corn steep liquor

β-Galactosidase is an enzyme of commercial importance owing to its multiple benefi ts. Among all microbial sources, fungal species are of great interest for the production of this enzyme. Thus, the aim of this present work was to optimize the media as well as process parameters to achieve maximum β-Galactosidase production by solid state fermentation using the fungal isolate Rhizomucor pusillus. Various agro-industrial residues were tested for carbon as well as for nitrogen sources. The different process parameters were also studied to observe their effects on β-galactosidase production. Among all screened agro-industrial residues, wheat bran and corn steep liquor had the potential to be used as carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively; whereas MgSO 4 was found to be a suitable salt supplement. The optimal process parameters included particle size of 1000 microns, 50% moisture content, pH 5.5, 50 ºC temperature, and 7 days of fermentation.

Lignocellulosic biomass as fossil fuel alternative comes with its challenges such as its inherent stability and recalcitrance. The use of commercial cellulase in the removal of lignin comes with high cost. This research seeks to answer questions on how alkaline and steam pre-treatment improve cellulose/glucose liberation from lignocellulosic biomass (corn cobs) using a consortium of pichia kudriavzevii and cyberlindnera fabianii. In the current study, the effectiveness of steam and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) pre-treatment for reducing corn cob structure was examined, and the pre-treated biomass afterwards was exposed to the hydrolyzing activity of a consortium enzyme cocktail that was custom-formulated. The results of an analysis of composition showed that while alkaline pre-treated corn cob (APC) had 1.2% lignin, 75.8% cellulose, and 10.9% hemicellulose, steam pre-treated corn cob (SPC) had 2.5% lignin, 67.2% cellulose, and 25% hemicellulose. Lignin was eliminated from the biomass of corn cobs using both steam and NaOH pre-treatment. The hydrolyzing effect of the holocellulolytic enzyme cocktail, prepared with two multifunctional enzymes, was applied to the alkaline and steam pre-treated samples. This hydrolyzed SPCs more effectively than APC feedstocks, revealing that steam was a more effective pre-treatment attaining a remarkable 8.33 U/mg endoglucanase, 5.56 U/mg exoglycanase and 8.97U/mg beta-glucosidase levels (event 1) and glucose peak concentration of 0.433 mol/mL at 48 hours (event 2); according to a thorough examination of cellulase capacity and glucose levels. Overall, the consortium enzyme cocktail effectively hydrolyzed agricultural feedstocks that had undergone alkaline pre-treatment, making it a desirable option for usage in the bioconversion procedure in the biorefinery sector. This study demonstrates an effective technique for turning agricultural waste (corn cob) into high-value products through effective and practical chemical pre-processing.

The present work aimed to investigate the efficiency of kinetic modeling and Response Surface Methodology (RSM), by employing a Central Composite Rotatable Design (CCRD) and to evaluate the effects of carbon and nitrogen sources, inoculation volume, and bioprocess time on an exopolysaccharide (EPS) producer, Klebsiella oxytoca ICCF 419, in batch fermentation with shaken flasks. Among the kinetic models tested, logistic equations were found to fit accordingly, with a correlation coefficient (R2 ) of 0.999. The interaction between glucose and corn steep liquor was found to have a significant impact on the EPS production, and glucose (2% w/v), and a 5% v/v inoculum of 24 hours age, are sufficiently to positively affect the bioprocess, if it is desired only a maximum cell growth, but not associated with the polymer synthesis. The optimal formula predicted by the RSM design was experimentally validated by the following results: 12.16 g EPS/L and 1.65 dry biomass/L, after 48 hours ferment...

Mục tiêu: Phân tích hiệu quả hệ thống hỗ trợ quyết định lâm sàng (CDSS) trong hiệu chỉnh liều thuốc trên bệnh nhân suy thận điều trị nội trú tại Trung tâm Y tế huyện Yên Phong . Đối tượng và phương pháp: Thiết kế nghiên cứu can thiệp có so sánh trước sau, giai đoạn 1: Hồi cứu trên bệnh án của bệnh nhân điều trị nội trú tại Trung tâm Y tế Yên Phong từ tháng 10/2020 đến tháng 12/2020, giai đoạn 2: tiến cứu sau khi triển khai tích hợp CDSS và can thiệp của dược sĩ từ tháng 01/2022 đến tháng 03/2022. Kết quả: Trong 401 bệnh án hồi cứu được chọn vào nghiên cứu có 186 bệnh án cần hiệu chỉnh liều thuốc. Số lượt thuốc cần hiệu chỉnh liều là 280/2531 tổng số lượt thuốc (chiếm 11,1%). Trong đó có 107 lượt thuốc hiệu chỉnh liều không phù hợp, chiếm 38,2%, tỷ lệ bệnh nhân được hiệu chỉnh liều không phù hợp là 41,4%. 5 thuốc được kê với liều không phù hợp theo chức năng thận cao nhất là: colchicin, spironolacton, pregabalin, piroxicam, aspirin. Sau khi tích hợp lên phần mềm kê đơn, có 310 cảnh báo xuất hiện trên 50 bệnh nhân, tỷ lệ hủy bỏ cảnh báo là 4,5%, CDSS kết hợp với can thiệp của dược sĩ làm giảm tỉ lệ lượt thuốc và tỉ lệ bệnh nhân hiệu chỉnh liều không phù hợp lần lượt xuống 19,7% và 28,0%. 5 thuốc hiện cảnh báo nhiều nhất là: Spironolacton, levofloxacin, bambuterol, cefamandol, rivaroxaban. Kết luận: CDSS phối hợp với hoạt động dược lâm sàng giúp làm giảm tỷ lệ lượt thuốc và bệnh nhân suy thận được hiệu chỉnh liều không phù hợp tại Trung tâm Y tế huyện Yên Phong. Từ khóa: Hiệu chỉnh liều, suy thận, can thiệp dược lâm sàng.

The bioprospecting of secondary metabolites with antimicrobial action produced by filamentous fungi isolated from various ecosystems using agro-industrial residues is of considerable importance, since it reconciles the discovery of new antimicrobial agents with the reduction of environmental impacts adding economic value to wastes. The present paper investigated the potential of filamentous fungi for antimicrobial metabolites production using alternative media based on corn steep liquor, cassava wastewater and glycerol as substrates in different combinations. From 15 filamentous fungi assayed in preliminary screening, Paecilomyces variotii UCP 0334, Aspergillus flavus UCP 0316, Aspergillus foetidus UCP 0360, Aspergillus niger UCP 1064 e Aspergillus sp. 74M4 showed higher activity against all tested bacteria. After submerged fermentation in media containing corn steep liquor, cassava wastewater and glycerol, P. variotii UCP 0334 exhibitted greater activity and spectrum of action with...

Biological surfactants are amphipathic molecules produced by microorganisms and are considered multifunctional compounds of the 21st century. The current work aimed to use low-cost renewable substrates for economic production of biosurfactant by Issatchenkia orientalis UCP 1603. Fermentations were carried out at 28°C and 150 rpm for 72 h, using agro-industrial by-products (cassava wastewater, corn steep liquor and post-frying soybean oil) as substrates, according to a 23 full-factorial design (FFD) to identify their influence on biosurfactant production. The results showed the ability of the yeast to produce biosurfactant in all conditions of FFD, standing out the condition 4 due to the greatest reduction of surface tension (from 72 to 29.7 mN/m). The statistical analyses evidenced the significative influence of cassava wastewater and corn steep liquor on biosurfactant production. The tensoactive properties of the biomolecule were confirmed by parafilm test and emulsification index....

In this study dairy sludge was evaluated as an alternative cultivation medium for Rhizobium. Growth of bacterial strains at different concentrations of Dairy sludge was monitored. Maximum growth of all strains was observed at 60% Dairy sludge concentration. At 60% optical density (OD) values are 0.804 for Rhizobium trifolii (MTCC905), 0.825 for Rhizobium trifolii (MTCC906), and 0.793 for Rhizobium meliloti (MTCC100). Growth pattern of strains was observed at 60% Dairy sludge along with different synthetic media (tryptone yeast, Rhizobium minimal medium and yeast extract mannitol). Growth in 60% Dairy sludge was found to be superior to standard media used for Rhizobium. Media were optimized using 60% dairy sludge along with different concentrations of yeast extract (1-7 g/L) and mannitol (7-13 g/L) in terms of optical density at different time intervals, that is, 24, 48 and 72 hours. Maximum growth was observed in 6 g/L of yeast extract and 12 g/L of mannitol at 48-hour incubation pe...

O ácido lático é um dos ácidos orgânicos mais utilizados atualmente, com aplicações em vários setores, tais como farmacêutico, químico, alimentício, entre outros. Pode ser obtido de duas maneiras: por síntese química, responsável por uma pequena fração (~10%) de toda a produção por causa de seu alto custo; e por via fermentativa, que corresponde a 90% de toda a produção de ácido lático. Para produzir esse ácido por via fermentativa, pode-se empregar o método de fermentação de estado sólido (FES), amplamente usado por poluir menos o meio ambiente comparado à fermentação líquida e por necessitar de uma quantidade menor de água, o que, em larga escala, pode ser mais econômico e sustentável. Pelo método de FES, é possível utilizar restos de compostos orgânicos como substratos, que inicialmente seriam descartados por não terem uso ou serem pouco reaproveitados. Com base nessa ideia, o propósito deste trabalho foi o de produzir ácido lático pelo método de FES, utilizando como microrganismo a bactéria Lactobacillus casei e como substrato as cascas de abacaxi (Ananas comosus (L.) Merril), um substrato que, apesar de rico em nutrientes e enzimas, ainda não possui uso comercial. A quantidade de ácido lático produzida foi de 0,0556 g L -1 , que é pequena diante dos valores obtidos em outros trabalhos, indicando a necessidade de ajuste dos parâmetros empregados neste processo.

Microbial exopolysaccharides (EPS) are promising alternatives to synthetic polymers in a variety of applications. Their high production costs, however, limit their use despite their outstanding properties. The use of low-cost substrates such as agro-industrial wastes in their production, can help to boost their market competitiveness. In this work, an alternative low-cost culture medium (CSLM) was developed for EPS production by Rhizobium viscosum CECT908, containing sugarcane molasses (60 g/L) and corn steep liquor (10 mL/L) as sole ingredients. This medium allowed the production of 6.1 ± 0.2 g EPS/L, twice the amount produced in the standard medium (Syn), whose main ingredients were glucose and yeast extract. This is the first report of EPS production by R. viscosum using agro-industrial residues as sole substrates. EPSCSLM and EPSSyn exhibited a similar carbohydrate composition, mainly 4-linked galactose, glucose and mannuronic acid. Although both EPS showed a good fit to the Her...

Objetivos Determinar las potencialidades de aislados de Bacillus spp. obtenidos a partir del producto IHPLUS®, como promotores del crecimiento vegetal y con fines industriales. Materiales y Métodos Para el aislamiento se inocularon 10 mL del producto en medio caldo nutriente y a continuación se realizó un golpe térmico a 80 ºC durante 12 minutos, para eliminar las formas vegetativas. Se realizaron diluciones seriadas y posteriormente se efectuaron siembras en medio agar nutriente. Los aislados se purificaron y se verificó que correspondieran a formas bacilares Gram positivas productoras de endosporas. Se evaluó la producción de ácido indolacético y la capacidad de los aislados de solubilizar fosfato tricálcico, así como las actividades quitinolítica y/o 1,3-β-glucanolítica, lipídica, proteolítica, amilolítica, celulolítica y mananolítica de los mismos. Resultados Se obtuvieron un total de cuatro aislados de Bacillus spp. Los aislados IH7 e IH5 mostraron propiedades bioestimuladoras ...

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) strains along with insecticidal crystal proteins (ICP) also produce proteases, and chitinases during growth and sporulation. These both potentate the activity of ICPs. This work aimed to obtain bioinsecticide over-production and thermotolerant mutant through classical mutagenesis of vegetative cells of Bt by using UV-mutation multiple times. The isolated survivors were screened on the basis of their production of ß-glucosidase, delta-endotoxins and biomass in glucosebased medium. Maximum spore and crystal proteins were produced at 40°C with corn steep liquor as nitrogen source and hydrol as a carbon source. The best mutant MUV7 supported significantly (P = 0.0001) higher values of all kinetic parameters than those supported by the wild culture. Lower demand of activation energy (47.4 kJ mol -1 ) for crystal protein formation revealed that the best mutant was comparable with those of thermophilic group of organisms.

In this study dairy sludge was evaluated as an alternative cultivation medium for Rhizobium. Growth of bacterial strains at different concentrations of Dairy sludge was monitored. Maximum growth of all strains was observed at 60% Dairy sludge concentration. At 60% optical density (OD) values are 0.804 for Rhizobium trifolii (MTCC905), 0.825 for Rhizobium trifolii (MTCC906), and 0.793 for Rhizobium meliloti (MTCC100). Growth pattern of strains was observed at 60% Dairy sludge along with different synthetic media (tryptone yeast, Rhizobium minimal medium and yeast extract mannitol). Growth in 60% Dairy sludge was found to be superior to standard media used for Rhizobium. Media were optimized using 60% dairy sludge along with different concentrations of yeast extract (1-7 g/L) and mannitol (7-13 g/L) in terms of optical density at different time intervals, that is, 24, 48 and 72 hours. Maximum growth was observed in 6 g/L of yeast extract and 12 g/L of mannitol at 48-hour incubation pe...

The combination of medium ingredients has a profound influence on the metabolic pathways running in the microorganism which regulates the production of numerous metabolites. Glucose isomerase (GI), an enzyme with huge potential in the market, can isomerise glucose into fructose. GI is used widely for the production of High-Fructose Corn Syrup (HFCS). HFCS is used as a sweetener in food and pharmaceutical industries. Streptomyces are well-known producers of numerous enzymes including glucose isomerase. An array of 75 isolates was screened for the production of glucose isomerase. The isolate Streptomyces sp. SB-P1 was found to produce maximum amount of extracellular GI. Sucrose and raffinose among pure carbon sources and corn cob and wheat husk among crude agro residues were found to yield high enzyme titers. Potassium nitrate among pure nitrogen sources and soy residues among crude sources gave maximum production. Quantitative effect of carbon, nitrogen, and inducer on GI was also determined. Plackett-Burman design was used to study the effect of different medium ingredients. Sucrose and xylose as carbon sources and peptone and soy residues as nitrogen sources proved to be beneficial for GI production.

This study was planned to see the additive effects of various industrial residues including molasses, rice polish, and corn steep liquor for the bioprocessing of wheat straw (WS) through solid-state fermentation (SSF) using Arachniotus sp. as a fermenting agent. The performance of fungal-based WS (seed culture) was evaluated in terms of the favorable changes in crude protein (CP) contents. WS (5 g) was mixed with our selected carbon and nitrogen sources in a basal medium containing optimized salt concentrations to attain the desired level of water and nutrients. An increased (P < 0.0001) CP value was observed at a 25:1 C:N ratio and maximum fungal protein contents (13.40%) were found by mixing 0.4 mL of molasses, 0.8 g of rice polish, and 3.0 mL of corn steep liquor in treated WS at a setting time of 48 h in SSF. It was seen that the growth rate of Arachniotus sp. was greatly improved by the addition of our selected amounts of carbohydrate and nitrogen sources. Hence, our current results support the use of these economical byproducts for cheap biomass production.

This study analyzed Baker"s yeast efficiency based upon its ability of growth on various agro-industrial wastes that act as the carbon source with an addition of nitrogen supplement at various growth parameters. Various locally available carbon sources including molasses, fruit bagasse juice, sugarcane bagasse juice and whey were used with inorganic as well as organic supplementation of corn steep liquor at a concentration of 50g/L. Increased productivity in case of the lab isolate was observed upon the use of organic supplementation @16.16%. Hence, unclarified molasses with CSL supplementation was considered as the best-suited growth medium. A comparative study was carried out in terms of variations in the pH, reducing sugars and biomass yield in both the test strains. With reference to the growth efficiency, bread production was carried out at the pre-set growth parameters. Comparative results were observed in both the test strains. Difference was observed in the case of the shelf stability of the final product at prolonged incubation period wherein the lab isolate showed better physical results. Baker"s yeast, Biomass yield, Agro-industrial wastes, Bread production.

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A lipolytic mesophilic fungus which produces lipase extracellularly was isolated from soil. Based on ITS1-5.8S-ITS4 region sequences of ribosomal RNA, it was concluded that the isolate JK-1 belongs to genus Rhizopus and clades with Rhizopus oryzae. The present paper reports the screening, isolation, identification, and optimization of fermentation conditions for the production of lipase (EC 3.1.1.3). Culture conditions were optimized, and the highest lipase production was observed in basal medium with corn steep liquor as nitrogen source and glucose as carbon source. Maximum lipase production was observed at 72 h, which is about 870 U/ml. Optimization of fermentation conditions resulted in 16-fold enhancement in enzyme production.

Background Actinomycetes are excellent microbial sources for various chemical structures like enzymes, most of which are used in pharmaceutical and industrial products. Actinomycetes are preferred sources of enzymes due to their high ability to produce extracellular enzymes. l-glutaminase has proven its essential role as a pharmaceutical agent in cancer therapy and an economic agent in the food industry. The current study aimed to screen the potent l-glutaminase producer and optimize the production media for maximum enzyme yield using one factor at a time (OFAT) approach and statistical approaches under solid-state fermentation (SSF). Results Out of 20 actinomycetes strains isolated from rhizosphere soil, 5 isolates produced extracellular l-glutaminase. One isolate was chosen as the most potent strain, and identified as Streptomyces pseudogriseolus ZHG20 based on 16S rRNA. The production and optimization process were carried out under SSF, after optimization using OFAT method, the e...

The production of extracellular β-xylosidase by a newly isolated mutant derivative of Humicola lanuginosa M7D on lignocellulosic substrates and xylan was maximized in solid state fermentation by adopting a search technique varying one parameter at a time. The H. lanuginosa mutant achieved maximum production of β-xylosidase (728 IU g -1 substrate, Y P/S ) when grown on Vogel's medium containing xylan, followed by medium containing corncobs (669 IU g -1 ) supplemented with corn steep liquor (initial pH 6.5, moisture level 75%) at 45°C. Purified mutant-and parent-derived enzyme exhibited K m values of 1.8 and 2.0 mM, respectively. Both enzymes were optimally active at pH 8.5 and a temperature of 60°C. Both enzymes displayed high thermostability, with a half-life of 2.9 and 0.9 min, enthalpy of denaturation (ΔH*) of 102.1 and 110.10 kJ mol -1 , entropy of denaturation (ΔS*) of -38.5 and -4.5 J/mol K, and free energy of denaturation (ΔG*) of 115.7 and 111.7 kJ/mol at 80°C for the mutant-and parent organism-derived enzymes, respectively. The kinetic and thermodynamic properties suggest that the β-xylosidases from both strains are superior to several previously reported enzymes from other thermophilic species, and may have potential applications in various industrial fields.

Inulinase is an enzyme relevant to fructose production by enzymatic hydrolysis of inulin. This enzyme is also applied in the production of fructooligosaccharides that may be used as a new food functional ingredient. Commercial inulinase is currently obtained using inulin as substrate, which is a relatively expensive raw material. In Brazil, the production of this enzyme using residues of sugarcane and corn industry (sugarcane bagasse, molasses, and corn steep liquor) is economically attractive, owing to the high amount and low cost of such residues. In this context, the aim of this work was the assessment of inulinase production by solid state fermentation using by Kluyveromyces marxianus NRRL Y-7571. The solid medium consisted of sugar cane bagasse supplemented with molasses and corn steep liquor. The production of inulinase was carried out using experimental design technique. The effect of temperature, moisture, and supplements content were investigated. The enzymatic activity reached a maximum of 445 units of inulinase per gram of dry substrate.

In the present study cysteine producing bacteria from soil, water, milk, honey and sewage were isolated with an aim of their commercial exploitation. A total of 510 bacteria were isolated, of which 51.3% produced some amino acids viz. cysteine, methionine, lysine, glutamic acid and valine. 1.76% of the total isolates produced significant amount of cysteine. The amino acid producing capability of the bacteria was improved using different types of fermentation media based on glucose, urea, molasses, corn steep liquor, vitamins and minerals. The composition of this medium included glucose 40g, KH 2 PO 4 , 0.5g, MgSO 4 .7H 2 O 0.3g and yeast extract 1.0g. Bacterial strain MM5 produced 8.76g of cysteine per litre in fermentation medium FM8. The cost of this medium was Rs. 90.5/litre. The cost of L-cysteine 10g is Rs. 2041 which is quite costly as compared to the cost of this medium. Other strains produced cysteine in mostly range of 2g/litre. This medium was cost effective and has potential for commercial exploitation.

Production of lovastatin and microbial biomass by Aspergillus terreus ATCC 20542 were influenced by the type of the carbon source (lactose, glycerol, and fructose) and the nitrogen source (yeast extract, corn steep liquor, and soybean meal) used and the C:N mass ratio in the medium. Use of a slowly metabolized carbon source (lactose) in combination with either soybean meal or yeast extract under N-limited conditions gave the highest titers and specific productivity (∼0.1 mg g -1 h -1 ) of lovastatin. The maximum value of the lovastatin yield coefficient on biomass was ∼30 mg g -1 using the lactose/soybean meal and lactose/yeast extract media. The optimal initial C:N mass ratio for attaining high productivity of lovastatin was ∼40. The behavior of the fermentation was not affected by the method of inoculation (fungal spores or hyphae) used, but the use of spores gave a more consistent inoculum in the different runs.

In the present study, cephalosporin was produced through submerged fermentation in 250 ml Erlenmeyer flask. About one hundred fungal strains were isolated and screened for maximum productivity of the antibiotic cephalosporin. Among these, the strain IIB-10 identified as Acremonium chrysogenum was found to have maximum production of cephalosporin when cultivated on M-4 medium containing (%, w/v): Corn meal, 2; Baker's flour, 1.5; Ammonium sulphate, 0.1; Calcium carbonate, 0.3 and Methyl oleate, 1.6. The nutritional study for maximum cephalosporin productivity was undertaken. Sucrose as a sole carbon source at 2.5% level, peptone at a concentration of 1.5% as an organic nitrogen source and Ammonium sulphate at a concentration of 0.4% as an inorganic nitrogen source supported maximum production of cephalosporin i.e., 721.89 mg/l.

Fusarium oxysporum F3 exhibited hemicellulolytic enzymic activity when grown on sugar beet pulp, a by-product of the sugar industry. The growth medium was specifically optimised for enhanced production of extracellular arabinanase. The optimum medium contained sugar beet pulp (4%, w/v) and corn steep liquor (6%, v/v) as carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively. Arabinanase activity as high as 0.25 U/ml of culture was obtained, which compared favourably to those reported for other microorganisms. Optimal arabinanase activity was observed at pH 6 -7 and 50°C. Investigation of the degradation of the main components of sugar beet pulp showed that arabinose containing polysaccharides and pectin were first degraded, followed by the glucose-containing polysaccharides.

Hemicellulose degrading enzymes play an important role in bioconversion of lignocellulosic and agro-industrial wastes. In this study, production of hemicellulase by six fungal isolates was determined under submerged culture using corn cobs xylan as a carbon source and enzyme inducer at different incubation periods. The results indicated that Alternaria tenuis showed the lowest enzyme productivity (156.95 ± 2.07U/l) while the highest enzyme production (2,594.44 ± 62.25 U/l) was obtained by Fusarium moniliforme. One-factor-at-a-time revealed maximum enzyme productivity of 10,950.11 ± 98.45 U/l at corn cobs xylan (6 g/l), yeast extract (4 g/l), inorganic salts (1.5 g/l KH 2 PO 4 , 1.0 g/l MgSO 4 .7H 2 O, 0.2 g/l CaCl 2 , 0.4 g/l FeSO 4 .7H 2 O, and 0.3 g/l MnSO 4 .5H 2 O), initial pH (5), initial inoculum size (4%), 150 rpm, and temperature (30°C) in a submerged fermentation process.

The research about Waste of Corn as Substrate In Produce Poly-β-Hydroxy Butyrate (PHB) by Bacterial Isolates Origin Sugar Factory Arasoe Bone. The research purpose to determine the ability of bacterial isolates from sugar mills Arasoe Bone is BA9 and MA4 and nitrogen concentration optimal for producing the PHB. With usewaste of corn as a source of carbon with a concentration 1%, 2%, 3% and as control positive glucose 1%, as well as use of ammonium sulfate as nitrogen source at a concentration of 0.05%, 0.1% and 0.15%. Total Analysis of PHB done with use UV-VIS spectrophotometer and a wavelength of 235 nm and using analysis a regression equation. The result of this study that use of corn as a source of carbon waste can produce PHB either by BA9 and MA4 isolates though still lower than glucose as the carbon source. The concentration of nitrogen source (ammonium sulfate), which accumulate PHB optimal concentration of ammonium sulfate that is at 0.1%.

Utiliiing a four-liter fermentor and applying a complete factorial design 23, the combined effects of agitation speed, aeration rate, and corn steep liquor concentration on zeaxanthin production by Flavobacterium sp. were studied. Maximum growth and production of total carotenoids and zeaxanthin were obtained at 600 r-pm, 2 wm and 4.6% corn steep liquor. Under these conditions, zeaxanthin represented 86% of the total carotenoids produced. Lower values of the variables studied resulted in lower growth, volumetric production of zeaxanthin and total carotenoids, and favored the formation of other carotenoids such as p-carotene and canthaxanthin. The positive effects on growth and total carotenoids and zeaxanthin formation were in a large extent due to the interaction of agitation/corn steep liquor. However, aeration also had a positive effect on growth.

L-Ribulose is a rare and expensive sugar that can be used as a precursor for the production of other rare sugars of high market value such as L-ribose. In this work we describe a production process for L-ribulose using L-arabinose, a common component of polymers of lignocellulosic materials, as the starting material. A ribulokinase-deficient mutant of the heterofermentative lactic acid bacterium Lactobacillus plantarum NCIMB8826 was constructed. Expression of araA, which encodes the critical enzyme L-arabinose isomerase, was repressed by high glucose concentrations in batch cultivations. A fed-batch cultivation strategy was therefore used to maximize L-arabinose isomerase production during growth. Resting cells of the ribulokinasedeficient mutant were used for the production of L-ribulose. The isomerization of L-arabinose to L-ribulose was very unfavorable for L-ribulose formation. However, high L-ribulose yields were obtained by complexing the produced L-ribulose with borate. The process for L-ribulose production in borate buffer by resting cells was optimized using central composite designs. The experiment design suggested that the process has an optimal operation point around an L-arabinose concentration of 100 g liter ؊1 , a borate concentration of 500 mM, and a temperature of 48°C, where the statistical software predicted an initial L-ribulose production rate of 29.1 g liter ؊1 h ؊1 , a best-achievable process productivity of 14.8 g liter ؊1 h ؊1 , and a conversion of L-arabinose to L-ribulose of 0.70 mol mol ؊1 .

Cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase (CGTase) catalyzes the conversion of starch into nonreducing cyclic sugars, cyclodextrins, which have several industrial applications. This study aimed to establish optimal culture conditions for ␤-CGTase production by Bacillus sp. SM-02, isolated from soil of cassava industries waste water lake. The optimization was performed by Central Composite Design (CCD) 2, using cassava flour and corn steep liquor as substrates. The maximum production of 1087.9 U mL −1 was obtained with 25.0 g L −1 of cassava flour and 3.5 g L −1 of corn steep after 72 h by submerged fermentation. The enzyme showed optimum activity at pH 5.0 and temperature 55 • C, and maintained thermal stability at 55 • C for 3 h. The enzymatic activity was stimulated in the presence of Mg +2 , Ca +2 , EDTA, K + , Ba +2 and Na + and inhibited in the presence of Hg +2 , Cu +2 , Fe +2 and Zn +2. The results showed that Bacillus sp. SM-02 have good potential for ␤-CGTase production.

Hirsutella sp. was grown in four liquid media containing either casamino acids, corn steep liquor, collagen peptone or casein peptone. These media were inoculated with a 7 day-old culture of mycelia and blastospores of Hirsutella sp. and the cultures incubated with shaking at 250 rpm at 26°C. The media containing corn steep liquor, casamino acids or collagen peptone produced abundant mycelium, varying from 64 to 76.3 mg/ml at different fermentation days, whereas the medium containing casein peptone produced less biomass. Additionally, the casamino acids and collagen peptone media showed similar biomass values, as well as blastospore counts after 14 fermentation days, without significant differences between the two media. The highest number of blastospores produced was 3.8 × 10 7 blastospores/ml using medium with casamino acids. This medium, as well as that with collagen peptone gave suitable results for the preparation of an inoculum for the production of conidia in solid medium.

Three Lactococcus strains (Lactococcus ssp. lactis var. diacetylactis, Lactococcus ssp. lactis cremoris and Lactococcus ssp. lactis var. lactis) isolated from the Tunisian lben were grown at constant pH on CSL medium in stirred fermentors for lactic starters production. The agitation required to homogenate alkali used to pH control should be low because it affects the Lactococcus growth. Scale up from 20-liter fermentor to 400-liter fermentor was carried out at constant impeller tip speed below 150 cm s A1. The CSL supplementation and fed-batch with glucose increased the yield in the upper 10 10 cfu/ml. The consumed glucose during fermentation was converted into lactic acid and cell. Before fed-batch, the maximum spe-ci®c growth rate of Lactococcus ssp. lactis var. diacetylactis was around 1 h A1 and the number of cells increased 20 to 40 times according to inoculum size. After fed-batch, the glucose consumption rate remains constant but speci®c growth rate decreased and number of cell trebled only.

The maximum volumetric productivity of β-galactosidase by a Kluyveromyces marxianus mutant, grown on lactose/corn steep liquor medium for 3 d, was 150 IU l −1 h −1 which is twice that of the parent organism. During product formation, mutated cells provided more resistance against thermal inactivation.

The effect of carbon source and its concentration, inoculum size, yeast extract concentration, nitrogen source, pH of the fermentation medium, and fermentation temperature on β-glucosidase production by Kluyveromyces marxianus in shake-flask culture was investigated. These were the independent variables that directly regulated the specific growth and β-glucosidase production rate. The highest product yield, specific product yield, and productivity of β-glucosidase occurred in the medium (pH 5.5) inoculated with 10% (v/v) inoculum of the culture. Cellobiose (20 g/L) significantly improved β-glucosidase production measured as product yield (Y P/S) and volumetric productivity (Q P) followed by sucrose, lactose, and xylose. The highest levels of productivity (144 IU/[L•h]) of β-glucosidase occurred on cellobiose in the presence of CSL at 35°C and are significantly higher than the values reported by other researchers on almost all other organisms. The thermodynamics and kinetics of β-glucosidase production and its deactivation are also reported. The enzyme was substantially stable at 60°C and may find application in some industrial processes.

The production of extracellular β-xylosidase by a newly isolated mutant derivative of Humicola lanuginosa M7D on lignocellulosic substrates and xylan was maximized in solid state fermentation by adopting a search technique varying one parameter at a time. The H. lanuginosa mutant achieved maximum production of β-xylosidase (728 IU g −1 substrate, Y P/S) when grown on Vogel's medium containing xylan, followed by medium containing corncobs (669 IU g −1) supplemented with corn steep liquor (initial pH 6.5, moisture level 75%) at 45°C. Purified mutant-and parent-derived enzyme exhibited K m values of 1.8 and 2.0 mM, respectively. Both enzymes were optimally active at pH 8.5 and a temperature of 60°C. Both enzymes displayed high thermostability, with a half-life of 2.9 and 0.9 min, enthalpy of denaturation (ΔH*) of 102.1 and 110.10 kJ mol −1 , entropy of denaturation (ΔS*) of −38.5 and −4.5 J/mol K, and free energy of denaturation (ΔG*) of 115.7 and 111.7 kJ/mol at 80°C for the mutant-and parent organism-derived enzymes, respectively. The kinetic and thermodynamic properties suggest that the β-xylosidases from both strains are superior to several previously reported enzymes from other thermophilic species, and may have potential applications in various industrial fields.

The cosmopolitan entomopathogenic and root endophytic fungus Metarhizium robertsii has a versatile lifestyle and during liquid fermentation undergoes a dimorphic transformation from hyphae to conidia or microsclerotia, or from hyphae to blastospores. In all cases, these processes are mediated by environmental and nutritional cues. Blastospores could be used in spray applications to control arthropod pests above ground and may serve as an attractive alternative to the traditional solid-grown aerial conidial spores of Metarhizium spp. found in commercial products. Nitrogen is a vital nutrient in cell metabolism and growth; however, it is the expensive component in liquid cultures of entomopathogenic fungi. Our goals in this study were to optimize nitrogen sources and titers for maximum production of M. robertsii blastospores cultured in shake flasks at highly aerated conditions and to further determine their virulence against the corn leafhopper Dalbulus maidis, an important vector of serious pathogens in maize crops worldwide. Our fermentation studies revealed that the low-cost corn steep liquor (CSL) was the most suitable nitrogen source to improve blastospore growth in M. robertsii. The growth kinetic assays determined the optimal titer of 80 g L −1 and a yield up to 4.7 × 10 8 cells mL −1 within 5 days of cultivation (3 days preculture and 2 days culture), at a total cost of US$0.30 L −1. Moreover, the blastospore growth kinetic was strongly dependent on glucose and nitrogen consumptions accompanied by a slight drop in the culture pH. Insect bioassays evidenced a high virulence of these blastospores, either as dried or fresh cells, to D. maidis adults fed on maize plants. Our findings provide insights into the nutritional requirements for optimal and cost-efficient production of M. robertsii blastospores and elucidate the potential of blastospores as an ecofriendly tool against the corn leafhopper.

Laccase, lignin peroxidase, and manganese peroxidase have a synergistic effect on a wide range of recalcitrant compounds. Among them, laccase is polyphenol oxidase widely available in fungi, plant species, and insects. Laccase has an important role in effluent decoloration, detoxification of pulp bleaching, and bioremediation process. Screening was carried out to find new fungal isolate for the presence of laccase activity with guaiacol as indicator compound. Sixteen fungal isolates were obtained from biodeteriorated agro waste and the wood samples were collected from North Gujarat region of India. Among these isolates, one of the fungal isolates was observed with good laccase activity and identified as Alternaria alternata. Laccase activity was determined using 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzethiazoline-6-sulfonate) as substrate. Various production parameters such as pH, temperature, various carbon sources, nitrogen source, inducers, and cations were used to select the optimum condition for further increase in the production of this enzyme. Maximum laccase activity was obtained with glucose and sucrose as carbon source, 0.2% ammonium sulfate as nitrogen source, and 0.06% Cu +2 with 1.5 mM veratryl alcohol as inducer under optimized condition.