Spatial Sociology

This paper focuses on the phenomenal embrace of luxury condominiums as the desired and preferred residential typology for elite clients in the wake of neo-liberal economic and social transformations in India. It analyses luxury condominiums to expose complex phenomenon of changing desires and identities through emergent issues of utopian living, aspiring cosmopolitans, social mobility and new elite formation fostered by the processes of globalisation. The salience of these models as expressions of social mobility denote the critical role played by this new housing type in relation to the socio-cultural transformations advanced by the emergent Indian cosmopolitan landscape. A single project of luxury condominium in the global node of Mumbai is investigated exploring its role in staging the social patterns and in projecting identities. The investigation attempts to understand patterns of post-occupation inhabitation by using spatial analysis, and to study user aspirations and interpretations associated with luxury condominiums through interviews and participant observation. This paper is based on a partial fieldwork carried out for a current PhD research project.

Deindustrialisation has severely hit Finnish suburban housing estates of the 1960s and 1970s, and socio-economic differences between neighbourhoods have increased. The social disorganisation theory suggests that neighbourhood disadvantage is a risk factor for problems related to social order. This article compares perceptions of social disorder in suburban housing estates compared to other kinds of neighbourhood. Perceived social disorder appears to be most common in the suburban housing estates built in the 1960s and 1970s, somewhat less common in other high-rise neighbourhoods, and clearly least common in low-rise areas. Neighbourhood disadvantage predicts perceived social disorder, which partly explains these differences.

Das ist eine hochgradig abstrakte und faszinierende Fragestellung, die tief in die philosophische Anthropologie und die Systemtheorie eintaucht. Um Otto Friedrich Bollnows Mensch und Raum durch die Brille von Ortfried Schäffter und Heinrich Rombach zu dekonstruieren, müssen wir Bollnows statisch-geborgenen Raumbegriff in ein dynamisches, prozesshaftes Gefüge überführen.

This article presents the experience of organizations working in the field of feminist spatial practice in Slovakia and the Czech Republic. It thus gives attention to countries where such practice is not yet part of the formal planning context, understood as traditional top-down approaches led by state institutions, architectural studios, and planning education. The article aims to bring this practice into the local design discourse, and with it, contribute to changing the discourse toward better responsiveness and building capacity to generate positive change. In doing so, the article draws on the perspectives of Feminism for the 99% by Arruzza, Bhattacharya, and Fraser (2019), as well as those of hybridity and fluidity by Haraway (2008, 2016). It links these to situated examples from research of practitioners and alliances between architects, NGOs, educators, and community groups working with marginalized communities, such as Roma, long-term unemployed women, families facing homelessness, natural actors (e.g., pollinating insects), and others. I argue they can serve as an inspiration beyond the region for a unique spatial practice that addresses interconnected issues of social, gender, ethnic, and environmental justice.

Drawing from Henri Lefebvre's influential theory, the triad of space production, this article analyzes three urban films released during the early years of the People's Republic of China: Husband and Wife on the March (1951), Spring is Splendid Color (1959), and Today, I Rest (1959). These films explore the daily lives of Shanghai residents in changing everyday living spaces, from single-room apartments to traditional alleyway neighbourhoods and the expansive community system of Workers' New Village. The changing spatial configurations serve as the backdrop for the unfolding cinematic narratives, fostering new forms of socialist relationships and interactions. Moreover, a new type of socialist communal life, seamlessly integrated with socialist production, emerged, catalysing the revolutionary reshaping of women's identities and roles. A socialist community founded on mutual assistance and collective cooperation emerged as a model for social development and bureaucratic governance in the 1950s. This article argues that these three films provide compelling examples of Shanghai's socialist urban transformation, exploring changes in the daily living spaces of socialist individuals in Shanghai and reflecting the dynamic shaping of socialist subjectivity in the new era.

Urban dispersion is a relatively recent phenomenon that characterized the contemporary cities. Initially, traditionally compact historical cities were characterized by a progressive growth of the area around compact cities core and only recently urban sprawl has become quite pervasive. Urban sprawl is characterized by low-density, suburban style development patterns that have been the dominant model of growth in the United States over the last 50 years and in the European context more recently.

В настоящей статье на основании двух кейсов в Комсомольском районе города Набережные Челны рассматриваются практики и способы коммуникации с аудиторией новых городских активистов. В рамках исследования было собрано 20 полуструктурированных интервью с городскими активистами, которые выстраивали свою деятельность вокруг сохранения исторической части Набережных Челнов в поселке ГЭС, развития пространства завода ячеистых бетонов (ЗЯБ) и одноименной жилой территории, а также диалога с различными городскими акторами. Авторы обозначили основные черты нового городского активизма: ориентированность на включение в практики активизма различных акторов; ориентированность на молодежь и актуальную повестку социальной политики; развитие диалога; представление объектов активизма не как статичных и требующих защиты, а как динамично развивающихся, постоянно трансформирующихся. В ходе исследования отмечена весомая роль неформального общения, в том числе онлайн и с привлечением различных современных ср...

Öffentliche Bibliotheken unterschiedlichster Trägerschaft unterliegen vielfach ressourceninduzierten Restriktionen, die sich auf ihr gesamtes Angebotsportfolio auswirken. Neben vielen weiteren Aspekten betreffen diese Beschränkungen in besonderer Weise die Existenz einer Öffentlichen Bibliothek oder einer Bibliotheksfiliale und deren Öffnungszeiten. Aus dem Anspruch, Standorte zu erhalten und deren Zugänglichkeit zu sichern, entstand in Dänemark das Modell der Open Libraries vor allem im ländlichen Umfeld. Öffentliche Bibliotheksfilialen werden so konfektioniert, dass das Bibliothekspublikum sich per Authentifizierung Zugang verschaffen kann und in Selbstbedienung die essentiellen Bibliotheksabläufe durchführt, ohne dass hierfür Personal anwesend sein muss. Der Beitrag berichtet von einer Modelladaption in Bielefeld und ihrer Akzeptanz, gibt einen knappen Ausblick und reflektiert den Begriff der Open Library in Konvergenz mit der Entwicklung autonomer digitaler Systeme.

This article evaluates the various forms of emerging approaches in the professional conduct of the architectural practice and other forms of professional activities related to the design, planning, and space making in general, making explicit or inherent use of the notion of solidarity as an approach, method, and means of communication. A broad review of the evolution of the status of the professional attitude has been made with consideration of the changing social dynamics and social movements, throughout the recent history of modernization. The common characteristics observed with the adoption of the professional solidarity approach, are the dissolving of the duality and distinction between the professional and the community, the shift or enlargement of the target of the professional activity from the individual or people in need to a wider community, most of the time being the oppressed, less privileged, deprived and disadvantaged sections of the society. In line with this descri...

This article evaluates the various forms of emerging approaches in the professional conduct of the architectural practice and other forms of professional activities related to the design, planning, and space making in general, making explicit or inherent use of the notion of solidarity as an approach, method, and means of communication. A broad review of the evolution of the status of the professional attitude has been made with consideration of the changing social dynamics and social movements, throughout the recent history of modernization. The common characteristics observed with the adoption of the professional solidarity approach, are the dissolving of the duality and distinction between the professional and the community, the shift or enlargement of the target of the professional activity from the individual or people in need to a wider community, most of the time being the oppressed, less privileged, deprived and disadvantaged sections of the society. In line with this descri...

Peri-urbanization is a global phenomenon strongly linked to socio-demographic and settlement dynamics. Although peri-urbanization is a topic widely debated in academic literature, especially in the field of urban and regional planning, there is no universal definition, and different types and interpretations of peri-urban areas can be found in the literature. Identifying physical limits and boundaries, as well as defining what is peri-urban and what is not, are important issues for planning these spaces at city and metropolitan levels but are not easy to solve due to their heterogeneity. Establishing land use rules for peri-urban areas is a crucial issue for maintaining and fostering primary and vital ecosystem services, especially in terms of functions provided to urban core areas. Developing a replicable method to identify and regulate peri-urban areas, exportable to other European countries, is the aim of this study. In this paper, the authors propose a method applied to the case...

Käyttäjälle Käsillä oleva esitys kattaa sellaiset keskeiset alueet, jotka yleensä kuuluvat käyttäytymistieteiden aineopintoihin. Perusseikat, kuten keski-ja hajontaluvut sekä erityisesti korrelaatio oletetaan tunnetuiksi. Ne on usein syytä kerrata. Tällainen oppiaines on esim. Komulainen & Karma (2001) "Tilastollisen kuvauksen perusteet käyttäytymistieteissä" 2. laitos, joka on saatavana Kasvatustieteen laitoksen sähköisistä oppimateriaaleista (kuten käsillä olevakin teksti). Ensimmäisen laitoksen esipuheeseen ei juuri ole täydennettävää. Harjoitusesimerkkien laskeminen laskurilla antaa konkreettisuutta ja auttaa ymmärtämään datan ja tunnuslukujen yhteyden. Hallinnan kannalta tämä on yhä varsin tärkeää. Tilastolliset analyysit suorittaa jokainen tutkija nykyisin omalla työpöydällään tietotekniikkaa hyödyntäen. Ensimmäisessä laitoksessa erotettiin kuvaava ja päättelevä aines varsin kategorisesti toisistaan. Näitä on nyt pyritty yhdistämään vaikka teoksen rakenne on säilytetty. Uudemmat sovellukset (esim. SEM-tekniikat, monitasomallit yms.) on edelleen rajattu käsittelyn ulkopuolelle. Ne kuuluvat syventäviin tai postgraduate -opintoihin. Materiaali ei ole sähköisen oppimisen mahdollisuuksia hyödyntävä. Sähköinen kanava toimii vain materiaalin levittämisen helpottajana. Otamme mielellämme palautetta ja teemme sen perusteella korjauksia tarpeen mukaan. Materiaalia saa käyttää vapaasti ei-kaupallisessa yliopistojen ja avoimen yliopiston opetuksessa.

This article evaluates the various forms of emerging approaches in the professional conduct of the architectural practice and other forms of professional activities related to the design, planning, and space making in general, making explicit or inherent use of the notion of solidarity as an approach, method, and means of communication. A broad review of the evolution of the status of the professional attitude has been made with consideration of the changing social dynamics and social movements, throughout the recent history of modernization. The common characteristics observed with the adoption of the professional solidarity approach, are the dissolving of the duality and distinction between the professional and the community, the shift or enlargement of the target of the professional activity from the individual or people in need to a wider community, most of the time being the oppressed, less privileged, deprived and disadvantaged sections of the society. In line with this description, the concept of Solidarity Architecture can be evaluated to be an understanding in architecture attaching importance to the performance of the professional activities which are determinant in the formation of the built physical environment in a socially minded manner and together with the interacted social groups.

A sociologia urbana alemã dos anos 1990 e 2000 de um ponto de vista brasileiro* 1 Fraya Frehse** 2 RESUMO O objetivo desta reflexão ensaística é demonstrar que três características metodológicas da sociologia urbana alemã dos anos 1990 e 2000, referentes às operações lógicas adotadas por seus pesquisadores para explanar atributos socioespaciais empiricamente dados de urbes alemãs pequenas, médias ou grandes do país de então, particularizam a subdisciplina em relação a debates análogos vigentes respectivamente no Brasil (e na América Latina em geral), França e mundo anglo-americano recentes, em meio à atual economia globalizada. Para tanto, parto de uma perspectiva antropológica circunscrita, um ponto de vista brasileiro porque a minha apreensão das abordagens conceituais da sociologia urbana alemã está impregnada de uma "consciência comparativa" (NADER, 1994, p. 89) particular. Palavras-chave: sociologia urbana (Alemanha); método (sociologia urbana); espaço (sociologia) 1 Versão traduzida e revista de Fraya Frehse, "Blickwechsel: Zur deutschen Stadtsoziologie aus brasilianischer Perspektive", palestra no Georg Simmel Centerfor Metropolitan Studies da Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin em 9.12.2010. Sou grata à Alexander von Humboldt-Foundation pela bolsa de pós-doutorado que me permitiu realizar, em Berlim e Darmstadt durante todo o ano de 2010, a pesquisa bibliográfica da qual esta reflexão é fruto. 2 Professora livre-docente (associada) em Sociologia da Cidade, do Espaço e da Vida Cotidiana

This article methodologically develops one theoretical issue regarding the sociological debate on relational space: How do past, present and future times interfere in the relations between human bodies and in their interconnectedness with material and/or symbolic goods in places, by considering that space is generated through these relations? After demonstrating the absence of this issue in the debate, the article presents a methodology for analytically identifying and conceptually interpreting the relational space produced through historically relational time in relational bodies in places, with the aid of Henri Lefebvre's dialectical concerns with everyday life and the production of space. In order to show the approach 'in action', the study focuses on the rules of pedestrians' body conduct in the cathedral square of the Brazilian city of São Paulo in 2013-2014. Hence the approach is analytically complemented by Erving Goffman's phenomenological approach to the bodily dimension of social interaction. In conclusion, three contributions of this methodology for relational-spatial sociology are summarized.

ZusammenfassungDer „natural-history“-Zugang, so wie ihn die Chicago-Schule verstand, soll qualitativen Sozialforschern näher gebracht werden. Die heutigen Soziologen dürften ihn, wenn überhaupt, nur als sequentielle Datenorganisation kennen - mit obskurer Bezeichnung. Um seine Möglichkeiten auszuschöpfen, muß man ihn zuerst als Element einer umfassenderen Methodologie und Gesellschaftstheorie begreifen. Zwar zeigt sich dann, daß das ambitiöse (evolutionstheoretische) Programm, in das ihn seine soziologischen Väter gestellt hatten, nicht einzulösen war. Die Fehlannahme, die zu seiner Propagierung in der Soziologie führte, war dennoch produktiv. Es entstanden Untersuchungen, die nach einer Balance zwischen naturkundlicher Liebe zum Detail und universellen Aussagen strebten. Zwischen diesen Polen haben sie zum Teil eine beachtliche Spannweite erreicht - und originelle Einsichten. Sie haben verschiedenste Phänomene als kollektives Verhalten konzipiert; die sequentiellen Modelle verliehe...

Zusammenfassung: Ein gezielter Einsatz von individualisierten QR-Codes ermöglicht nicht nur dem Publikum einen schnelleren Zugriff auf gewünschte Dokumente, sondern dient der Bibliothek als Schnittstelle von Print-und Onlinebestand und kann so gezielt die vorhandenen E-Medien bewerben. Ein Projekt der Hochschulbibliothek Muttenz der Fachhochschule Nordwestschweiz FHNW zeigt, wie QR-Codes auch an kleineren Bibliotheken einfach und effizient in den Arbeitsprozess integriert werden können.

Tässä tutkielmassa käsitellään erilaisia ARCH ja GARCH malleja ja niiden soveltuvuutta erityisesti osaketuottosarjojen volatiliteetin mallintamiseen. Tutkielmassa esitellään volatiliteetin mallinnukseen liittyvää teoreettista taustaa eli esitellään tuottosarjoista havaittuja erityispiirteitä, joita kyseisillä malleilla pyritään mallintamaan. Tämän jälkeen esitellään erilaisia ARCH ja GARCH malleja, niiden ominaisuuksia sekä mallien estimointiin liittyvää metodologiaa. Kirjallisuuskatsausosiossa käydään lävitse vastaavia tutkimuksia, joita on tehty erilaisiin tuottosarja-aineistoihin perustuen. Kirjallisuudesta on löydettävissä suhteellisen vähän tutkimuksia, joissa mallien soveltuvuutta suomalaisen osakeindeksidatan mallintamiseen olisi testattu. Työn empiirisessä osiossa malleja sovelletaan suomalaiseen osakeindeksidataan (OMXHPI). Tutkimus osoittaa, että viikottaisesta OMXHPI tuottosarjasta löytyy ominaisuuksia, joita ARCH ja GARCH malleilla pystytään mallintamaan eli varianssin e...

В статье рассматривается двойное понятие «городская черта»: территориальные границы и воображаемое городское, то есть признаки, характеризующие город и маркирующие принадлежность к нему. Поскольку во многом понятия город и «городское» остаются размытыми, мы попытались в качестве отправного критерия взять понятие границы и внешнего, чтобы описать то, что находится внутри этих границ, дабы обнаружить диалектические трансформации в динамике пересечения материальных и нематериальных границ т.н. «урбанизированной среды». В качестве методологии (за исключением описания истории городских границ) используется «археология» М. Фуко. Предложенный как определяющий аналитический инструмент пространственный концепт раскрывает дополнительные возможности для исследования социальной реальности в контексте философии города. Городская черта — это контур абстрактного пространства, миметического места, произведенного и производящего. Лишившись четких границ в наше время, городское пространство, однако, ...

This paper provides an account of the Cultural Value of Architecture in Homes and Neighbourhoods, (CVoA), a project developed with the Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA). The first stage of the project was a critical review of ‘grey literature’ since 2000, industry based research on the value of architecture subdivided into themes: overall value; health and wellbeing; neighbourhood cohesion and heritage and belonging. Findings from the review revealed a marked absence of evidence of the value of architecture and an over preoccupation with the final building, the product of an interdisciplinary team not just Architects, as well as a general confusion about what it is that Architects do. Further consultation has led to the development of a framework for defining and communicating the skillsets of Architects and for developing an evidence base for their value. Our target audience is non-Architects as we are concerned with making the profession more inclusive hence our desire ...

Sociological theory has many faces. The overview of current books which are classified as theoretical allows us to distinguish two major types of theorizing. Some authors treat theory as the explanation of observed events and phenomena, attained by discovering general and universal mechanisms of social life represented by social laws. They answer 'why questions'. This is a rigid idea of a theory, patterned on the practice of some of the 'hard' natural sciences. But it is not the dominant approach. Today most famous and widely read theoretical contributions are of a different order. They aim at providing orientation in the chaos of social events and phenomena which surround us, by means of generalized diagnoses of social condition. These are not just concrete descriptions in common-sense terms, but generalized descriptions using special, more sophisticated and precise vocabulary,And they do not avoid value judgements, depicting visions of 'the good society', that sometimes border on new utopias. This brand of theorizing becomes particularly relevant in a time of rapid and fundamental social change, when not only ordinary people but sociologists stand baffled in view of the emerging new social world surrounding them and ask: where we are, where have we come from, and where we are going. We undoubtedly live in such a period. The awareness of the novelty and uniqueness of our epoch is rendered by the multiple terms now widely used in sociological discourse: postmodernity, late modernity, high modernity, second modernity, reflexive modernity, risk society, network society, information society, globalized society, and the most recent in this list-Ulrich Beck's cosmopolitan society. For the common people and sociologists alike the question 'What is going on?' becomes more pressing than the question 'Why do these events happen?'. Hence the proliferation of 'diagnostic' rather than 'explanatory' theories, attempting to squeeze reality into some orderly conceptual framework, some manageable model that would give defined meaning to the perceived transformations and also promise a future, better world. The famous social theorists of our time-Jurgen Habermas, Anthony Giddens, Zygmunt Bauman, Manuel Castells, Jean Baudrillard and others-have provided various generalized and axiologically tainted diagnoses of this sort (sometimes as a second track to their universal, explanatory models, e.g. Habermas's communication theory, Giddens's structuration theory etc.). Ulrich Beck joins their ranks with the two volumes under review, originally published in Germany and now available in English. I would suggest that they should be read in the reverse order of publication: Cosmopolitan Vision first, because it explicates the foundations of Beck's theory (generalized diagnosis), and Power in the Global Age after, because it provides more concrete applications of the theory, particularly to the domain of politics, both internal and international. In both books he extends and elaborates some ideas already hinted at in the earlier, well-known works on the 'risk society' and 'second modernity'. The reader who is acquainted with those will have a much easier task understanding the recent volumes. But the scope and ambition of the present project (with the third volume on Cosmopolitan Europe already announced) is incomparably larger. Beck's theoretical program is getting persistently enriched.

Anhand der fur den Bibliotheksbau formulierten Kriterien von Harry Faulkner-Brown und den Qualitatsanforderungen von Andrew McDonald erfolgt eine Beurteilung eines fur die Umnutzung favorisierten Gebaudes fur die Bibliothek der Romisch-Germanischen Kommission des Deutschen Archaologischen Instituts. Bewertet wird das neu einzurichtende Gebaude hinsichtlich bibliothekarischer als auch institutioneller Anforderungen sowie der Arbeitsbedingungen fur die Nutzer.

Ethnographic observations at an early-detection centre for cancer serve as a basis for theorising the spatiality of preventive medicine. Based on insights from both the sociology of health and the sociology of space, the article outlines a re-spatialisation of health by articulating the concept of osmotic-spatiality: spatial-temporal arrangements which transform health into a personal task and an individual achievement, producing the subjectivity of ‘healthy patients’.

Kaupungit ympäri maailman jatkavat kasvuaan sekä tiivistymistään. Tiivistyminen on kohdistanut katseet julkisiin kaupunkitiloihin, joiden tarjoamat hyödyt näyttäytyvät entistä tärkeämmiltä. Jatkuvasti tiivistyvissä kaupungeissa julkisten tilojen tarjoamat hyödyt ovat erityisen merkittävässä asemassa. Julkiset tilat ovat lisäksi demokraattiselle yhteiskunnalle ideologisesti tärkeitä. Urbaani pelko kuitenkin heikentää julkisten tilojen saavutettavuutta ja rajoittaa vuorovaikutusta niiden kanssa. Kyseessä on yksi merkittävimmistä sosiaalisista ongelmista kaupungeissa. Yksi pääasiallisista urbaania pelkoa luovista tekijöistä on rikosuutiset. Tutkielmassani tarkastelen rikosuutisartikkelien, urbaanin pelon sekä julkisen kaupunkitilan välistä suhdetta. Tutkin, miten artikkelit luovat sekä ylläpitävät urbaania pelkoa ja millaista sosiaalista julkista kaupunkitilaa ne tuottavat. Tutkielmani laajempi teoreettinen viitekehys rakentuu konstruktionismista sekä tilan käsitteestä, jotka kehystävä...

Metropolitan decline in southern Europe was documented in few cases, being less intensively investigated than in other regions of the continent. Likely for the first time in recent history, the aftermath of the 2007 recession was a time period associated with economic and demographic decline in Mediterranean Europe. However, the impacts and consequences of the great crisis were occasionally verified and quantified, both in strictly urban contexts and in the surrounding rural areas. By exploiting official statistics, our study delineates sequential stages of demographic growth and decline in a large metropolitan region (Athens, Greece) as a response to economic expansion and stagnation. Having important implications for the extent and spatial direction of metropolitan cycles, the Athens’ case—taken as an example of urban cycles in Mediterranean Europe—indicates a possibly new dimension of urban shrinkage, with spatially varying population growth and decline along a geographical gradi...

 This article investigates the relationship between the transformation of cities and the right to the city. To be able to do this, the problems that are created by contemporary urbanization such as social exclusion, poverty and environmental degradation are discussed in the first part. After that, with a special focus on the period starting with the industrial revolution up until today, the article explains economic and political motivations behind the urban transformation. This part emphasizes how urban change under different forms of capitalism creates and deepens social inequalities in cities. The final part of this article will be a discussion on the right to the city, and its relation to these urban issues.

The rural/metropolitan/wilderness hybrid central to urban shrinkage directly challenges a commonly held belief that a city consists of a dense concentration of people living in a limited geographical area, one where the primary means of production is non-agricultural. In addition, the urban condition of shrinkage tests the dominant current of growth management that has guided urban design, development, and land use. In this essay we will explore how this hybrid presents an alternative to the production and realization of surplus value that predominates throughout the contemporary landscape of neoliberal planetary urbanization. It will be argued that this process of urbanization is premised upon modalities of urban commoning, or practices that bring a variety of social and environmental struggles into relationship with each other, dismantling the apparatuses of capture that bring land-use and the collective energies animating available land under the control of capital.

Analyzing territorial identity in a historical moment such as today characterized by geopolitical issues linked both to a pressing globalization process and a new season of relations between the different political and administrative entities - might seem, at first glance, an out-of-time academic effort.
However, more remote nationally rural areas are facing increasingly complex challenges in terms of growth, occupation, and sustainability. In fact, the revitalization of inland areas may involve the renovation of villages and minor historic centers which, however, clashes with a basic problem, namely the difficult elaboration of public national and local policies capable of combining legitimate expectations of social and economic development of the territory, exploiting its natural and secondary competitive advantages, with the safeguarding of its historical and cultural identity.
Therefore, the aim of this paper is to analyze the reasons behind these critical issues affecting the Italian inland areas in order to identify a “right” to protect Italian boroughs, thus wanting to trace a starting point for a new policy of territorial government of which the planning, sharing, flexibility and transversality of the interventions can lead to a systematic approach of loyal institutional collaboration and private participation oriented towards the conservation and development of local values and identities.

A certain architectural" ethos" comes into being as a result of the specific training which architects receive as producers of space, of their dual status as artists and professionals, of the conditions in which they live and of the social status of their profession. This ethos is a product of the architects' collective" habitus". The attitudes of architects regarding their position in the building industry, their role in society and their self-image (or its lack thereof) as artists determine the transformations within the architectural profession under the ...

Republican Shanghai was a renowned art capital. This article is based on a large-scale digital mapping project of the residential locations of 1,349 Shanghai artists. We analysed the transformative spatial distribution patterns of artists in relation to the city's social and urban conditions, and developed an artists’ habitation approach to elucidating the issues of Republican-period Shanghai urban and art history from the perspective of Chinese cosmopolitanism. We mapped areas of high artist concentration and identified a higher percentage of artists residing in the concessions (compared with the Shanghai general population) and the incremental convergence of art clusters in the concessions. We argue that the concessions provided a favourable environment for cultural diversity and the ungovernable, elite spirit of the literati tradition. The mainstream Shanghai art practices, known as haipai, were modern, as they were rooted in the urban modernity of the concessions and embodie...