atomic nucleus

Because logic excludes that protons and neutrons have an outer layer to hold
quarks together, there must by definition be a structural relationship between the
quarks themselves to avoid jeopardizing the stability of the nucleus. To
substantiate this, it is necessary to move away from the beaten track in an attempt
to better understand the functioning of the nucleus and the atom as a whole.
The structure of the nucleus of the atom has been re-mapped and spatially
rearranged and, in its simplicity, explains completely the inner workings of that
atomic nucleus. It became immediately clear that it was only a small glimpse into
a whole new world that has remained hidden so far and undoubtedly will open
new fields of research in both physics and chemistry.

In contemporary physics and chemistry Octet rule states that an atomic shell is complete if it has eight electrons. It follows that there are eight basic groups in the periodic table of elements. Attempts to explain why there are exactly 8 groups are unsuccessful. The paper shows that it is determined by the structure of the atomic nucleus. There is a 4-dimensional space in the nucleus of an atom. It follows that a nuclear shell can contain 8 protons according to the Pauli principle. This corresponds to 8 groups in the periodic table. The atom is located in a 3-dimensional space. Therefore, the outer shell (8 electrons) may have 2 subshells p (6 electrons) and s (2 electrons).

Voyage into the unknown universe of the nucleus of the atom WHAT IS IT ALL ABOUT "The nuclear mass defect is a non-existent physical property". An exceptional conclusion that will raise quite a bit of controversy, supported by a somewhat out of the box example that exposes the incorrect interpretation of the theoretical mass difference of an atom (element / isotope) and the weighted average of that same atom (element / isotope). In the aftermath of that finding, it was necessary to consider whether the nuclear binding energy should also be questioned. Before that could be answered it was necessary to explore new horizons and dive into the world of the atomic nucleus. It was like throwing a stone in a puddle, the results will cause ripples in the scientific community with supporters and opponents … but it has yielded surprising results that gave a very different look at the inner workings of the atomic nucleus. EINSTEIN…. …. argued that the nuclear mass defect of a nucleus corresponds to a certain amount of binding energy for that nucleus which is the energy released with the formation of that nucleus from its nucleons, or is the energy required to break that nucleus into its individual components, but is that really the case? This is a search for the answer to that question.
It is up to the reader if he is ready to embrace a new direction in nuclear physics or to keep walking on the trodden paths.

We study both experimentally and theoretically the creation of a new physical entity, a particle in which the proton and electron form a stable pair with a tiny size typical for a nucleon. A new theoretical approach to study atomic, sub atomic and nuclear systems is suggested. In the framework of this new approach, which takes into account a submicroscopic concept of physics, we discuss similar experimental results of other researchers dealing with low energy nuclear reactions in a solid, plasma, sonofusion and the electrostatic field generated by piezocrystals. It is shown that the formation of sub atomic particles, which we name subatoms, involves an inerton cloud of an atom from the environment. The inerton cloud, as a carrier of mass, is absorbed by the electron and proton, which strongly couples these two particles in a new stable entity-the subhydrogen. Besides, we have generated a subhelium and argue the existence of subdeuterium. In addition to these subatoms there exist also nuclear pairs formed by a subatom with proton, deuteron and neutron.

KOIDE FORMULA PROOF OF THE HEXAGONAL BONDING OF NEUTRONS AND PROTONS IN THE ATOMIC NUCLEUS Two small parts, an UP quark and a DOWN quark, were merged into a crystalline structure, through which an amazingly simple and harmonious tool of nature could be achieved ... the core of all things.

Probing the charge density distributions in materials at atomic scale remains an extremely demanding task, particularly in real space. However, recent advances in differential phase contrast-scanning transmission electron microscopy (DPC-STEM) bring this possibility closer by directly visualizing the atomic electric field. DPC-STEM at atomic resolutions measures how a sub-angstrom electron probe passing through a material is affected by the atomic electric field, the field between the nucleus and the surrounding electrons. Here, we perform a fully quantitative analysis which allows us to probe the charge density distributions inside atoms, including both the positive nuclear and the screening electronic charges, with subatomic resolution and in real space. By combining state-of-the-art DPC-STEM experiments with advanced electron scattering simulations we are able to map the spatial distribution of the electron cloud within individual atomic columns. This work constitutes a crucial step toward the direct atomic scale determination of the local charge redistributions and modulations taking place in materials systems.

Photon exchange due to nuclear bremsstrahlung during nuclear collisions can cause Coulomb excitation in the projectile and the target nuclei. The corresponding process originated in nuclear timescales can also be observed in atomic phenomenon experimentally if it delayed by at least with an attosecond or longer timescales. We have found that this happens due to a mechanism involving the Eisenbud-Wigner-Smith time delay process. We have estimated photoionization time delays in atomic collisions utilizing the nonrelativistic version of random phase approximation with exchange and Hartree-Fock methods. We present three representative processes in which we can observe the phenomena in attosecond timescales even though they originate from excitations in the zeptosecond timescales. Thus the work represents an investigation of parallels between two neighboring areas of physics. Furthermore the present work suggests new possibilities for atomic physics research near the Coulomb barrier energy, where the laser is replaced by nuclear bremsstrahlung.

Exact symmetry and symmetry-breaking phenomena play a key role in providing a better understanding of the physics of many-particle systems, from quarks and atomic nuclei, to molecules and galaxies. In atomic nuclei, exact and dominant symmetries such as rotational invariance, parity, and charge independence have been clearly established. However, even when these symmetries are taken into account, the structure of nuclei remains illusive and only partially understood, with no additional symmetries immediately evident from the underlying nucleon-nucleon interaction. Here, we show through ab initio large-scale nuclear structure calculations that the special nature of the strong nuclear force determines additional highly regular patterns in nuclei that can be tied to an emergent approximate symmetry. We find that this symmetry is remarkably ubiquitous, regardless of its particular strong interaction heritage, and mathematically tracks with a symplectic group. Specifically, we show for light to intermediate-mass nuclei that the structure of a nucleus, together with its low-energy excitations, respects symplectic symmetry at about 70-80% level, unveiling the predominance of only a few equilibrium shapes, deformed or not, with associated vibrations and rotations. This establishes the symplectic symmetry as a remarkably good symmetry of the strong nuclear force, in the low-energy regime. This may have important implications to studies, e.g., in astrophysics and neutrino physics that rely on nuclear structure information, especially where experimental measurements are incomplete or not available. A very important practical advantage is that this new symmetry can be utilized to dramatically reduce computational resources required in ab initio large-scale nuclear structure modeling. This, in turn, can be used to pioneer predictions, e.g., for short-lived isotopes along various nucleosynthesis pathways.

We study a production of Coulomb-assisted Σ −-nucleus bound states by nuclear (K − , π +) reactions within a distorted-wave impulse approximation, so as to examine several types of the Σ-nucleus potentials that are consistent with the available Σ − atomic X-ray data and nuclear (π − , K +) data. We theoretically demonstrate the inclusive (K − , π +) spectra of the Σ − unstable bound states on 28 Si, 58 Ni, and 208 Pb targets at incident K − lab momenta p K = 400-800 MeV/c. The results show that the near-recoilless (K − , π +) reaction on the 58 Ni target gives a clear candidate to confirm properties of the Σ-nucleus potentials having a repulsion inside the nuclear surface and an attraction outside the nucleus with a sizable absorption, whereas details of the repulsion of the potential at the nuclear center cannot be determined by the inclusive spectra. This is a promising attempt to extract properties of the Σ-nucleus potential in the nucleus at forthcoming J-PARC experiments, as a full complement to the analyses of the Σ − atomic and (π − , K +) data.

Background: Atomic physics and nuclear matter physics are often exclusively studied. However, atomic properties are a direct function of nuclear properties. Establishing a mathematical relationship between nuclear and atomic properties could serve the interest of nuclear and atomic engineers. Nuclear - and atomic-based instrumentation engineering and nuclear medicine (and perhaps atomic medicine) applications could be the benefits. Objectives: The research is undertaken to 1) link nuclear property, the mass-radius of the nucleon, and ionization energy of hydrogen via the derivation of appropriate equation and 2) determine the mass-radii of the nucleons and some leptons. Methods: Theoretical and computational methods. Results and Discussion: As applicable to the previous results in the literature, the larger the mass of the elementary particles, the longer the radii. For the particles investigated, the order of the radius is muon (m-)

Neutron scattering is a very high-performance method for studying the structure and dynamics of condensed matter with similar approaches in wide ranges of space and time, matching dimensions in space from single atoms to macromolecules and in time from atomic vibrations over crystal phonons to low-lying transitions in the microwave range, and to motions of large molecular units. Concerning the number and depth of physical concepts, neutron scattering may be compared to modern nuclear magnetic resonance. Neutrons have contributed essential results to the understanding of atomic and molecular processes and are, in this respect, complementary to other materials science probes. Among others, three properties of thermal neutrons make them especially appropriate for such work: the neutron mass is similar to atomic masses, and both neutron energies and the wavelengths of the neutron material wave match typical values for condensed matter. A further important feature of neutron scattering, making it especially valuable in biochemistry and polymer sciences, is that hydrogen and deuterium atoms very significantly and specifically contribute to the signal in both diffraction and spectroscopy. Additionally, neutrons are scattered at the nuclei and directly reflect the nuclear structure and motions. Results from neutron scattering are of great general interest. This paper aims to provide an introduction for chemists on a level understandable also to students and researchers who are not going to become part of the neutron community and will not be involved in the experiments, but shall be able to understand the basic concepts of the method and its relevance to modern chemistry. The paper focuses on basic theory, typical experiments, and some examples demonstrating the applications. As for many modern experimental techniques, the interpretation of the results of neutron scattering is based on theoretical models and requires a significant mathematical overhead. Most results are only meaningful when compared with computer simulations. For understanding this, in this paper, the theory of scattering is developed, starting with intuitive models and presenting typical concepts such as the scattering triangle, energy and momentum transfer, and the relation of inelastic and elastic scattering to space-and time-dependent information. The interaction of neutrons with matter, scattering cross sections, beam attenuation, and coherent versus incoherent scattering are explained in detail. Two further typical concepts that are not generally familiar to scientists outside the community are the use of wave and particle equivalence, and of handling results as a scattering function that depends simultaneously on momentum and energy transfers. The possibility of obtaining neutron beams for scattering experiments at a few research centers around high-performance sources is explained, and experimentally relevant features of research reactors and spallation sources are mentioned. As neutron experiments always have to deal with small flux and extended beams and shielding, experimental conditions are very far away from laboratory methods where handling of samples and instruments is concerned. Experimental details are given for making experiments more understandable and familiarizing the reader with the method. Related to this are extended possibilities for handling samples in a large variety of different environments. In a further part of the manuscript, a variety of techniques and typical instruments are presented, together with some characteristic applications bringing alive the theory developed so far. This covers powder diffraction and structure of liquid water, triple-axis spectrometers and lattice phonons, backscattering spectrometry and rotational tunneling, time-of-flight spectrometry, and simultaneously probing the energy and shape of low lying vibrations and diffusion, filter spectrometer and vibrational spectroscopy without selection rules, small-angle neutron scattering and protein unfolding, as well as micelles, neutron spin echo spectroscopy, and polymer dynamics.

From superconductors to atomic nuclei, strongly-interacting many-body systems are ubiquitous in nature. Measuring the microscopic structure of such systems is a formidable challenge, often met by particle knockout scattering experiments. While such measurements are fundamental for mapping the structure of atomic nuclei, their interpretation is often challenged by quantum mechanical initial- and final-state interactions (ISI/FSI) of the incoming and scattered particles. Here we overcome this fundamental limitation by measuring the quasi-free scattering of 48 GeV/c 12C ions from hydrogen. The distribution of single protons is studied by detecting two protons at large angles in coincidence with an intact 11B nucleus. The 11B detection is shown to select the transparent part of the reaction and exclude the otherwise large ISI/FSI that would break the 11B apart. By further detecting residual 10B and 10Be nuclei, we also identified short-range correlated (SRC) nucleon-nucleon pairs, and p...

The atomic nucleus is composed of two different kinds of fermions: protons and neutrons. If the protons and neutrons did not interact, the Pauli exclusion principle would force the majority of fermions (usually neutrons) to have a higher average momentum. Our high-energy electron-scattering measurements using 12 C, 27 Al, 56 Fe, and 208 Pb targets show that even in heavy, neutron-rich nuclei, short-range interactions between the fermions form correlated high-momentum neutron-proton pairs. Thus, in neutron-rich nuclei, protons have a greater probability than neutrons to have momentum greater than the Fermi momentum. This finding has implications ranging from nuclear few-body systems to neutron stars and may also be observable experimentally in two-spin-state, ultracold atomic gas systems. M any-body systems composed of interacting fermions are common in nature, ranging from high-temperature superconductors and Fermi liquids to atomic nuclei, quark matter, and neutron stars. Particularly intriguing are systems that include a shortrange interaction that is strong between unlike fermions and weak between the same type of fermions. Recent theoretical advances show that even though the underlying interaction can be very different, these systems share several universal features (1-4). In all of these systems, this interaction creates short-range-correlated (SRC) pairs of unlike fermions with a large relative momentum (k rel > k F ) and a small center-of-mass momentum (k tot < k F ), where k F is the Fermi momentum of the system. This pushes fermions from low momenta (k < k F , where k is the fer-mion momentum) to high momenta (k > k F ), creating a "high-momentum tail."

This work is an extension of the Helical Electron Model (proposed by the same author), applied to protons and neutrons. Radius of the Nucleon The Helical Model of the Electron [1] postulated that the electron is a unit charge point particle that orbits at the speed of light around a point in space, forming a vortex or current loop. The circular motion of the charge creates an angular momentum and its associated magnetic moment. By analogy we assume that all subatomic particles have the same structure as the Helical Electron, differing mainly by their charge and mass. The proton and neutron follow the same model of the electron, with radius equal to its reduced Compton wavelength. Compton wavelength is inversely proportional to the mass, so subatomic particles are smaller the higher is its mass. Both the proton and the neutron are about 2,000 times smaller than the electron. This size coincides with the experiments performed by Rutherford about the atomic nucleus, which is in the ord...

The nuclear quadrupole moment (Q) of the 5/2 + isomeric state of 111 Cd, of particular importance to the interpretation of Perturbed Angular Correlation experiments in condensed matter, was determined by combining existing PAC data with high-level ab initio (CCSD(T)) calculations for Cd-dimethyl and hybrid density functional theory for metallic Cd. A revised value of Q = .641(25) b is found, much reduced from earlier estimates. Using the new result together with the values for other Cd isotopes from atomic data, also recently revised, the trend of Q for the 11/2 − states in Cd is in perfect agreement with new nuclear covariant density functional theory calculations. Similar theoretical work for metallic Zn and the ZnS molecule, combined with atomic calculations, also results in an equivalent reduction for the reference value of the 67 Zn 5/2 − ground-state quadrupole moment to Q = .125(5) b.

It is well known that the electrostatic force has infinite range, but an unheralded property of this force is that as the distance between charges approaches zero the force increases without bound. Applied to the atomic nucleus, if a positive fractional charge in one nucleon (proton or neutron) can get close enough to a negative fractional charge in a neighboring nucleon, the attractive force between them would bind these nucleons in an electrostatic bond. For example, at a distance of 5% of a nucleon radius they will experience an attractive force of -25 kN. This is orders of magnitude stronger than the repulsive force between whole protons in the nucleus. Contrary to what is normally expected from the electrostatic force, such a bond would have a short range, shorter than the radius of a nucleon. Ironically, this charge-based bond would match the nuclear force’s characteristic of charge independence (affecting both neutrons and protons), because the required positive and negative ...

Radii of nuclear charge distributions carry information about the strong and electromagnetic forces acting inside the atomic nucleus. While the global behavior of nuclear charge radii is governed by the bulk properties of nuclear matter, their local trends are affected by quantum motion of proton and neutron nuclear constituents. The measured differential charge radii δ r 2 c between neutron numbers N = 28 and N = 40 exhibit a universal pattern as a function of n = N − 28 that is independent of the atomic number. Here we analyze this remarkable behavior in even-even nuclei from calcium to zinc using two state-of-the-art theories based on quantified nuclear interactions: the ab-initio coupled cluster theory and nuclear density functional theory. Both theories reproduce the smooth rise of differential charge radii and their weak dependence on the atomic number. By considering a large set of isotopic chains, we show that this trend can be captured by just two parameters: the slope and curvature of δ r 2 c (n). We demonstrate that these parameters show appreciable model dependence, and the statistical analysis indicates that they are not correlated with any single model property, i.e., they are impacted by both bulk nuclear properties as well as shell structure.

Continuum states of the Dirac equation are calculated numerically for the electrostatic field generated by the charge distribution of an atomic nucleus. The behavior of the wave functions of an incoming electron with given asymptotic momentum in the nuclear region is discussed in detail and the results are compared to different approximations used in the data analysis for quasielastic electron scattering off medium and highly charged nuclei. It is found that most of the approximations provide an accurate description of the electron wave functions in the range of electron energies above 100 MeV typically used in experiments for quasielastic electron scattering off nuclei only near the center of the nucleus. It is therefore necessary that the properties of exact wave functions are investigated in detail in order to obtain reliable results in the data analysis of quasielastic (e, e p) knockout reactions or inclusive quasielastic (e, e) scattering. Detailed arguments are given that the effective momentum approximation with a fitted potential parameter is a viable method for a simplified treatment of Coulomb corrections for certain kinematical regions used in experiments. Numerical calculations performed within the framework of the single-particle shell model for nucleons lead to the conclusion that our results are incompatible with calculations performed about a decade ago, where exact electron wave functions were used in order to calculate Coulomb corrections in distorted-wave Born approximation. A discussion of the exact solutions of the Dirac equation for free electrons in a Coulomb field generated by a point-like charge and some details relevant for the numerical calculations are given in the appendix.

The Pauli exclusion principle would be violated if three atomic electrons would occupy the atomic K shell or if three protons or three neutrons would be in the nuclear ls,,s shell. Accelerator mass spectrometry at the Munich accelerator laboratory was used to look for such non-Paulian atoms of so% and % and for non-Pa&an nuclei of z with three protons in the nuclear Is,,, shell. A time-of-flight technique was used for the identification of non-Paulian % and %. In the case of Ar, post-accelerated hydrogen-like ions were looked for. The following limits were obtained: [2%]/[20Ne] < 2 x 10m2r, ['"z]n"Ar] c 4x lo-" and [%]/]Li] < 1.3 X lo-l4 for binding energies of z between 0 and 40 MeV.

It is shown that the static and dynamic alpha-cluster models of nuclei, which describe an elastic electron scattering, photodisintegration reactions and pion double charge exchange reactions on alpha-cluster nuclei are in favor of the alpha-capture and alpha process of the formation of these nuclei.

Nuclear pairing correlations are known to play an important role in various single-particle and collective aspects of nuclear structure. After the first idea by A. Bohr, B. Mottelson and D. Pines on similarity of nuclear pairing to electron superconductivity, S.T. Belyaev gave a thorough analysis of the manifestations of pairing in complex nuclei. The current revival of interest in nuclear pairing is connected to the shift of modern nuclear physics towards nuclei far from stability; many loosely bound nuclei are particle-stable only due to the pairing. The theoretical methods borrowed from macroscopic superconductivity turn out to be insufficient for finite systems as nuclei, in particular for the cases of weak pairing and proximity of continuum states. We suggest a simple numerical procedure of exact solution of the nuclear pairing problem and discuss the physical features of this complete solution. We show also how the continuum states can be naturally included in the consideration bridging the gap between the structure and reactions. The path from coherent pairing to chaos and thermalization and perspectives of new theoretical approaches based on the full solution of pairing are discussed.

In any first approach toward a nuclear structure problem, one presumes the nucleons to be elementary particles. The failure or success of this approach may then instruct us something about the significance of sub-nuclear degrees of freedom. The Deng-Fan potential, although extensively used in molecular dynamics to reproduce several observables for the atomic-atomic and atomic-molecular interactions, is parametrized for nuclear systems to fit low-energy observables. By exploiting the variable phase approach (VPA) to potential scattering, phase parameters, cross-sections and analyzing powers are estimated for the nucleon-nucleon and nucleon-nucleus systems. Our results show good concurrence with the earlier theoretical and experimental data within this simple model of interaction. K e y w o r d s: Deng-Fan potential, variable phase approach, scattering phase parameters, cross-section, analyzing power, n-p and n-d systems.

In recent years, several successful applications of the Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) have emerged in nuclear physics and high-energy physics, as well as in biology, chemistry, meteorology, and other fields of science. A major goal of nuclear theory is to predict nuclear structure and nuclear reactions from the underlying theory of the strong interactions, Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD). With access to powerful High Performance Computing (HPC) systems, several ab initio approaches, such as the No-Core Shell Model (NCSM), have been developed to calculate the properties of atomic nuclei. However, to accurately solve for the properties of atomic nuclei, one faces immense theoretical and computational challenges. The present study proposes a feed-forward ANN method for predicting the properties of atomic nuclei like ground state energy and ground state point proton root-mean-square (rms) radius based on NCSM results in computationally accessible basis spaces. The designed ANNs are suf...

The microscopic origin of the γ-softness (fluctuations in the triaxiality parameter γ of the nuclear shape) observed in atomic nuclei is studied in the framework of the triaxial projected shell model approach, which is based on a multi-quasiparticle configuration space generated from a deformed mean-field. It is demonstrated that the coupling to quasiparticle excitations drives the system from a γ-rigid to a γ-soft pattern. As an illustrative example for a γ-soft nucleus, a detailed study has been performed for the 104 Ru nucleus. The experimental energies and a large sample of measured E2 matrix elements available for this nucleus are reproduced quite accurately. The shape invariant analysis of the calculated E2 matrix elements elucidates the γ-soft nature of 104 Ru.

Two excited J"=O+ states in '@Pb populated in the a-decay of lgoPo have been identified through a-particle/conversion electron coincidences in an experiment at the velocity filter SHIP. The parent lgoPo nuclei have been produced in the '42Nd(52Cr,4n)'g0Po complete fusion reaction. a-particle energies and branching ratios have been measured and hindrance factors were deduced. The observed states have been interpreted as the band heads of the known prolate and (yet unobserved) oblate rotational bands in lssPb.

The knowledge of nuclear energy-levels in the atomic nucleus as a manybody system is necessary for understanding various reactions and nuclear structure. The calcium chain is an ideal test bench for the study of nuclear structure. Energy-levels are derived from the shell-model calculations for Ca isotopes. In this paper, the study on the fluctuation of energy-levels in Ca isotopes is carried out based on the quantum chaos theory. The shell structure of the isotopes is determined by statistical analysis of their energy levels. These analyses show that isotopes with strongly double shell closures that are called doubly magic isotopes show behavior close to the chaotic region.

The position-and momentum-space information entropies of the electron distributions of atomic clusters are calculated using a Woods-Saxon single particle potential. The same entropies are also calculated for nuclear distributions according to the Skyrme parametrization of the nuclear mean field. It turns out that a similar functional form S = a + b ln N for the entropy as function of the number of particles N holds approximately for atoms, nuclei and atomic clusters. It is conjectured that this is a universal property of a many-fermion system in a mean field. It is also seen that there is an analogy of our expression for S to Boltzmann's thermodynamic entropy S = k ln W .

It is argued that the scale of atomic masses rests far too heavily on two possibly dubious pieces of evidence. These are the nineteenth-century determination of the atomic weight of hydrogen, and early mass spectrographic work on the determination of atomic masses. The determination of the atomic weight of hydrogen is possibly prone to overestimation because of adventitious enrichment in deuterium during the experimental procedure. The mass spectrographic work is likely to be susceptible to both systemic and theoretical errors deriving from the assumptions employed; it is also possibly enmeshed in the confusion between the (then prevailing) chemical and physical scales of atomic weight. All these ambiguities may well have led to a dubious confirmation of the atomic mass of hydrogen. The idea of the 'mass defect', deriving from this work, formed a cornerstone of the subsequently developed theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus. A particular problem with the mass-defect idea is that, by mass-energy equivalence, heavier atoms would be less stable than lighter ones. (Thus, the mass defect may well be an artefact deriving from the inherent inaccuracies of early mass-spectrographic studies.) All this has apparently led to a dubious theory of nuclear structure. Thus, the balance between the electrostatic and strong forces should favour the latter with increasing atomic mass-contrary to current theory, which apparently neglects to take account of the predominance of nearest-neighbour interactions between nucleons. Consequently, the origins of nuclear energy, whether by fission or fusion, seem unclear. Taken as a whole, these arguments indicate a fundamental reappraisal of current theoretical ideas: It would appear that mass-energy equivalence may be involved more fundamentally and insidiously in the generation of nuclear energy; it is also possible that the radionuclides arise by the malformation of nuclei during their creation, a consequence of their mass and size.

We briefly review the growing efforts to set up a unified framework for the description of neutrino interactions with atomic nuclei and nuclear matter, applicable in the broad kinematical region corresponding to neutrino energies ranging between few MeV and few GeV. The emerging picture suggests that the formalism of nuclear many-body theory (NMBT) can be exploited to obtain the neutrino-nucleus cross-sections needed for both the interpretation of oscillation signals and simulations of neutrino transport in compact stars.

We present a novel nuclear energy density functional method to calculate spectroscopic properties of atomic nuclei. Intrinsic nuclear quadrupole deformations and rotational frequencies are considered simultaneously as the degrees of freedom within a symmetry conserving configuration mixing framework. The present method allows the study of nuclear states with collective and single-particle character. We calculate the fascinating structure of the semimagic ^{44}S nucleus as a first application of the method, obtaining an excellent quantitative agreement both with the available experimental data and with state-of-the-art shell model calculations.

The positive parity band structure of odd mass neutron-rich 97 – 103 Y and 99 – 105 Nb nuclei has been studied using microscopic technique known as the projected shell model (PSM) with the deformed single-particle states generated by the standard Nilsson potential. The nuclear structure properties like yrast spectra, energy splitting, moment of inertia, rotational frequencies and reduced transition probabilities B(M1) and B(E2) have been calculated and their comparison with the available experimental data has been made. A shape evolution has also been predicted in these isotopes as one moves from 97 Y to 99 Y and 99 Nb to 101 Nb . The PSM calculations also demonstrate the multi-quasiparticle structure in these nuclei.

Director, A&E Trounev IT Consulting, Toronto, Canada На основе теории Калуцы -Клейна изучены особые состояния , возникающие при взаимодействии протонов со скалярным безмассовым полем . Показано , что некоторые состояния имеют параметры атомных ядер . Вычислена зависимость энергии связи от числа нуклонов для всей совокупности известных нуклидов The special states, arising from the interaction of protons with a scalar massless field studied based on Kaluza-Klein theory. It is shown that some states have the parameters of atomic nuclei. We calculate the binding energy dependence on the number of nucleons for the entire set of known nuclides Ключевые слова : НЕЙТРОН , ПРОТОН , ЭЛЕКТРОН , ЯДРО Keywords: ELECTRON, PROTON, NEUTRON, NUCLEI

Atomic nuclei are made of nucleons, protons and neutrons, composed of quarks strongly interacting via gluons. "How such complex objects as particles and nuclei are built?", remains a fundamental question. A new 'frontier' of subatomic physics is the exploration of exotic nuclei, elements and isotopes not stable enough to have survived on Earth. Exotic nuclei populate vast unknown regions of the nuclear chart where many unexpected structures have recently been discovered. Exotic nuclei synthesized in laboratory allow large variation of the neutron and proton chemical composition of nuclear systems needed to uncover the true nature of the subatomic structures and to understand the origin of elements in the Universe.

The first theories of atomic nuclear cohesion entailed electric forces binding together protons with a few electrons in the nucleus. The 1932 discovery of neutrons destroyed that line of thinking. The evidence suggested a new fundamental force of nature characterized by operation on both protons and electrically-neutral neutrons, with a very short range, and overpowering strength. Presented herein are novel and non-obvious structures that show these characteristics could nevertheless be manifestations of the electrical force. Protons and neutrons are now known to each securely contain fractional charges of both signs. If two oppositely-charged fractional charges in neighboring nucleons can get within 5% of a nucleon radius, Coulomb’s law predicts they will form an electrical bond strong enough to explain nuclear cohesion. Ironically, such electrical bonds would be characterized by the very phenomena that were thought to rule out the electrical force: participation of neutrons, nucle...

There is a large body of evidence that atomic nuclei can undergo octupole distortion and assume the shape of a pear. This phenomenon is important for measurements of electric-dipole moments of atoms, which would indicate CP violation and hence probe physics beyond the Standard Model of particle physics. Isotopes of both radon and radium have been identified as candidates for such measurements. Here, we have observed the low-lying quantum states in 224Rn and 226Rn by accelerating beams of these radioactive nuclei. We show that radon isotopes undergo octupole vibrations but do not possess static pear-shapes in their ground states. We conclude that radon atoms provide less favourable conditions for the enhancement of a measurable atomic electric-dipole moment.

The Pauli exclusion principle would be violated if three atomic electrons would occupy the atomic K shell or if three protons or three neutrons would be in the nuclear ls,,s shell. Accelerator mass spectrometry at the Munich accelerator laboratory was used to look for such non-Paulian atoms of so% and % and for non-Pa&an nuclei of z with three protons in the nuclear Is,,, shell. A time-of-flight technique was used for the identification of non-Paulian % and %. In the case of Ar, post-accelerated hydrogen-like ions were looked for. The following limits were obtained: [2%]/[20Ne] < 2 x 10m2r, ['"z]n"Ar] c 4x lo-" and [%]/]Li] < 1.3 X

Quantum similarity is a useful tool to establish comparisons between elements of a quantum object set and, so far applied successfully to molecular physics, is applied here to atomic nuclei. Quantum Similarity Measures (QSM) and Indices (QSI) are introduced to study an arbitrary set of 20 nuclei. From this study, relationships between nuclear overlaplike self-similarities and size-like properties are found. A bidimensional projection of the set is performed, and Mendeleev conjecture is invoked to predict qualitatively some nuclear ground-state properties, such as total binding energy per nucleon, nuclear radius, nuclear volume, total and partial energies, etc.

Many microscopic theories have been devoted for calculating nuclear masses, binding energies, nucleon separation energies and other global properties. Nucleon separation energy plays an important role in predicting new shell closures in the proton and neutron drip line nuclei. The one and two nucleon separation energies are fundamental properties of the atomic nucleus. The systematic study of proton and neutron separation energies are essential to investigate nuclear structure toward drip lines [1]. In literature it is understood that the energy spend in removing two fermions from a system of identical fermions shows system stability [2]. If the pairing dominates in fermion-fermion interaction, then energy required to separate two fermions for even number of particles will be much higher than odd number. These characteristics can be observed from the study of two neutron separation energy S2n. It is known that in neutron-rich nuclei, odd magic numbers disappear and new ones appear. ...

Accurately calibrated effective field theories are used to compute atomic parity nonconserving (APNC) observables. Although accurately calibrated, these effective field theories predict a large spread in the neutron skin of heavy nuclei. Whereas the neutron skin is strongly correlated to numerous physical observables, in this contribution we focus on its impact on new physics through APNC observables. The addition of an isoscalarisovector coupling constant to the effective Lagrangian generates a wide range of values for the neutron skin of heavy nuclei without compromising the success of the model in reproducing well-constrained nuclear observables. Earlier studies have suggested that the use of isotopic ratios of APNC observables may eliminate their sensitivity to atomic structure. This leaves nuclear structure uncertainties as the main impediment for identifying physics beyond the standard model. We establish that uncertainties in the neutron skin of heavy nuclei are at present too large to measure isotopic ratios to better than the 0.1% accuracy required to test the standard model. However, we argue that such uncertainties will be significantly reduced by the upcoming measurement of the neutron radius in 208 Pb at the Jefferson Laboratory.

must be ascribed to a predisposing biologic element and that the magnitude of that element will determine the "purely psychogenic" or "purely organic" aspect of the disorder. Psychodynamic formulation cannot ipso facto be equated with primary causes when it may merely describe a phenomenology as analogously typical as, say, that of fever, cough, and bloody sputum for pneumonia. In summary, then, there is a text with a basis of controversial etiologic premise, with an attempt at corroboration through neurobiologic vagaries, and with claims which lack substantiation. This reviewer must leave the final evaluation of this book to the patient or impatient reader.

Continuum states of the Dirac equation are calculated numerically for the electrostatic field generated by the charge distribution of an atomic nucleus. The behavior of the wave functions of an incoming electron with given asymptotic momentum in the nuclear region is discussed in detail and the results are compared to different approximations used in the data analysis for quasielastic electron scattering off medium and highly charged nuclei. It is found that most of the approximations provide an accurate description of the electron wave functions in the range of electron energies above 100 MeV typically used in experiments for quasielastic electron scattering off nuclei only near the center of the nucleus. It is therefore necessary that the properties of exact wave functions are investigated in detail in order to obtain reliable results in the data analysis of quasielastic (e, e p) knockout reactions or inclusive quasielastic (e, e) scattering. Detailed arguments are given that the effective momentum approximation with a fitted potential parameter is a viable method for a simplified treatment of Coulomb corrections for certain kinematical regions used in experiments. Numerical calculations performed within the framework of the single-particle shell model for nucleons lead to the conclusion that our results are incompatible with calculations performed about a decade ago, where exact electron wave functions were used in order to calculate Coulomb corrections in distorted-wave Born approximation. A discussion of the exact solutions of the Dirac equation for free electrons in a Coulomb field generated by a point-like charge and some details relevant for the numerical calculations are given in the appendix.

The idea of treating the trinucleon systems as elementary entities in the elementary particle model (EPM) as an Effective Field Theory has been a success in explaining the weak charge-changing processes in nuclei. The EPM results are found to be as good as those obtained from nuclear microscopic models using two-and three-body forces. We extend this concept to investigate the validity of the elemental nature of A = 3 nuclei through studies of nuclear structure of neutron-rich nuclei. By treating neutronrich nuclei as primarily made up of tritons as its building blocks, we extract one-and two-triton separation energies of these nuclei. Calculations have been performed here within relativistic mean field (RMF) models with latest interactions. Clear evidence arises of a new shell structure with well-defined predictions of new magic nuclei. These unique predictions have been consolidated by standard one-and two-neutron separation energy calculations. The binding energy per nucleon plots of these nuclei also confirm these predictions. We make unambiguous prediction of six magic nuclei: 24 8 O 16 , 60 20 Ca 40 , 105 35 Br 70 , 123 41 Nb 82 , 189 63 Eu 126 and 276 92 U 184 .