WWII intelligence

Padre Placido Cortese (1907-1944), frate francescano e direttore del Messaggero di Sant'Antonio, è stato uno dei protagonisti della rete di salvataggio clandestina nel padovano dopo l'8 settembre 1943. Attraverso l'organizzazione FRA-MA, guidò una trafila di soccorso che trasse in salvo in Svizzera centinaia di ebrei, sbandati e ricercati dai nazifascisti. Arrestato a causa di un tradimento nell'ottobre 1944, morì sotto tortura a Trieste nelle mani della Gestapo, preservando il segreto sui suoi collaboratori. Nel 2017 è stato insignito della Medaglia d'Oro al Merito Civile alla memoria.

Autorka porusza temat stanu badań dotyczących czasopisma „Głos Wielkopolanek”. Przytaczając dotychczasowe sposoby jego charakteryzowania oraz przykłady wykorzystania jego treści, wskazuje na liczne możliwości badawcze, jakie oferuje to czasopismo.

U suštini i na početku krize na Dalekom istoku, administracija SAD se za vreme intervencije Japana u Kini zalagala u principu za održavanje mira u regionu Azija-Pacifik kako bi se politička i vojna pažnja Vašingtona mogla usmeriti na situaciju u Evropi koja je tada Americi bila mnogo važniji geopolitički region od Azije. Zbog toga se administracija SAD ograničila na proteste prilikom japanske invazije na Mandžuriju i kasnije glavne delove Kine. Međutim, kada je Japan 27. septembra 1940. ušao u savez sa nacističkom Nemačkom i fašističkom Italijom, Vašingtonu su odjednom postale jasne veze između političkih i vojnih događaja u Evropi sa onima na Dalekom istoku u Aziji. Japan, sada direktni nemački saveznik, sa ugovornim obavezama prema Berlinu i Rimu i obrnuto, je oštrije napadan od strane administracije u Vašingtonu pa je tako bio i podvrgnut krajnje teškim ekonomskim sankcijama koje su za Japan faktički bile smrtonosne.

The fourth wave of industrial revolution peaked in 1973, if we accept Jaap van Duijn's chronology. The wave was not carried by computer technology but by innovations in petrochemicals, electronics and aviation. The demand for oil is derived. Oil is input for other sectors. In this period the motor car and the airplane led to an increase in demand. Mineral oil is the major constituent of plastics. Mass production of plastics started in the 1940s and 1950s. Some important innovations in this period are continuous catalytic cracking of oil by Standard Oil of New Jersey in 1942, the synthetic fiber nylon by DuPont (USA) in 1938, synthetic rubber in 1932 by DuPont, television in 1936 by Electrical and Musical Industries (GB), the transistor in 1951 by Bell Telephone Labs (USA), the automatic transmission for passenger cars in 1948 by Buick (USA), power steering for passenger cars in 1951 by Chrysler (USA), the helicopter in 1938 by Focke-Wulf (France), the jet airplane in 1942 by Messerschmitt (Germany). Developments during the fourth wave laid the foundation for the digital revolution of the fifth wave. The idea to build electronic computers goes back to the 1930s. The first electronic computers were built in the 1940s. In the Western World the volume of data processing grew continuously. The management of big companies, ministries and other government agencies became more and more dependent upon machines. Desk calculators and punched card machines were a common phenomenon. Moreover, the scientific design methods in engineering required calculations that became more and more complex. At the same time the electrical engineering technology that could perform faster calculations was available, at least in principle. In order to build fast functioning computers a lot of ingenuity and investment in time and money was needed while success was not guaranteed. World War II accelerated the development considerably. Governments were willing to invest large amounts of money in

The importance of wartime aerial photography is illustrated, for the
military at first, later also in science and art. With the help of a few examples, chosen among the many available in the Ostia-Tiber mouth area,
the potential and necessity of a thorough study of these images is shown
(meaning a necessarily specialized study, given the full expertise in photoreading and photointerpretation required to get the maximum, correct results). At the same time, the quantity and quality of WWII visual heritage available at the major European aerophotography archives is emphasized.

Услед промена у политичком поретку у Европи започетих крајем осамдесетих година прошлога века, мењало се истовремено разумевање за успостављени историјски оквир приликом суочавања с последицама Другог светског рата. Његовом ревидирању воде питања представљена као нерешена. Међутим, велики број аката који су утемељили одређивање узрока страдања у рату наставља да пружа могућност налажења нових одговора. У вези с тим, представљајући лик и дело ССмајора др Ернста Вајнмана у Београду за време окупације 1941-1945. године, у раду намеравамо да додатно осветлимо, како улогу паравојних и параполицијских, али и редовних војних формација Немачког рајха у Другом светском рату у Србији и Краљевини Југославији, тако и политику Немачког рајха као "народну". Кључне речи: др Ернст Вајнман, Други светски рат, колаборационистичке државе, "коначно решење", концентрациони логори, окупација Србије, пресељење, фолксдојчери.

This research examines the persistent opposition of the Ottoman Empire to Jewish settlement in Palestine from 1850 to 1917. Efforts by Jews to settle in Palestine emerged as one of the most significant agenda items in the late stages of the empire. Jews from Iran, Russia, the United States, Romania, and other European nations employed illegal means to come and establish themselves in Palestinian territory. The majority of them sought to settle in Palestine. Jews used various strategies to acquire land and secure their position in Palestine. The formation of organizations led by Zionist Jews and the creation of a narrative portraying the Palestinian lands as the so-called promised land

Operation CHAOS was the government's counterintelligence  worldwide  covert program conducted by the Central Intelligence Agency against anti-war activists , American black extremists and others it considered “radicals” in the 1960s and early '70s. The goal of Operation CHAOS was to establish proof of foreign influence in American dissident movements,

The book is a synthesis of the history of Polish intelligence in exile during World War II, intended for the general reader. The author avoids structural and methodological analyses, focusing instead on illustrating the history of Polish intelligence during the war through case studies of individual operations, people, and cases. The author has divided his narrative into three parts.
In the first, he describes the effects of Poland's defeat in September 1939 on the intelligence service (the so-called Fort Legionów affair).
In the second, he writes about the times when pre-war professionals still dominated intelligence work, and in the third, about the era when superficially trained amateurs determined the specific nature of the Polish intelligence community. On this occasion, he describes the significance of the establishment of the first civil service, the Akcja Kontynentalna (Continental Action), in the history of Polish intelligence, as well as the widespread involvement of women in intelligence work, including in command positions in the field.

This is only a sample (introduction and conclusion). The entire work is available at https://ksiegarniaipn.pl/

In the first part of the text, the authors critically assess Kazimierz Leski’s (nom--de-guerre “Bradl”) claims regarding his alleged travels in Europe in the disguise of a German general, and attempt to describe the history and significance of Home Army Headquarters Second Division (intelligence) unit “666” commanded by him. In the second part of the text, the authors reconstruct the setting at that time of a new system
of the Home Army foreign communications networks, connecting occupied Poland with London via France well as the actual role played in this activity by Leski and other people involved, such as Bohdan Werner, Tadeusz Jabłoński or Charlotte Trolley de Prévaux (née Lotka Leitner). The authors point out that Leski’s stories about his travels in Europe
in a German general’s uniform can be regarded as a false historical narrative. Thus, his memoirs should, in the opinion of authors, be treated in part as a literary work only revolving around actual events. Leski undoubtedly participated in the creation of the communications network between the military underground in occupied Poland and London headquarters. However, his role in setting up this system was, at best, ancillary. At the same time, he has mythologised the role of the small unit “666”. Moreover, the hypothesis that Leski’s (or that unit’s) foreign tasks were primarily Home Army intelligence and counter-intelligence operations seems plausible. These original findings are presented here for the first time in this text.

As a result of disregarding the importance of archives in pre-war Polish intelligence, as well as errors in the mobilization planning of the Polish Army, including the failure to take into account the need to evacuate practically all of its personnel from the capital to the east, a very rich collection of Polish intelligence fi les, both archival and related to current affairs, was left in the warehouses at Fort Legionów in Warsaw. It was later found by the Germans and used by them to liquidate most of the Polish intelligence assets in the Third Reich; at the same time, it provided them with knowledge about Polish intelligence offi cers still active in exile, about their methods and ways of operating; details of cooperation with allies, the achievements of Polish cryptologists, the activities of military attachés, staffing of intelligence posts throughout Europe, etc. In Germany alone, more than a hundred death sentences were passed and carried out on people who had collaborated with the Polish services before 1939. The latter category includes the cases of key active agents, namely Wiktor Katlewski,
Antoni Wasielewski (also known as Anton Wessel), and Gerhard Bach. The article attempts to answer the following research questions: How did this situation occur? What losses were incurred? What organisational and personnel mistakes were made? What was the chronology of events? Why was the order to destroy sensitive intelligence and counterintelligence documents not carried out? Was such an order even given? Who was personally responsible for this in the structure of Polish intelligence? Finally, what lessons can be learned from this situation to secure the country’s sensitive archival resources today?

Menticide has been described as an "organized system of judicial perversion and psychological intervention, in which a powerful tyrant transfers his own thoughts and words into the minds and mouths of the victims he plans to destroy or to use for his own propaganda."

The official account of Aaron Aaronsohn's death, a 1919 Channel air crash en route to the Paris Peace Conference rests on an irremediably thin evidentiary base: a single witness report, no wreckage, and ambiguous accreditation. This investigation treats his disappearance not as a closed case, but as a historical cold case. By integrating four distinct historiographies espionage, Zionist land policy, diplomatic history, and colonial agricultural science it reveals concurrent anomalies: the uncertain fate of the sensitive "Garmoshka" land cadaster he embodied, and the unexplained, methodologically sophisticated breakthrough in rust-resistant wheat breeding in Kenya during a documented expertise vacuum. The study proposes a plausible alternative hypothesis: that Aaronsohn was the subject of a covert redeployment by British intelligence, neutralizing a political liability in Europe while leveraging his unique agronomic expertise to solve an imperial crisis in Africa. While a definitive personnel record is absent, the hypothesis best reconciles the documented gaps and methodological fingerprints across all domains. The article concludes that the historical file on Aaron Aaronsohn's fate remains meaningfully unclosed, demonstrating how rigorous forensic methodology can challenge settled narratives and propose coherent, evidence-based alternatives where the official record fails.

Artistic creativity during the Great Patriotic War is usually studied in the context of state propaganda objectives, but its functions are much broader. For professional artists, continuing to create means routine and normalization of extreme everyday life, while for amateurs it is an opportunity to relax. In both cases, creativity plays a psychotherapeutic role, helping to overcome traumatic experiences. In addition, creativity satisfies the aesthetic needs of the individual, but individual aesthetic pursuits can conflict with state objectives. The authorities understood the importance of the mental health and emotional stability of Soviet citizens for victory in the war, and therefore, from the very first days of the war, propaganda was aimed at manipulating emotions, primarily with the goal of eliminating fear and despondency, which they tried to transform into hatred for the enemy. This is how the concept of “noble rage” came about. Propaganda of hatred contradicted the humanism of art, and personal documents testify to the growing desire of contemporaries for beauty and their weariness of war. The aestheticization of the ugliness of war became a kind of symbiosis of propaganda tasks and aesthetic needs. Nevertheless, preserving a sense of beauty during the war years supported moral and ethical guidelines, was a guarantee of overcoming psychological trauma, humanitarian and worldview catastrophe, and restoring the cultural foundations of society after victory.

Prisoners of war (POW) came to German captivity in two ways: after the defeat of the Army of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in the April War and during the period of non-recognition of the same defeat and the development of anti-occupation activities� Such activity automatically entailed new persecutions, arrests, captures and deportations� Unlike the prisoners of war in 1941, the prisoners who were taken after 1942 and later, had a slightly changed status�
They mostly came to prison camps due to the impossibility of transporting them to the originally planned concentration and labor camps� Based on the collected data, presented in the form of numerical indicators (due to limited space), during the war, a total of 950 prisoners of war from the area of Aleksinac Pomoravlje stayed in prison camps in the countries of the Third Reich�
More precisely, 850 after the April War and another 100 after its end and with the recognized status of prisoners of war� Of this number, 15 prisoners of war lost their lives in enemy slavery or as a result of captivity, while 66 recorded prisoners continued to live in foreign countries after the end of the war, where they were actively involved in Serbian political emigration�

In the short April war (6th-17th April 1941), Yugoslavia suffered a military defeat and was divided between the Axis powers and their satellites. Bulgaria, with slight changes during the occupation, was given the major part of Macedonia (with the exception of the towns of Gostivar, Struga and Tetovo), the so called "Western districts" (Caribrod and Bosilegrad counties), a part of Southeastern Serbia, which also included the towns of Pirot, Vranje, Surdulica, as well as several villages in Eastern Serbia, on the right bank of the Timok River, and also some parts in the east of Kosovo (around Gnjilane and Kačanik).

แม้ว่าการศึกษาเรื่องไทยกับสงครามโลกครั้งที่สองจะได้รับการค้นคว้ามากมายไม่ว่าจะเป็นในมิติด้านการเมือง เศรษฐกิจ สังคมวัฒนธรรม และนโยบายต่างประเทศ แต่งานทั้งหลายแทบไม่ได้พิจารณาประเด็นสำคัญอย่างเช่น การแลกเปลี่ยนคณะทูตและพลเรือนระหว่างไทย สหรัฐอเมริกา อังกฤษ และญี่ปุ่นภายหลังจากที่ไทยเข้าร่วมในสงครามมหาเอเชียบูรพาอย่างเป็นทางการ หนังสือเล่มนี้ศึกษาการเจรจาแลกเปลี่ยนคณะทูตและพลเรือนระหว่างไทยกับประเทศคู่สงคราม และได้พิจารณาว่าเมื่อรัฐบาลจอมพล ป. พิบูลสงครามสามารถพาคนไทยกลับมาแล้วได้อาศัยประโยชน์จากคนที่เดินทางกลับมาสืบข่าวกรองที่เกี่ยวข้องกับขบวนการเสรีไทยอย่างไร หนังสือเล่มนี้ค้นพบว่า ในส่วนของการเจรจานั้น รัฐบาลไทยไม่ได้มีปัญหากับรัฐบาลสหรัฐอเมริกาแต่อย่างใด ซึ่งตรงกันข้ามกับการเจรจากับรัฐบาลอังกฤษที่เกิดจากปัญหาด้านการเงินและส่งผลให้เกิดความล่าช้าในการเคลื่อนย้ายคน นอกเหนือจากนี้ หนังสือยังชี้ให้เห็นว่า รัฐบาลจอมพล ป. พิบูลสงครามอาศัยปากคำบอกเล่าของคณะทูตและนักเรียนที่เดินทางกลับมาเพื่อสอบถามเกี่ยวกับคณะไทยอิสระ (เสรีไทยดังที่รู้จักกันในภายหลัง) ที่ประกอบไปด้วยคนที่ไม่ยอมเดินทางกลับ อาทิ ข้าราชการสถานทูต เจ้านาย และนักเรียนไทยในต่างแดน

This article analyzes the contemporary reinterpretation of the Second World War evacuation of Allied airmen from occupied Serbia—known as the Halyard Mission—as a case study in the construction of political memory and symbolic alliance-building. Focusing on the creation and public use of the so-called “Icon of Halyard,” the study examines how religious iconography, commemorative practices, and diplomatic narratives are mobilized to reframe Serbian–American relations in post-socialist Serbia.

Drawing on concepts from memory studies, symbolic politics, and visual culture, the article traces the transformation of a historical wartime event into a legitimizing narrative within contemporary political and memorial discourse. It demonstrates how selective remembrance, sacralization of historical actors, and the fusion of religious and national symbolism function to normalize specific interpretations of the past while marginalizing competing historical experiences.

By situating the Halyard Mission within broader processes of memory politics, the article contributes to the study of post–Cold War reinterpretations of World War II, the instrumentalization of cultural heritage, and the role of visual symbolism in shaping international political narratives in Southeast Europe.

Драгана Јовановић АНДРИЋЕВИ УВИДИ О МАСАМА У раду ће предмет анализе бити есеји Иве Андрића који тематизују развој и успон фашизма у Италији тридесетих година XX века. Сагледавање Андрићевих опсервација о утицају на масе, касније и утицаја маса, показује да је писац посведочио пропагандну природу фашизма засновану на фрази и терору, још у његовом зачетку. Андрићева мисао биће посматрана у корелацији с гледиштима теоретичара који су препознали карактеристично понашање маса и својим делима допринели проучавању феномена маса, диктатуре и тоталитарног режима. У сажетој форми Андрић константује кључне елементе неопходне за овладавање масама, садржане у демагогији, фразеолошком изражавању и остваривању блискости с масама. Такође, аутор указује на начине који доводе до урушавања либералног демократског принципа и онемогућавају мислећег појединца да се супротстави фашистичком терору. На крају, кратким освртом на причу Бифе 'Титаник', сврстану у круг такозваних јеврејских тема у стваралаштву Иве Андрића, предочава се наличје човека-масе путем лика Стјепана Ковића, уједно и начин Андрићеве ангажованости путем књижевног дела.

n October 1917, as British forces knocked at Jerusalem’s gates, the Ottoman authorities declared a string of draconian steps aimed at destroying the Jewish community in Palestine (the Yishuv). Should the Turks be driven from Palestine, threatened Djemal Pasha, governor of the Levant and one of the triumvirs who ran the Ottoman Empire during World War I, no Jews would live to welcome the British forces.1 Less than a year later, on August 12, 1918, Grand Vizier Talaat Pasha, Djemal’s co-triumvir, issued an official declaration in the name of the Ottoman government abolishing these restrictions and expressing sympathy “for the establishment of a religious and national Jewish center in Palestine by well-organized immigration and colonization.”2 Though issued far too late to have any concrete effect—nearly half a year after the British conquest of Palestine and some eighty days before the Ottoman surrender—the significance of the declaration cannot be overstated. Here was the world’s for...

En 1900, la Hamburg America Line gère un réseau international de quatre-vingts services maritimes, avec plus de 200 navires qui relient environ 300 ports, sur tous les continents. Par sa taille, la plus grande compagnie maritime au monde rivalise même avec les grandes sociétés industrielles et les banques. Mais ces données occultent la véritable étendue du réseau de cette entreprise, qui en établissant des cartels maritimes augmenta son influence. Que la Hamburg America Line ait en premier lieu fondé sa spectaculaire croissance sur le transport transatlantique de passagers, souligne l’ampleur du processus de mondialisation de la mobilité internationale. Tout en générant beaucoup d’avantages, cette mobilité a également posé différents défis aux autorités gouvernementales.  L’arrivée d’étrangers jugés indésirables est l’un d’entre eux. Pour les grands pays d’immigration, comme les États-Unis, le sujet a récemment retenu l’attention des universitaires. En se basant sur les sources émises par les acteurs étatiques, ces chercheurs ont souligné combien les autorités ont transféré une partie des responsabilités liées à la mise en œuvre des lois migratoires aux compagnies maritimes, celles-là mêmes qui transportent les migrants : une politique désormais connue sous le nom de « commercialisation du contrôle frontalier ».  Les recherches menées à partir des archives des compagnies maritimes ont non seulement présenté dans quelle mesure ces entreprises privées sont devenues parties intégrantes du système mis en place pour contrôler la mobilité internationale, mais aussi comment celles-ci ont influencé la promulgation et le contournement des lois sur les migrations. Cette politique a permis aux autorités américaines de réduire considérablement les coûts de renvois des indésirables, en facturant les frais de procédure à la compagnie maritime qui avait transporté les étrangers finalement rejetés et expulsés. Pourtant, dans le même temps, elle a placé les compagnies maritimes dans une position privilégiée pour préparer les passagers à passer les différentes inspections lors de leur arrivée ou à les éviter totalement en leur offrant des portes dérobées. Cela a notamment encouragé les arrivées indirectes, via les pays voisins, ce qui a étendu la question du contrôle effectif des quelques ports d’entrée aux Etats-Unis à celui de leurs vastes frontières terrestres, lesquelles se sont révélées impossibles à surveiller avec des normes similaires. Les autorités américaines ont utilisé diverses stratégies pour faire face à ce problème, y compris la « diplomatie frontalière » (convaincre les pays voisins d’adopter des contrôles d’entrée similaires) et le « contrôle à distance des frontières » (repouser les inspections aux pays de transit et d’origine). 
Néanmoins ces efforts visant à empêcher l’entrée des indésirables (indigents, infirmes, criminels, dissidents et immoraux en générale et certaines races et nationalités plus spécifiquement) se révélaient insuffisant. Les autorités américaines ont dû passer des réformes juridiques pour réprimer la présence des indésirables, qu’ils soient entrés légalement ou illégalement, en étendant progressivement les délais et les motifs de leur expulsion. Dans certains cas, elles les ont d’abord repoussés à la frontière des pays voisins, puis se sont rapidement tournées le plus que possible vers leur pays d’origine pour éviter des retours immédiats. Avant la Première Guerre mondiale, les expulsions se produisent presque toujours de façon unilatérale, pour aboutir ensuite à des accords bilatéraux avec l’objectif d’organiser des retours formalisés.  Hester argumente néanmoins que la base légale sur laquelle toutes les déportations ont eu lieu jusqu’à ce jour, a été établit avant 1914. En même temps que cette politique nationale se mettait en place, un régime international d’expulsion prenait forme. Hester dévoile le fonctionnement de ce régime en analysant des stratégies utiliser par de citoyens américains pour combattre leurs expulsions d’Europe et d’Asie. Les exemples attribuent un rôle actif aux autorités américaines pour maintenir sa juridiction sur leurs citoyens à l’étranger.  Toutefois le cas d’étude d’américains échoués et expulsés de Belgique démontre une passivité totale de la part des diplomates américains laissant le sort de ces citoyens entièrement dans les mains des autorités belges. Comme nous le verrons ci-dessous, la question budgétaire détermina surtout comment se débarrasser de citoyens venus d’outre-Atlantique. Mais cette décision devenait de plus en plus compliquée a cause que les nations imposaient des nouvelles barrières sur l’entrée d’expulsés n’étant pas des citoyens. Comme certains chercheurs ont suggéré, ces barrières ont limitées les expulsions unilatérales et ont convergées les différentes politiques nationales en un régime internationale de déportation. Pour ces chercheurs la centralité de l’expulsion ce déplaçait du pays d’origine au pays de destination qui obtenait le pouvoir décisif si elle s’effectuait ou pas, ce qui aurait propulser la déportation bilatéral comme forme dominante.  Cependant les pratiques d’expulsions détailler ci-dessous remettent en question cette hypothèse, et elles démontrent que le pays d’origine reste bien l’acteur principale, n’hésitant pas à effectuer des expulsions unilatérales en contournant les barrières si besoin.

Dziarnovich, Aleh. Kukuć from Kreva: Distinctive Ethnic and Cultural Processes in the Middle Ages and Modern times in the Vilija (Neris) Region [in:] REGIONAS: ISTORIJA, KULTŪRA, KALBA = THE REGION: HISTORY, CULTURE, LANGUAGE. 14-oji tarptautinė tarpdisciplininė mokslinė konferencija. 14th International Interdisciplinary Scientific Conference. 2025 m. gegužės 15–16 d. / 15-16th of May, 2025. Santraukos / Summaries. – Šiauliai : Vilnius University Šiauliai Academy, 2025. P. 8-9.

De Fokker D.VII wordt algemeen beschouwd als het beste jachtvliegtuig van zijn tijd. Maar wat maakte dit vliegtuig bijzonder? Dit artikel beschrijft een aantal ontwerpkenmerken van de Fokker die hem zijn bijzondere reputatie gaven. het ontwerp van de dikke vrijdragende vleugel staat daarbij op de voorgrond.

El pasado 23 de mayo del 2003, el doctor Eduardo Martínez Alonso habría cumplido cien años. Es evidente que para el lector en general este aniversario pasó totalmente desapercibido, a pesar de que se trataba del centenario del nacimiento del primer cirujano torácico que operó el cáncer de pulmón en España a fines de los años 1940. Acontecimiento tan desconocido para la gran mayoría como sus heroicidades en el salvamento clandestino de refugiados extranjeros durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial. Esa discreción extrema que le caracterizó en vida, se repetía curiosamente a su muerte, cuando la casualidad hizo coincidir su aniversario con otro centenario próximo y mucho más celebrado que el suyo, el de George Orwell, autor del famoso Homenaje a Cataluña, libro que ha permitido a varias generaciones posteriores disfrutar de la agudeza de un análisis inteligente de la Guerra Civil Española. Orwell, abiertamente identificado con el republicanismo catalán, no disimula en su novela de memoria histórica, su abierta admiración por aquellos

This interview in the Times of Israel is about Kieser' recently published book, "Talaat Pasha: Father of Modern Turkey, Architect of Genocide." The political biography explores how Mehmed Talaat, more commonly known as Talaat Pasha, masterminded the Armenian genocide. Armenian intellectuals in Constantinople (today's Istanbul) were rounded up on April 24, 1915, followed by the systematic extermination of one million people, primarily because of their Armenian ethnicity. The ideologically motivated genocide took place under the supervision of the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP),  whose informal head was Talaat. A party leader, he was also the minister of the interior, finally the grand vizier. Even though Turkey continues to officially deny the Armenian genocide, historians unanimously agree on its facticity. For deeply problematic opportunism and prejudices, Jewish lobby groups and Israel have contributed to Turkish denial. Israel has still not recognized this genocide in Greater Europe, which took place less than three decades before the Holocaust.

O cultivo de cebola no país concentra-se na região Centro Sul, porém com o desenvolvimento de cultivares adaptadas, novas áreas de plantio podem se tornar as atuais áreas de plantio existentes. Objetivouse com esse trabalho avaliar três épocas de plantio de cultivares de cebola na região Centro Sul do estado do Tocantins. Foram avaliados três cultivares em três épocas distintas, sendo estas 26 de maio, 26 de junho e 26 de julho. As mudas foram obtidas em bandejas de 200 células e transplantadas 35 dias após a germinação para canteiros no espaçamento de 0,15 m x 0,10 m. Em cada época de plantio, o delineamento experimental utilizado foi blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. Foram avaliadas as características produtividade (t ha -1 ), peso médio dos bulbos (gramas), pungência, ciclo (dias). A cultivar Nun 1205 apresentou a maior produtividade (49,02 t ha -1 ) e peso médio de bulbo (163,41 gramas), sendo a segunda época de plantio superior as demais, em relação a produtividade (56,50 t ha -1 ) e peso médio de bulbo (183,33 gramas). Em relação aos teores de ácido pirúvico a cultivar Cimarron diferiu dos demais, sendo todas as três cultivares classificadas com pungência média a alta. Todos as cultivares apresentaram ciclos precoce.

In 1943, Ormond Uren, an army officer employed in the London headquarters of Britain’s Special Operations Executive, was court-martialed and imprisoned after disclosing secret information to a senior member of the Communist Party of Great Britain. The episode has become a staple of writers interested in tales of espionage and questions of loyalty, with Uren’s actions routinely presented as those of a spy and traitor. Drawing on MI5 records and other sources, this article argues that those routine images lack convincing evidence to support them; but it also demonstrates that the case retains importance as an example of the risks that secret organizations run when employees’ loyalties lie elsewhere.

Straipsnyje aptariami Lietuvos antisovietinio ginkluotojo pasipriešinimo dalyvių laiškai, parašyti namiškiams, mylimosioms, bendražygiams, ryšininkams, rėmėjams, taip pat provokatoriams ir kolaborantams. Tai pirmasis bandymas aprėpti šią unikalią dokumentinio paveldo dalį, išlikusią pačių partizanų paslėptuose archyvuose, saugumo agentūrinėse ir baudžiamosiose bylose, kovotojų už laisvę artimųjų šeimose ir iki šiol dar netirtą. Taikant turinio analizės metodą nagrinėjami daugiau kaip 400 partizanų laiškų, parašytų karo sąlygomis, plačiau pristatomi atsisveikinimo, rūpesčio, ilgesio ir meilės, naujienų ir susitarimų laiškai; dviem pavyzdžiais parodoma išskirtinė partizanų laiškų kaip istorijos šaltinių vertė. Atskiras dėmesys skiriamas ryšiams ir ryšininkams, kurių dėka partizanų paštas veikė ir susirašinėjimas buvo įmanomas. Prieinama prie išvados, kad partizanų laiškai Lietuvos istorijoje ir kultūroje yra karo laiškai, arba karo korespondencija, persmelkta kovotojų už laisvę išsiskyrimo su šeima, brangiausiais žmonėmis, taip pat rūpesčio dėl šių padėties ir likimo. Be to, laiškai kupini pasiryžimo kovoti, neapykantos priešui ir meilės Tėvynei. Nors daugelio partizanų laiškų turinys dalykinis, juose dažnai atvirai reiškiamas arba yra juntamas laisvės kovotojo būties trapumas.

Łódź, 31 maja 2017 r. Szanowni Państwo, z satysfakcją informujemy, że Akademia Humanistyczno-Ekonomiczna w Łodzi od roku 2017 będzie kontynuować tradycje wydawnicze międzynarodowego elektronicznego czasopisma naukowego "Kultura i Wychowanie". Naszą ambicją jest wydawanie czasopisma opiniotwórczego, otwartego i dynamicznie rozwijającego się. Stawiamy sobie dalekosiężne cele, zarówno jeśli chodzi o zawartość merytoryczną czasopisma, jak i pozostałe cechy świadczące o renomie periodyku naukowego. Obszar zainteresowań czasopisma z założenia ma szeroki zakres. Odwołuje się do zagadnień związanych z interdyscyplinarną relacją kultury i wychowania. Prezentowane wyniki badań naukowych, głównie z obszaru pedagogiki, ujmowane są w dwa bloki tematyczne rozpraw: filozoficzno-historyczne oraz teoretyczno-empiryczne. "Kultura i Wychowanie" pozostaje półrocznikiem, ukazującym się w maju oraz listopadzie, w formule Open Access -na stronie www.pedagogika.pl. Wersja internetowa jest podstawową formą publikacji. Jednocześnie planujemy druk periodyku w wersji tradycyjnej, której dostępność zapewni Wydawnictwo Naukowe AHE w Łodzi. Czasopismu naukowemu "Kultura i Wychowanie" przyznano 7 punktów na liście czasopism opublikowanej przez MNiSW (lista B).