine Ausname von seinen HE. Collegen und zimlich grob und ungebildet, auch zalt man dort sehr theuer. Eines meiner Pferde hatte ein Eisen verlohren, man konnte nicht dazu kommen, es zu beschlagen, weil es nichts an sich machen lies. Es wurde zu der Schmiede geführt, wo man es bremmßete, d.h. man name eine Zange mit <deren> Anfaßen daran klemmte man die Oberlippe des Pferds zusammen, und bande unten die Zunge zusammen, durch den Schmerz, der iedoch nicht so groß ist, daß er schädlich werden könnte, wird das Pferd verhindert auszuschlagen, und es steht gedultig. Von hier aus nach Rukmarbach -oder Ottenhausen sind die Wege sehr schlecht -es war eben die gröste Hitze -die Müken tobten entsezlich, so daß wir fast hätten unglüklich werden können durch das Pferd, daß äuserst ungedultig über die Müken, sich in einen engen Weg herum drehte, daß fast Chaise u. Leute zu Grunde gegangen wären, auch schlug er so stark auf die Steine mit den Fuß, daß das Eisen mit einen Stük Horn herunter flog. Das übelste ist, daß hier die Wege eng Geleiß haben, wo man immer bey Wegen |[3] mit weiten befürchten muß, etwas zu brechen. Gegen 4 Uhr langten wir doch glükl. in Rukmarbach an. Ich trafe meine Freunde in der Verlegenheit und traurigen Lage an, ein kleines Mädchen von 9 Wochen zu verlieren -es war sehr schlecht und starb denn auch den andren Morgen. d. 15 t Sept. Neuenburg Louise war untröstl. ich beredete sie denn doch mit nach Neuenburg zu ihren Eltern zu fahren; wo man eher im Stande ist, sie von dem Gedanken, der sie traurig macht, abzubringen.