Third Sector

While refugee camps are widely recognised as sites of egregious human rights violations, the specific legal dynamics underpinning them remain underexplored. Additionally, spatial analyses have been neglected in legal work on encampment, despite the location of camps being integral to governing such spaces. The dissertation therefore asks: What is the role of space and law in the regulation of refugee camps in Europe? The research adopts a critical legal geography framework, viewing law and space as mutually constitutive products of social relations. Methodologically, the thesis employs a most-different case study analysis, comparing the informal, makeshift camps in Calais (France), with the state-run CETI reception centre in Melilla (Spain). It advocates for mapping law, using desk research to examine legal documents in their context by reconstructing the legal framework from the material site of the camp upwards, rather than from legislation down. This uncovers the patchwork of legal tools governing refugee encampment today. The thesis is split into two empirical parts. First, the Calais camps are analysed, exploring in particular the involvement of public authorities in this “informal” space, before describing the eviction policy applied to these camps, and concluding with a chapter on the restrictions on access to the camps to third parties. The second part is dedicated to the CETI of Melilla: it considers the legal basis of the CETI, the restrictions of freedom of movement imposed on people accommodated there, before turning to the understudied issue of the link between encampment and border procedures. The thesis finds that public authorities are intimately involved in the regulation of both formal and informal camps. In Calais, authorities actively control the camps’ location, design, size and access; while resisting formalisation, which allows them to skirt positive obligations regarding living conditions. The CETI of Melilla operates under an ambiguous, ad hoc legal regime outside the pre-existing reception system for international protection. This limits residents’ recourse to legal remedies and dignified reception conditions. Beyond humanitarian efforts, encampment is therefore a core component of border control. In sum, refugee camps are characterised by shadow regulation, composed of two mutually-reinforcing elements. First, legal informality is achieved through a marked preference for executive and administrative acts, soft law and emergency legislation over parliamentary statutes and hard law. This creates an ad hoc, perpetually experimental legal framework that evolves rapidly. It facilitates the creation of a powerful, yet legally elusive, modality of power and control. Secondly, authorities make full use of spatial governmentality, regulating behaviour through the regulation of space. This naturalises the camp as a distinct legal space, justifying the suspension of ordinary legal frameworks. This combination grants authorities significant, flexible control while sidelining judicial oversight and rendering legal remedies for residents exceptionally challenging to access. This allows them not only to control people on the move living in camps, but also those assisting them. Forms of legal regulation such as spatial dispersion (Calais) and concentration (Melilla) likewise function through law. The thesis makes several academic contributions. First, it provides a thick description of encampment in Europe, qualifying what has been referred to generally as “exceptionality” by reconstructing legal frameworks regulating encampment. It provides alternatives to doctrinal approaches to migration law by exploring the primacy of spatial analyses and cautions against reifying oversimplified distinctions between the legal systems of the global North and the Global South. By applying a critical legal geography to empirical legal studies to map law, the project demonstrates the value of micro-scale, inductive legal analysis for understanding the assemblages and enforcement of law on the ground.

Atualmente, o apoio estatal e filantrópico é extremamente seletivo, não conseguindo responder a todas as solicitações das instituições sociais. As Instituições Particulares de Segurança Social são também afetadas por esta restrição e, nesse sentido, espera-se que apliquem os recursos atribuídos de forma eficaz e eficiente de modo a justificar essa atribuição. Visando estudar em que medida estas organizações têm informação para a tomada de decisão, esta investigação relaciona o grau de desenvolvimento dos sistemas de contabilidade de gestão com os elementos influenciadores da capacidade organizacional, recursos humanos e financeiros, e com os stakeholders. Com base num inquérito a 61 IPSS, constatou-se que, mesmo sendo possível obter informação que identifique situações deficitárias, os sistemas de contabilidade de gestão implementados não garantem o suporte à tomada de decisão. Como justificação, as instituições indicam possuir informação suficiente, o que pode revelar a não perceção de sistemas obsoletos, evidenciando necessidades de formação nesta área. Palavras-chave: Contabilidade de gestão, terceiro setor, organizações sem fins lucrativos (OSFL), Instituições Particulares de Solidariedade Social (IPSS), Tomada de decisão.

Анализируются наиболее распространенные на могильниках ближайшей округи Мангупского городища погребальные сооружения – грунтовые склепы. Ввиду тотального ограбления могильников ближайшей округи Мангупа архитектура склепов, в некоторых случаях, становится практически единственным источником информации. При сравнении архитектурно-планировочных решений погребальных конструкций разработана их предварительная классификация. Основное внимание уделено габаритам и планировке входных ям и погребальных камер. Выделены девять типов склепов, включая наиболее ранние и поздние. Предпринята попытка выявить закономерности распространения отдельных групп склепов на различных раннесредневековых могильниках Мангупского городища. Наибольшее количество подобных погребальных конструкций выявлено на Алмалыкском могильнике. Архитектура погребальных сооружений на данном памятнике демонстрирует изменчивость от самых ранних к самым поздним склепам. Наибольшими изменениями подвержены такие параметры как: высота входа в камеру, наличие ступеней во входных ямах и погребальных камерах. Склепы могильников Южный I, Южный II и Адым-Чокракского некрополя менее разнообразны и в целом, более просты в архитектуре.

Monografia Na tropach organizacji harcerskich i skautowych w Polsce. Tom I. Organizacje harcerskie i skautowe w treści wpisów w Krajowym Rejestrze Sądowym. Klasyfikacja i opis stanowi próbę całościowego spojrzenia na współczesny ruch harcerski i skautowy w Polsce poprzez analizę organizacji pozarządowych zarejestrowanych w Krajowym Rejestrze Sądowym. Celem badań było zidentyfikowanie, sklasyfikowanie oraz porównanie organizacji harcerskich, skautowych i wspierających ruch harcerski pod względem ich deklarowanych celów działania, w tym celów wychowawczych.

Badaniem objęto 350 podmiotów posiadających różne formy osobowości prawnej, w tym stowarzyszenia, fundacje oraz organizacje wspierające działalność harcerską i skautową. Analizie poddano treści zawarte w dokumentach rejestrowych KRS, uwzględniając cele statutowe, charakter działalności oraz zakres podejmowanych działań społecznych i wychowawczych.

Wyniki badań ukazują znaczną różnorodność współczesnego ruchu harcerskiego i skautowego w Polsce. Obok organizacji odwołujących się do klasycznych idei skautingu i harcerstwa funkcjonują podmioty realizujące cele religijne, patriotyczne, obywatelskie, ekologiczne, kulturowe, sportowe oraz społeczne. Analiza wykazała, że organizacje te, mimo wspólnego odwołania do tradycji harcerskiej lub skautowej, różnią się zakresem działalności, modelami wychowania oraz sposobami definiowania swojej misji.

Monografia stanowi pierwsze tak szerokie opracowanie poświęcone organizacjom harcerskim i skautowym funkcjonującym w Polsce w oparciu o dane Krajowego Rejestru Sądowego. Publikacja może być wykorzystana zarówno jako źródło wiedzy o współczesnym ruchu harcerskim i skautowym, jak i punkt wyjścia do dalszych badań nad edukacją pozaformalną, organizacjami społeczeństwa obywatelskiego oraz pedagogiką harcerską i skautową.

Publikacja wydana w ramach projektu p.n. "Młodzież 4.0" Zadanie badawczo-rozwojowe realizowane na zlecenie Ministerstwa Edukacji i Nauki w zakresie przeprowadzenia badań naukowych w latach 2021-2023 dotyczących zdiagnozowania aktualnych tendencji w zachowaniach i wyborach aksjonormatywnych oraz społeczno-polityczno-kulturowych młodych Polaków. Zadanie finansowane ze środków Ministerstwa Edukacji i Nauki.

Public service delivery by non-state organisations is a work in
progress in Hungary. Although legally and financially NGO
participation in public service provision is possible, due to some
gaps and contradictions in regulation it has still remained an
alternative only for the stronger, more institutionalised part of the
non-profit sector. Non-state suppliers are usually welcomed
because of the lower cost of delivery they can offer, whilst state
monopolies are still typical in the provision of welfare services.
Although churches, for-profit and non-profit service providers
appear in public service provision, the public services market
remains underdeveloped, as does the Hungarian third sector’s
relationship with the state.

nos anos de 2004 e 2006. Com base nos estudos de Bakhtin sobre gêneros do discurso, observamos como os estudantes realizam um gênero que não lhes é familiar, nessa esfera de comunicação. Considerando que essas escritas se constituem, num movimento dialógico, em respostas a outros enunciados produzidos no contexto acadêmico, destacamos o papel das instruções fornecidas aos estudantes e dos demais gêneros acadêmicos como enunciados privilegiados na orientação das escritas dos relatos. Destacamos, na análise, dois temas presentes nos relatos: a apresentação do campo do estágio e a apresentação das leituras realizadas pelos estagiários. Palavras-chave: estágios de formação, gêneros do discurso, escrita acadêmica. ABSTRACT. Writing in teachers' training: trainee reports. This paper presents an analysis of probation reports written by students from some courses of teaching formation at the State University of Campinas, years 2004 and 2006. Based on Bakhtin studies on discoursive genres, this study focuses on the way students write a genre which is not familiar to them in this particular context. Instructions given to students and other academic genres are considered in the analysis because we consider that probation reports are written as a response to them, due to the dialogical perspective of language. Two themes are analysed in this study: the presentation of the probation field and of the readings made by the students.

En este artículo analizamos el desarrollo de empresa social en España e Italia en el marco de la crisis económica y social, en términos de difusión y marco jurídico. De esta manera, definimos los confines del “ecosistema” de la empresa social en los dos países e identificamos elementos comunes y especifidades. La hipótesis es que la empresa social representa una herramienta de generación de respuestas proactivas a la crisis, impulsando trayectorias de innovación económica y social, y contribuyendo a un modelo de desarrollo económica y socialmente sostenible. La innovación surge de la capacidad de las empresas sociales de generar respuestas innovativas a demandas emergentes, de su capacidad de crear al mismo tiempo valor social y económico, de satisfacer necesidades individuales y colectivas, de activar dinámicas de cambio de medio y largo plazo, de estimular dinámicas de emprendimiento, de empoderamiento y de valorización en el territorio. Sin embargo, el carácter innovador de la em...

La gestion de bienestar se configura a partir de un elevado interes por la calidad y rentabilidad. Este sistema de ahorro y abaratamiento de costes hace imprescindible para los Estados la externalizacion de servicios de bienestar en las entidades del Tercer Sector. Podria considerarse un clientelismo del gasto en politica social y de los servicios sociales en los ultimos anos. Este documento analiza la capacidad organizativa del tercer gestor en la gestion compartida de bienestar, separando las entidades sin animo de lucro de aquellas cuyo objetivo es obtener beneficios derivados de la prestacion de servicios de bienestar plural.

In questo testo si approfondisce criticamente la questione del rapporto tra
cittadini presenti e operanti nella scena pubblica e le amministrazioni. Il punto di partenza è la constatazione che queste ultime stanno assumendo un ruolo sempre più rilevante come protagoniste e non semplici attori della partecipazione dei cittadini, al punto che si può identificare una politica pubblica sulla partecipazione amministrativa. Su questa politica e sulle sue articolazioni (consultazioni, coprogettazioni, patti di collaborazione) viene proposta una valutazione, sia in chiave di criticità nel suo disegno e nella sua implementazione, sia in quella più generale offerta dal principio di sussidiarietà costituzionale.

The general purpose of this project is to obtain an A quality chicken and, at the same time, to reflect the process in the profitability. The world largest producer of broiler chicken is the United States with an annual production of 16 757 millions of chickens in the year 2011. In the case of Ecuador, the demand of chicken for the year 2011 was 232'626 308 chickens. This number increases as chicken meat is appreciated for its nutritional value, it taste, and the attainable price which it can be found on the domestic market. For this project, the implementation of a chicken processing plant is planned. Localized in Guayllabamba, Pichincha province, this plant has a processing capacity of 64 000 chickens by month, in order to provide the popular markets of the city of Quito. According to the financial analysis done, it supports the profitability and feasibility of the project with a IRR obtained of 61%, it overcomes, as well, the rate of reference of 9,25 %, the NPV is $1,267,597.96 positive and the cost/benefit ratio was 3,94, which indicates that for every dolar invested, $2.94 dolars are obtained.

Ο ασύλητος λαξευτός θαλαμοειδής τάφος που ανασκάφτηκε το 2018 κοντά στο χωριό Κεντρί της Ιεράπετρας διατηρούσε φυλαγμένες από την ΥΜ ΙΙΙ περίοδο τις ταφές ενός ζεύγους 35 και 45 ετών περίπου μέσα σε διακοσμημένες λάρνακες καθώς και εικοσιπέντε αγγεία.

Quarrata, a town in the Pistoia plain historically known as "the furniture city," developed along via Montalbano — a showcase street lined with furniture showrooms. Globalization, changing lifestyles, and the economic crisis led to widespread business closures and relocations, leaving most former commercial spaces abandoned and the street reduced to a traffic corridor.

A research group from the University of Florence's Architecture Department, commissioned by the Municipality, developed a regeneration strategy to repurpose these vacant spaces and reconnect Quarrata with its surrounding territory — also in response to severe flooding that hit the via Montalbano area in November 2023. The strategy, grounded in site surveys and participatory processes, takes the form of a masterplan built around three main themes: New flexible uses for available spaces, linked to regional activities such as nursery farming, textile industry, universities, schools, Medici villas, and archaeological sites; Green corridors, created by depaving surfaces, demolishing select buildings, and opening up connections to the agricultural landscape; Slow mobility, reorganizing the street to prioritize cyclists and pedestrians and expand public space. The masterplan also identifies specific design interventions, public-private management models, and phased implementation scenarios.

Resumo O presente artigo analisa a relação entre Direitos Humanos, Globalização e Desigualdades Sociais, articulando o presente enquadramento teórico com o estudo empírico do caso português. Parte-se da concepção contemporânea dos Direitos Humanos enquanto normas universais de caráter jurídico, moral e político, cuja aplicação prática é tensionada por críticas relativas ao seu potencial etnocentrismo e pelas dificuldades estruturais de implementação. A Globalização é abordada como fenómeno multifacetado e ambivalente, simultaneamente promotor de integração e produtor de desigualdades, influenciando mercados de trabalho, políticas sociais e dinâmicas culturais. Neste artigo, analisam-se dados recentes sobre Portugal, com o objetivo de evidenciar a persistência de vulnerabilidades estruturais, assimetrias territoriais e limitações redistributivas do Estado Social. Estes dados sustentam o argumento de que o contexto português revela um equilíbrio instável entre cosmopolitismo e comunitarismo, refletido nas políticas públicas e na atuação das organizações.

В работе изучен жизненный путь российского исследователя и администратора Густава Ивановича Радде. В первой главе дан очерк его жизни и развития как учёного, исследователя и управленца. Вторая глава посвящена рассмотрению роли Г.И. Радде в создании и формировании Кавказского музея. В третьей главе сделан анализ истории Тифлисской публичной библиотеки во время, когда ею руководил Г.И. Радде. Г.И. Радде, не будучи настоящим учёным, был хорошим и неутомимым коллекционером, умевшим себя подать. Созданный Г.И. Радде и его друзьями образ учёного-специалиста со временем стал играть на него. Значительную часть своей жизни Г.И. Радде провёл в путешествиях, сам лично собирал и гербарии, животных, этнографические коллекции. Г.И. Радде, благодаря своей энергии, собирательской работе, связям и умению их налаживать, за время руководства Музеем превратил его в достойное учреждение. Тифлисская публичная библиотека за годы директорства Г.И. Радде хотя и существенно обогатилась кавказоведческой литературой, но процесс превращение её в центральное хранилище кавказоведческой литературы так и не был осуществлён до конца.

Lúcia Maria dos Santos Pacífico Homem, falecida em 18 de dezembro de 2025, aos 90 anos, foi uma das figuras mais importantes na luta pelos direitos dos consumidores em Minas Gerais e no Brasil. Com uma vida marcada pela dedicação ao ativismo social, à política e à defesa dos direitos das donas de casa, ela deixou um legado indiscutível na construção da cidadania e no fortalecimento da legislação de proteção ao consumidor. Sua atuação, tanto em movimentos civis quanto no campo político, reverberou por todo o Brasil e moldou a trajetória da defesa do consumidor nas décadas seguintes. Política Lúcia Pacífico fundou, em 1983, o Movimento das Donas de Casa e Consumidores de Minas Gerais (MDC/MG), uma organização que se tornaria uma das mais significativas do país na defesa dos direitos dos consumidores. A ideia de criar um movimento nasceu de um contexto econômico e social complexo. No início dos anos 1980, o Brasil vivia uma inflação descontrolada, que chegava a 164% ao ano, e os preços nos supermercados variavam várias vezes ao dia. Essa situação causava um impacto profundo no orçamento das famílias, especialmente nas donas de casa, que eram as responsáveis pela gestão financeira doméstica. O MDC/MG, inspirado em movimentos semelhantes da Europa e dos Estados Unidos, surgiu como resposta a essa realidade. Com a liderança de Lúcia, o movimento rapidamente ganhou força e passou a mobilizar donas de casa e consumidores em várias regiões de Minas Gerais, sendo um dos principais agentes de fiscalização e denúncia de abusos comerciais. O movimento não se limitava à pesquisa de preços, mas buscava, sobretudo, conscientizar a população sobre seus direitos e promover a educação para o consumo consciente. O MDC/MG, sob a liderança de Lúcia, alcançou um de seus maiores feitos em 1988, quando conseguiu reunir 390 mil assinaturas em uma campanha popular para incluir a defesa do consumidor na Constituição Federal. Essa emenda foi fundamental para garantir os direitos dos consumidores e foi um marco na história do Brasil, uma vez que colocou a proteção ao consumidor em um nível constitucional. Lúcia Pacífico, como uma das principais articuladoras dessa emenda, discursou no plenário da Assembleia Nacional Constituinte, defendendo com veemência os direitos das donas de casa e dos consumidores, além de lutar para garantir que as mulheres, até então excluídas do sistema da previdência social, pudessem se aposentar como donas de casa.

In this paper, a general semantic and syntactic characterisation of the topics introduced by connectives such as quanto a -the Portuguese counterpart of English as for -will be attempted. The grammatical differences between these topics and those that are merely signaled via syntactic ordering or intonational devices will be highlighted. These differences include both semantic properties (e.g. the type of reference chains allowed) and syntactic properties (e.g. recursion, position, sensitivity to islands constraints). A connection with discourse mechanisms -of the cohesion-coherence type -in the constructions with lexically explicit topic markers will also be underlined.

The widespread availability of AI platforms has made research much easier for students and researchers than the encyclopaedias of the past, and this is true, too, of the latters’ more recent online versions. This availability and ease of use and the immediately employable results returned make them beneficial pedagogical and search aids to teaching and research; they also have the potential to impact the background teaching environment. However, whereas the paper encyclopaedias were the works of teams of editors and scholars, there is apparently no team of reviewers and fact-checkers for the AI platforms. These are said, metaphorically speaking, to “trawl” through enormous volumes of digitized data and to “hoover” up statements of fact and opinion, in order to sustain the search facilities that they offer. In order to examine the reliability and accuracy of such programs, the paper prompts two AI programs with requests for information concerning a specific Peircean concept, namely his theory of metaphor. Within Peirce’s logic this has both a technical typology-based sense and a more general theoretical sense in the discussion of cognitive processes, and both acceptations would be expected to appear in a search with the appropriate prompt. The paper proposes to review the results and discusses their value with respect to the author’s own understanding of the concept.