Text Encoding

The aim of the present paper is to show how, and to what extent, the standards of critical genetic editions as applied to Goethe's Faust can be attained within a TEI framework. It proposes and argues for the introduction of two separate transcripts: documentary and textual. Despite the apparent disadvantages of multiple encoding, this approach recommends itself for practical reasons (e.g., avoidance of overlapping hierarchies), and it conveniently reflects the idea that any written document must be considered a material object on the one hand and a medium of textual transmission on the other. In the course of the paper, some aspects and problems of chapter 11 of version 2.0.0 of TEI P5 (the definition and use of the elements <line> and <mod> and related issues) will be discussed.

Este white paper técnico detalla la arquitectura, metodología y resultados del Motor de Constelación de Concordancias ANI, un sistema computacional diseñado para identificar patrones de resonancia semántica a gran escala a través de textos sagrados y sistemas de cifrado dispares. La capacidad de descubrir estructuras de significado coherentes y estadísticamente significativas en corpus textuales masivos representa un avance de importancia estratégica para los campos de la lingüística computacional y las humanidades digitales. El propósito fundamental del sistema es mapear un conjunto curado de 547 frases a través de 100 cifras lingüísticas distintas para evaluar sus conexiones con textos de referencia fundamentales, como la Biblia, el Corán y la Concordancia de Strong. A través de este proceso, el motor genera una vasta red de relaciones numéricas y temáticas, revelando patrones que de otro modo permanecerían ocultos.

The authors analyze the results of the project Retrodigization and Interpretation of Croatian Grammar Books before Illyrism – RETROGRAM financed by the Croatian Science Foundtion (IP-2018-01-3585) and the Institute for the Croatian Language. One of the project's tasks was to label the declension and conjugation paradigms in selected grammar books before Illyrism and label the terms in grammar books written in Croatian. The paper consists of two major parts. In the first part, the processes of marking and compilation of digital editions of grammar books are briefly outlined, and in the second part, the outcome of these processes – the Portal of Croatian Grammar Books before Illyrism is presented. The Portal of Croatian Grammar Books before Illyrism is the central deliverability of the RETROGRAM project, which offers Croatian philology the digitized and searchable morphological paradigms of changeable word classes and morphological terminology in Croatian grammar books before Illyrism. The photos of grammar book originals (facsimiles) are connected to corresponding pages of transcriptions or translations of the grammar books. This enables the user to conduct different research, especially comparative and translational research, not restricted to Croatian studies. The Portal can be accessed free of charge and contributes to preserving the grammar book data and heritage. The Portal is conceived as a growing resource. Thus, after the end of the RETROGRAM project, the work continues within the new project of the Institute for the Croatian Language, the Development and Application of the Model of Normalization of the Orthography of Old Latin printed texts – MONOGRAF. It is important to note that the proposed model of labeling grammar books is not restricted to Croatian and can be applied to other languages. The model can also be upgraded to enable the research of other grammatical fields and categories.

Als am 24. Februar 1848 die Revolution in Paris der Herrschaft des ‚Bürgerkönigs’ Louis-Philippe von Orléans ein Ende setzte und ihre alles verändernden Wogen über Europa aussandte, schrieb Gustave Flaubert an seine Geliebte Louise Colet, er vergnüge sich „höchlichst bei der Betrachtung all der zunichte gewordenen Ambitionen“. Zwar wisse er nicht, ob die neue Form der Regierung und der gesellschaftliche Zustand, der daraus hervorgehen werde, für die Kunst günstig sei. Man könne allerdings kaum bürgerlicher und belangloser als die alte werden. „Und noch dümmer ist das möglich?” Etwa gleichzeitig meinte Charles Dickens gegenüber seinem Freund, dem 1

Il patrimonio culturale digitale delle minoranze etniche: il progetto DIGICHer tra le comunità Sámi, ladine ed ebraiche in Europa Matteo Cova, Eleonora De Longis Fulfilling GEN-der AIms: do image-generating tools discriminate? An on-field study Francesco Meledandri From Bias Paralysis to Bias as a Category of Analysis. Introducing the Bias-Aware Framework Mrinalini Luthra, Amber Zijlma

The Sabaic hapax legomenon hrws2 , which appears in the inscription al-Miʿsāl 6, is here discussed for the first time. It is compared to the well-known Ancient South Arabian root √rws1 , by revaluating some of its occurrences. The distribution of cognate roots in all other Semitic languages which retain them is also analysed. This study allows us not only to reconstruct the semantic value of hrws2 , but also to assert the existence of a pair of allomorphic roots in Proto-Semitic.

This paper presents LeggoManzoni, a digital edition of Alessandro Manzoni's I promessi sposi that tests the effectiveness of TEI encoding as a unified framework for managing complex textual relationships. The project aligns forty Italian commented editions from 1893 to 2021 and fourteen translations in ten languages (1845-2022) with the original text of the 1840-42 edition. We describe an investigative standoff markup approach that keeps the source text separate from commentaries and translations while maintaining accurate references through automated alignment pipelines. The commentary pipeline processes digitized historical editions and implements a flexible text-matching algorithm with a 70% match threshold, achieving 87% accuracy on 2.441 processed comments. For translations, we use the Bertalign algorithm, configuring broader alignment parameters to account for cross-linguistic variation. Both pipelines generate TEI-compliant files using the same encoding pattern based on <note> elements with word-level references, allowing easy integration through XSLT transformations. The outcome of the project demonstrates TEI's ability to serve as a sustainable foundation for multilingual digital editions, bridging scholarly research and educational applications while ensuring long-term preservation through convertibility to emerging formats.

My machine doesn't just analyze and spit out results. All it says is, 'Here is strangeness.' I'm the one who gets to look" (Zalewski 1997). When interviewed about the McLoad Portable Collator, a peculiar contraption he fabricated to compare two versions of a text and detect the differences between them, Randall McLoad perfectly summarized the merits of using a tool to study textual variation: in addition to neatly computing the difference between two or more versions, a comparison tool can draw attention to certain locations in the text that merit closer inspection. Collation, i.e., this act of comparing two or more versions of a text and mapping the variation between them, is a trusted methodology in textual scholarship. It's used to track the transmission of manuscripts, to study the development of a literary work, or to construct a critical text. In recent years, and for a large part owing to the application of computational methods, collation has evolved from auxiliary task to an active field of research. This paper addresses three critical obstacles confronting researchers in this field: the lack of a shared vocabulary to describe textual variation, the limited interoperability of collation tools and results, and the lack of informative visualizations of the collation output. Each of those will be briefly discussed below, followed by our proposed means of addressing them through international collaboration in the context of a scientific Lorentz workshop and a working group.

The underlying uncertainty in digital humanities research data aects decision-making and persists during a project's lifecycle. This uncertainty is inevitable since most empirical claims cannot be assessed against an absolute truth (Drucker 2011; Binder et al. 2014). This situation has been previously recognized together with the need to report the degrees of uncertainty that accompany such claims (Blau 2011). Although TEI makes it possible to annotate text with notions of certainty or precision, examples of actual projects taking advantage of this are scarce. There are many possible explanations for uncertainty's lack of visibility in computationally supported humanities research; among them, the need for tools specically designed to address the goal

In the last couple of years, there has been a growing interest towards including into TEI documents information about the world rather than information concerning the text of the document to be encoded only. We see examples of this through recent additions to the TEI standard, eg ...

presentations/vgi/vg... 2 of 24 10-2-2005 10:18 6 Conclusions The wealth of database-oriented software applications in the humanities require the data to be structured in order to be able to extract required information from it. Similarly, text-oriented applications in this field require the text to be structured in order to serve as an information base for text-oriented research. For software to be able to process such textual information, distinct parts of the text should be encoded. The encoding may concern the physical or printed aspects of the text, its logical, narrative or linguistic structure, analytical insertions, corrections, and so on. This implies that regular encoding schemes as intrinsic to popular word-processors does not suffice; these focus on presentational aspects of the text, not the information encapsulated in the text. Also, the encoding strategy is fixed to this particular aspect of the text. Focussing on the most prominent requirements for a text encoding strategy, it should be exchangeable: several parties should be able to share their data and interpretations. robust: the material should be equally accessible now as at any moment in the future without having to convert the material to suit new working environments. open: the material should be saved in a form that is independent of the software used to access it in a particular project. Even within a single project several software products, with different goals, may require access to the same data (browse, print, collate, query, merge, edit, et cetera). rich: all information deemed relevant to the encoder should be encoded, and no software/encoding constraints should exist. structured: in encoding the texts relations between the sections should be recorded. Inherently, these relations should be subject to validation, i.e. invalid structures should be signalled. extensible: for each kind of text, and each kind of interpretation of the text an encoding scheme must be definable. modular: text in humanities projects are usually very large and must be manageable as a collection of Contents file:///D:/data/tmi/www-exp/newhome4/presentations/vgi/vg... 10-2-2005 10:18 separate modules, or subtexts. multimedial: normally texts do not consist of characters only. Other media or structures, such as images and sounds, or external database objects, must be integrated within the source text. hypermedial: the text should allow for relations to be recorded explicitly between sections of the text(s) or any other medium. Such relations may be the result of a scholarly interpretation (e.g. thematic analysis), but also record relations made explicit or implied by in the source text (as in a reference to an illumination). An essential consideration here is that such endeavours should be based on a common approach toward encoding the texts. This concerns four levels, depicted in the figure below. This layered construction will be explained in the following sections. Consensus on encoding strategy is layered. In order to make textual sources in the humanities accessible for structure-and text-oriented research software, and to record such information in a stable, exchangeable form, the choice of the Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML) as both the data model and encoding language is attractive. The generic nature of the language, and the relatively simple data model it is founded on, opens the path to sophisticated research based on highly structured and enriched electronic textual sources. SGML is standardized as ISO/IEC 8879:1986 (A:1988) (Iso8879). Note: The standard is available in annotated form as Goldf90. Several books describe aspects of the language and related standards, see a. o. Bradl97,

This paper presents a set of experiments using a genetic algorithm to develop solutions to a Vigenere alphabetic code. A Vigenere code replaces each character in the plain text with a new character generated by adding the value of a character in the corresponding place in a “keyword”. The genetic algorithm uses the number of characters in valid English words as the measure of a solution&#x27;s fitness; breeding is accomplished by simple crossover and mutation consists of random variations of a single keyword position. To accelerate the convergence of the solution, we introduce a new concept: anti-elitism, or including a small portion of the worst solutions as well as the best. This has the effect of retaining mutations that may not initially benefit the best solution, but will later breed with other individuals in the population to increase the maximum fitness

In this presentation, we introduced LexiMus, a project aimed at understanding the trends in the use of musical lexicon in Spanish throughout history. Specifically, we focused on the work of the team from the University of Salamanca, where we are in charge of studying the press from the 18th to the 21st century, both general and specialized. This involves working with massive text data (millions of words), from which we often need to exclude non-musical information. To address this, we have developed a tool that utilizes Google Cloud OCR reading and Vertex AI. This learning platform allows us to train large language models (LLM) and create automated workflows to extract information in blocks by applying a prompt similar to those used in ChatBots. We were able to select and transcribe musical news from hundreds of periodical sources, creating a corpus of over 70 million words. In the past year, we begun analyzing this corpus using the Voyant Tools platform, which enables us to study usage trends, create word clouds, and observe their evolution over time. Currently, we are still seeking ways to improve OCR reading, which is hindered by issues with text legibility and column organization, but perhaps the greatest challenge lies in the numerous interpretation problems that AI is far from solving at present, despite efforts in recent years in the field of the history of concepts (e.g., Peter de Bolla, Explorations in the Digital History of Ideas, 2024).

The only way for the Blind and visually impaired persons to read the holy Quran is by using a special paper edition of embossed Braille code. A new approach to reading the Holy Quran text for those persons was proposed by the author. One of the main demands for this approach is the classification of the dots and diacritics, which can be abbreviated as DaDs. This paper outlines the creation of a dataset of images for the DaDs of Al-Mushaf. A handheld scanner was developed for this purpose, and MATLAB programs were employed for DaDs segmentation. The final goal is the design of a tactile vision sensory substitution system based on an optical character recognition technique to help blind individuals read the Holy Quran in an alternative way to Braille codes. Approximately 1750 images were taken from two distinct Al-Mushaf versions with the proposed handheld scanner. Using the suggested techniques and algorithms, 6000 DaDs were retrieved from these images; however, only 4710 images of the DaDs, arranged in 22 classes, were selected after the repeated, incomplete, and non-DaDs were eliminated. The dataset was organized by DaD class, prepared to be used directly for machine learning purposes, and made available for public use upon request.

The importance of federated information retrieval (FIR) is growing in humanities research. Unlike traditional centralized information retrieval methods, where searches are conducted within a logically centralised collection of documents, FIR treats each information system as an independent source with its own unique characteristics. Searching these systems together as a centralised source results in lower precision in humanities research, even when the research data itself is structured and stored according to standardised guidelines such as EpiDoc, and requires the need to be able to trace the origin of records to avoid incorrect historical conclusions. Matching of queries against all data sets in each source is proving less effective. A global search index that enables traceable matching of key values deemed relevant would provide a more robust solution here. In this article, we propose a solution that introduces a novel EpiDoc data matching procedure, facilitating traceable FIR across distinct epigraphic sources.

Al fondamento del mestiere dello storico ci sono, com’è noto, la lettura, l’esegesi e il confronto delle fonti primarie e secondarie, che, per i medievisti, sono spesso scritte in idiomi morti come latino, greco, arabo classico, norreno o alto tedesco antico, e vergate a mano su supporti diversi (papiro, pergamena, pietra, metallo, terracotta, cera). Si tratta di peculiarità che il medievista ha in comune con gli specialisti del Mediterraneo e del Vicino Oriente antico e che richiede competenze tanto specifiche, quanto difficili da acquisire. Solo per fare un elenco di massima e limitato alle sole fonti scritte: paleografia, diplomatica, epigrafia, numismatica, archivistica, sfragistica e codicologia, per non parlare di filologia, linguistica e discipline affini. Se alla base del lavoro del public historian c’è spesso l’elaborazione di modalità partecipative nella narrazione della storia, basate sulla raccolta, trascrizione, lettura e pubblicazione delle fonti entro progetti di citizen science, tale percorso si rivela a dir poco accidentato per il medievista, che non può far leva su una base di competenze comuni – banalmente sulla capacità di “leggere” –, né sulla presenza, nei depositi familiari o individuali, di fonti condivisibili. Il medievista non può organizzare progetti fondati sul recupero di memorie personali o familiari, come non può usare – se non in casi peculiari – giornali, fotografie, audio o video, tipologie di fonti che rendono la Public History (da qui in poi PH) il terreno di elezione dello storico dell’età contemporanea.

concept 1.1 Material singularity of "digital texts" "Texts", in a very strict, material sense, are spatial-temporal 'bridges'-language registers produced in one point of space-time which may be received in a different point of space-time. In order to build those bridges, human cultures have invented means of representing information and means of materially holding this representation, producing different artifacts that can it carry away. The history of the techniques for 'writing', in this material sense 2 , is the history of the transformations in the technology of carrying away linguistic units through space/time by means of a symbolic system. The fundamental means of representing (or codifying) information invented by human cultures consists of a system of correspondences between graphic symbols and linguistic information (concepts or sounds) -i.e., writing. This symbolic correspondence is achieved visually; and the traditional means to materially 'hold' the representation are strictly linked to its visual essence -quite simply, somehow the graphic symbols have to be made apparent. Different cultures have invented different techniques with this purpose; in a general way, techniques whereby an instrument traces the symbols into or onto some support matter. For example, the instrument 'chisel' can trace symbols into hard support matters such as 'stones', and the instrument 'chalk' can trace symbols onto those hard support matters. With

In this paper, we present a new alternative method for text steganalysis based on an evolution algorithm, implemented using the Java Evolution Algorithms Package (JEAP). The main objective of this paper is to detect the existence of hidden messages based on fitness values of a text description. It is found that the detection performance has been influenced by two groups of fitness values which are good fitness value and bad fitness value. This paper provides a valuable insight into the development and enhancement of the text steganalysis domain.

In the face of escalating threats to Armenian cultural heritage in Artsakh due to armed conflicts and destruction, urgent measures are imperative to safeguard this invaluable legacy. The Digital Humanities Institute at the EPFL (École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland) is leading an effort to digitize the Armenian epigraphic heritage in Artsakh, where inscriptions and toponyms serve as cultural identifiers. Documenting endangered inscriptions and using the <origin>, <origPlace> and <provenance> tags safeguard historical integrity. Integrating GeoNames and Pleiades enhances accessibility and accuracy, bridging perspectives and preserving heritage. The project's bilingual nature amplifies complexity, as English and Armenian representations are layered with intricate grammar nuances. Lemmatization and regularization ensure consistent proper names, particularly across diverse grammatical cases. In a landscape where cultural heritage preservation is needed, the marriage of external resources, Armenian toponyms, lemmatization and regularization ensures historical accuracy and accessibility. This academic setup clarifies the methodologies and standards used, emphasizing the preservation of Armenian cultural heritage through digital epigraphy. The setup of the corpus allows for future enrichment by incorporating additional inscriptions, more detailed historical background information and etymological clarifications about the toponyms.

La pace tra vescovo di Luni e marchese Malaspina, mediata dalla città di Lucca nel 1124, è una testimonianza poliedrica dei mutamenti sociali, politici e nelle forme del diritto del primo XII secolo. L’articolo propone una rilettura ragionata del testo, considerando poi il ruolo performativo della memoria nel processo di strutturazione delle domus/casate originatesi dal gruppo parentale obertengo. Le testimonianze raccolte nel testo della pace evidenziano infatti la segmentazione interna alla famiglia, legate all’indebolimento della solidarietà consortile e allo sganciamento della forbice genealogica, nelle cui maglie seppero inserirsi attori esterni come il vescovo di Luni.  La necessità di identificare e dare identità alle nuove casate comportò quella di strutturarne la memoria. In controluce al conflitto territoriale che contrapponeva vescovo e Malaspina, nel tribunale di Lucca vediamo anche uno scontro tra opposti tentativi in questo senso. La battaglia si giocò principalmente sulla ricostruzione del passato: nel fare ciò, le domus organizzavano e producevano narrazioni opposte, scontrandosi idealmente sulla comune ascendenza obertenga. A un diverso modo di impostare la narrazione del passato, “immortalando” le modalità di divisione dell’eredità marchionale, corrispondevano diverse possibilità per reclamarne le risorse: tali operazioni potevano trovare, così, dei risvolti assolutamente concreti. Particolare attenzione viene inoltre dedicata alle figure, alle strategie e ai saperi dei giuristi coinvolti nella formulazione della pace, in un cinquantennio dal valore decisivo per le forme del diritto e tendente al recupero delle leggi romane, più rispondenti alle sfaccettate casistiche di una società attraversata da forti cambiamenti.

concept 1.1 Material singularity of "digital texts" "Texts", in a very strict, material sense, are spatial-temporal 'bridges'-language registers produced in one point of space-time which may be received in a different point of space-time. In order to build those bridges, human cultures have invented means of representing information and means of materially holding this representation, producing different artifacts that can it carry away. The history of the techniques for 'writing', in this material sense 2 , is the history of the transformations in the technology of carrying away linguistic units through space/time by means of a symbolic system. The fundamental means of representing (or codifying) information invented by human cultures consists of a system of correspondences between graphic symbols and linguistic information (concepts or sounds) -i.e., writing. This symbolic correspondence is achieved visually; and the traditional means to materially 'hold' the representation are strictly linked to its visual essence -quite simply, somehow the graphic symbols have to be made apparent. Different cultures have invented different techniques with this purpose; in a general way, techniques whereby an instrument traces the symbols into or onto some support matter. For example, the instrument 'chisel' can trace symbols into hard support matters such as 'stones', and the instrument 'chalk' can trace symbols onto those hard support matters. With

Some kind of tutorial how to encode medieval Slavic texts in Unicode. What to expect from Unicode and what not. A work in progress: a collection of annotated observations the author made while working with manuscripts. More will be added in the course of time.

This article explores the transformative impact of Digital Humanities on Sanskrit studies, bridging the ancient language's rich grammatical tradition with modern computational tools and methodologies. Sanskrit, renowned for its complexity and precision, has long posed challenges to linguists and scholars. However, advancements in technology-such as machine learning, Natural Language Processing (NLP), and digitization-are redefining how researchers preserve, analyze, and engage with Sanskrit texts. Key innovations include Sandhi reversion algorithms, morphological parsers, and semantic tagging systems, which decode intricate linguistic phenomena while enhancing the accessibility of texts. Digital archives, such as Muktabodha and SARIT, have democratized access to manuscripts, fostering global scholarly collaboration. Furthermore, interdisciplinary applications, such as AI-driven translation tools and computational intertextual analysis, demonstrate the broader relevance of Sanskrit in the digital age. Despite these advancements, challenges persist. The article highlights linguistic ambiguities, the need for unified NLP frameworks, and ethical considerations in digitizing sacred texts. By addressing these issues, Sanskrit studies can further evolve, ensuring cultural sensitivity and scholarly integrity. Ultimately, this work underscores the importance of collaboration between technologists,

The scholarly edition canonizes and centralizes the work of any writer and provides an academic touchstone for further research. Drawing upon a model of scholarly editions proposed by Christopher Ohge based in philosophical pragmatism, the authors of this paper consider the methodological implications of a hypertextual environment for the development of editing work on the writer Vernon Lee (1856-1935). We simultaneously propose a frame for the development of a prototype edition of Lee's Proteus; Or, The Future of Intelligence (1925) and suggest how hypertextual methodology might be deployed in the preparation of a print edition. Using Lee's literary scholarship to provide shape to our approach, we suggest both a Protean 'edition to be' and consider how we might embed these Protean principles in a more traditional print edition.

the European Science Foundation (ESF) published a so called Science Policy Briefing (SPB) on Research Infrastructures in the Digital Humanities; 1 the first ESF publication of this type entirely commissioned by the scientific governance representing the Humanities-a unique body in Europe: the Standing Committee for the Humanities (SCH), chaired by Professor Milena Žic Fuchs. The report aims both at serving a research community that is expanding and eager to see its efforts of engaging with computational modelling recognised as authoritative research in need of adequate research infrastructures, and the policy makers arena, where strategies on research infrastructures for the humanities are rarely shared at the international or national level. The research community and information professionals-involved in various fashions in the development of this ESF publication as workshop participants, authors, 2 reviewers, 3 commentators-can make and are making use of this 1 The report is available in PDF at <http://www.esf.org/publications.html>. Recommendations are collected at the end of the report but also appeared in a separate leaflet, the executive summary, also available at the same link. The ESF is an umbrella organisation representing national research performing and funding organisations from 30 European countries. Since its funding in 1974, it has been active in directing research policy in Europe by, amongst other actions, publishing many such policy reports. Note that the ESF is undergoing a major restructuring phase; for more information, see: <http://www.esf.org/esf-today/recent-developments.html> 2 The expert group of authors was chaired by Professor Claudine Moulin

the European Science Foundation (ESF) published a so called Science Policy Briefing (SPB) on Research Infrastructures in the Digital Humanities; 1 the first ESF publication of this type entirely commissioned by the scientific governance representing the Humanities-a unique body in Europe: the Standing Committee for the Humanities (SCH), chaired by Professor Milena Žic Fuchs. The report aims both at serving a research community that is expanding and eager to see its efforts of engaging with computational modelling recognised as authoritative research in need of adequate research infrastructures, and the policy makers arena, where strategies on research infrastructures for the humanities are rarely shared at the international or national level. The research community and information professionals-involved in various fashions in the development of this ESF publication as workshop participants, authors, 2 reviewers, 3 commentators-can make and are making use of this 1 The report is available in PDF at <http://www.esf.org/publications.html>. Recommendations are collected at the end of the report but also appeared in a separate leaflet, the executive summary, also available at the same link. The ESF is an umbrella organisation representing national research performing and funding organisations from 30 European countries. Since its funding in 1974, it has been active in directing research policy in Europe by, amongst other actions, publishing many such policy reports. Note that the ESF is undergoing a major restructuring phase; for more information, see: <http://www.esf.org/esf-today/recent-developments.html> 2 The expert group of authors was chaired by Professor Claudine Moulin

Dall’analisi dell’uso del discorso diretto nei documenti medievali
lunigianesi, in particolare nel ricco corpus conservato nel
Codice Pelavicino (fine del XIII secolo), si evidenzia il diverso
utilizzo nei testimoniali e nei testi normativi, andando anche
a considerare la possibilità di riconoscere brani di parlato
trascritto e alcune espressioni rivelatrici dell’universo simbolico
di quel contesto.
Lunigiana, medioevo, statuti, testimoniali
The analysis of the use of direct speech in medieval documents
of Lunigiana, in particular from the rich corpus preserved
in the Pelavicino Code (end of 13th century), highlights the
different use of direct speech in testimonials and normative
texts, also considering the possibility of recognizing transcribed
passages of speech and some revealing expressions
of the symbolic universe of that environment.
Lunigiana, Middle Ages, statutes, testimonials

In this paper, we present a new alternative method for text steganalysis based on an evolution algorithm, implemented using the Java Evolution Algorithms Package (JEAP). The main objective of this paper is to detect the existence of hidden messages based on fitness values of a text description. It is found that the detection performance has been influenced by two groups of fitness values which are good fitness value and bad fitness value. This paper provides a valuable insight into the development and enhancement of the text steganalysis domain.

The rising interest in Turkish literature and cinematography occurred in Croatia in the past decade has sparked a notable increase in translation efforts from Turkish to Croatian. This surge in translation activities has, in turn, led to a series of linguistic challenges, with the foremost one being the transcription of Turkish names. This paper provides an overview of the relevant literature on transcription in Croatia, thoroughly examines Croatian orthographies that provide guidelines for transcribing from the Turkish language, and analyzes examples related to the Turkish language. Additionally, it offers an overview of the Turkish alphabet with examples of how Turkish personal and toponymic names are and should be written in Croatian, with a particular emphasis on examples where there are multiple possible approaches.
Considering contemporary technological and sociolinguistic conditions, such as the availability of the internet and the faster adaptation of printing machines to use characters from different linguistic systems, it is concluded that Turkish personal and toponymic names can be written in the Croatian language using Turkish graphemes. This is due to the fact that both languages employ the Latin script. This trend has gradually been observed in some online platforms, particularly in the translations of Turkish series and on newspapers’ websites. However, it has not yet made a significant impact on printed publications, except for highly specialized scientific texts.

Stencil as an ancient technique in type and image publication has a remarkable use in Iran and has a dialectical affect in Persian type as it is used in other cultures. This research is presented in 2 sections. Each section starts by a principal question and had been tried to ask it subsequently. First section Regards abilities of Persian alphabet form, reed pen usage in different calligraphy styles and geometric forms in Persian decorative scripts. (Especially in Square Kufic). All found and obtained results, have been examined, and have been visualized in a new stencil type as a practical project. In return, second section Regards abilities of stenciling to prevail over Persian alphabet difficulties in typesetting, during a new practical project that evolved from the first project. So it had been tried to intuiting Persian alphabet for Latin type system.

L&#39;analyse des 12 522 textes d&#39;appel d&#39;une plateforme de petitionnement en ligne permet d&#39;examiner leurs caracteristiques linguistiques. Le recours a des outils textometriques met ainsi au jour certaines regularites quant aux modalites d&#39;appel a signer. Nous nous interessons tout particulierement aux regularites lexicales, aux formes d&#39;adresse ainsi qu&#39;aux modalites d&#39;implication des signataires.

Les petitions en ligne constituent un objet d&#39;investigation riche pour le chercheur, que ce soit du point de vue de la materialite discursive ou du rapport au politique. Cet objet s&#39;avere cependant difficile a saisir, compte tenu de la variete des donnees et des variables. L&#39;analyse d&#39;un site de petitions en ligne souligne ainsi l&#39;heterogeneite des rubriques, des titres et textes d&#39;appel des petitions, du nombre de signataires ou de commentaires. Pour examiner ce dispositif, le chercheur se doit de faire des choix et d&#39;avoir recours a differents outils de statistique textuelle afin de mettre au jour ce qui caracterise les petitions, tout en rendant compte de leur variete.

Annelise Duerden is a PhD candidate at Washington University in St. Louis. Her area of specialty is English Renaissance poetry, and she is currently completing her dissertation, titled, Mortal Verse: Embodied Memory in Early Modern Poetry of Love, Grief and Devotion. She earned an MFA in poetry writing before coming to Wash U. Annelise spent the summer of 2013 scanning in the pages of the materials related to the Book of Ephraim for the JMDA (with the aid of an undergraduate student). She began the original curation of the digital exhibit, and wrote the introductory materials for the archive. Annelise’s presentation is “‘Admit It Arguably A priori Admittedly I have failed’: Re‐vision in the Merrill Archive.”

All trademarks belong to their respective owners. sudo apt-get install fonts-sil-gentium and then open convert/tex/fontdefs.tex in a text-editor 14 and change the line: 4 scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?item_id=Scheherazade, available in the Ubuntu package fonts-sil-scheherazade, but see also Appendix A/7. 5 amirifont.org 6 paktype.sourceforge.net, available in the Ubuntu package fonts-paktype. 7 openfontlibrary.org/en/font/droid-arabic-naskh 8 openfontlibrary.org/en/font/droid-arabic-kufi 9 scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?item_id=Lateef 10 linuxlibertine.org 11 scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&item_id=Gentium 12 fedorahosted.org/liberation-fonts 13 openfontlibrary.org/en/font/granada 15 colorspire.com/rgb-color-wheel 16 fontforge.github.io 17 Note that unless the font you are adapting is available under an open license, this may constitute a breach of copyright. 18 designwithfontforge.com/en-US/Adding_Glyphs_to_an_Arabic_Font.html 19 inkscape.org 20 understandingfonts.com/blog/2011/11/typography-extensions-in-inkscape-0-49. In the meantime, this functionality can be accessed by using the "bleeding edge" packages available from Inkscape Trunklaunchpad.net/~inkscape.dev/ +archive/ubuntu/trunk.

COVID-19’s outbreak affected and compelled people from all walks of life to self-quarantine in their houses in order to prevent the virus from spreading. As a result of adhering to the exceedingly strict guideline, many people developed mental illnesses. Because the educational institution was closed at the time, students remained at home and practiced self-quarantine. As a result, it is necessary to identify the students who developed mental illnesses at that time. To develop AiPsych, a mobile application-based artificial psychiatrist, we train supervised and deep learning algorithms to predict the mental illness of students during the COVID-19 situation. Our experiment reveals that supervised learning outperforms deep learning, with a 97% accuracy of the Support Vector Machine (SVM) for mental illness prediction. Random Forest (RF) achieves the best accuracy of 91% for the recovery suggestion prediction. Our android application can be used by parents, educational institutes, or th...

IT-EN + Abstract AR-IT-EN
[IT] Con l’avvento della tecnologia di automatizzazione tipografica occidentale dei primi del ‘900, la tipografia araba ha subito un graduale e continuo impoverimento nella grammatica delle sue regole di scrittura che si sono dovute adattare in maniera semplicistica a un sistema basato sulla riproduzione dei caratteri latini all’interno dei media dapprima cartacei e successivamente informatici.
La scrittura araba pur mantenendo nel vissuto comune dei suoi utilizzatori (non solo dei parlanti arabo) ancora precise regole grafiche,
che ne agevolano la lettura ma che difficilmente sono ritrovabili all’interno dei mezzi di comunicazione di massa, inevitabilmente presenta all’orizzonte un impoverimento culturale che rischia di relegarla in ambiti facilmente identificabili come conservatori, se non addirittura estremisti, fornendo loro un potere culturale e simbolico in una distorta rappresentazione del mondo. [...] |

[EN] With the advent of Western automated typography technology in the early 1900s, Arabic typography has undergone a gradual and continuous impoverishment in the principles of its writing rules. These rules had to adapt simplistically to a system based on the reproduction of Latin characters within first paper-based and later computer-based media.
While Arabic writing, in the everyday experience of its users (not limited to Arabic speakers), still adheres to precise graphic rules that facilitate reading, these rules are scarcely found within mass media. Inevitably, this implies a cultural impoverishment on the horizon, at the risk of relegation to easily identifiable conservative, if not extremist, domains, providing them with cultural and symbolic power in a distorted representation of the world. [...]

Standard natural language processing (NLP) pipelines operate on symbolic representations of language, which typically consist of sequences of discrete tokens. However, creating an analogous representation for ancient logographic writing systems is an extremely laborintensive process that requires expert knowledge. At present, a large portion of logographic data persists in a purely visual form due to the absence of transcription-this issue poses a bottleneck for researchers seeking to apply NLP toolkits to study ancient logographic languages: most of the relevant data are images of writing. This paper investigates whether direct processing of visual representations of language offers a potential solution. We introduce LogogramNLP, the first benchmark enabling NLP analysis of ancient logographic languages, featuring both transcribed and visual datasets for four writing systems along with annotations for tasks like classification, translation, and parsing. Our experiments compare systems that employ recent visual and text encoding strategies as backbones. The results demonstrate that visual representations outperform textual representations for some investigated tasks, suggesting that visual processing pipelines may unlock a large amount of cultural heritage data of logographic languages for NLP-based analyses. Data and code are available at https: //logogramNLP.github.io/.

In this paper we will present the research that is taking place at the NOVA CLUNL 1 where an international team is working on a financed project MORDigital 2. MORDigital's goal is to encode the selected editions of Diccinario de Lingua Portugueza by António de Morais Silva (MOR), first published in 1789.

The study of ancient Middle Eastern cultures is dominated by the vast number of cuneiform texts. Multiple languages and language families were expressed in cuneiform. The most dominant language written in cuneiform is the Semitic Akkadian, which is the focus of this paper. We are specifically focusing on letters written in the dialect used in modern-day Baghdad and south towards the Persian Gulf during the Old Babylonian period (c. 2000-1600 B.C.E.). The Akkadian language was rediscovered in the 19 th century and is now being scrutinised by Natural Language Processing (NLP) methods. However, existing Akkadian text publications are not always suitable for digital editions. We therefore risk applying NLP methods onto renderings of Akkadian unfit for the purpose. In this paper we want to investigate the input material and try to initiate a discussion about best-practices in the crossroad where NLP meets cuneiform studies. Specifically, we want to question the use of pre-trained embeddings, sentence segmentation and the type of cuneiform input used to fine-tune language models for the task of fine-grained Part-of-Speech tagging. We examine the issues by theoretical and practical approaches in a way that we hope spurs discussions that are relevant for automatic processing of other ancient languages.