power system Automation

Project report on designing an energy-efficient street light system with Arduino, LDR, PIR sensor, relay, transistor, and flyback diode for motion-activated nighttime lighting.
Physics Guide: Last Project
Submitted by : Ali Shukurov
Verified by: Physics Teacher Azerbaijan Telman Askeraliyev (Fizika Müəllimi, Azerbaijan, Baku)

Reactive power management is essential for maintaining voltage stability, reducing losses, and improving power factor in distribution networks. This study presents a model-based approach to reactive power compensation in a typical Nigerian 33/11kV distribution network using MATLAB/SIMULINK. The model integrates load flow analysis, power factor correction, and harmonic compensation, offering a dynamic alternative to traditional simulation methods. The simulation results reveal that Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) increases as distribution line length decreases, with values of 0.759% for 0.005km and 0.578% for 1km. Higher KVA savings of 278.7KVA and 720.8KVA were observed for shorter and longer lines, respectively. Additionally, the study evaluates the cost implications of reactive power compensation, highlighting that while longer lines improve voltage profiles, they incur higher costs. The findings provide critical insights for power system operators in optimizing reactive power compensation strategies. This model-based approach enhances voltage stability, reduces system losses, and serves as a valuable tool for efficient power distribution network management.

The paper presents detailed research on bridging the gap between the theoretical and practical approach of Industry 4.0, considering a use case of the manufacturing company working in plastics production. In particular, we study an established Greek company in the textiles and plastics industry to present the current industry's technological status. Initially, we focus on the industrial process of a plastic manufacturing plant presenting the processes, methods, and equipment classification of such a factory. Subsequently, we focus on a novice method for developing or upgrading factories specializing in textiles and plastics and showcase its operational procedures. Lastly, after identifying the current state of affairs, we further expand on the key points that need change to develop the technological operations of an industry plan from Industry 3.0 to Industry 4.0. Specifically, to achieve this, we provide a detailed techno-economic proposal that suggests a trade-off between opti...

This research focused on the development of a Management Website for Memory Hill Resort, located in Imelda, Dumpoc, Zamboanga Sibugay. The study aimed to provide an efficient, user-friendly, and reliable online platform that supports the resort's operations, including the promotion of services, customer engagement, and booking management. The researchers utilized the Agile methodology during the system development process, which involved phases such as planning, designing, coding, testing, debugging, implementation, and maintenance. The proposed website features modules for home, booking, services, trip guide, and about us. Data gathering was conducted through observation and coordination with the resort owner. The study concluded that the website would help the resort management achieve its goals by providing easily accessible information and an automated reservation process. Recommendations included the future implementation of online transactions and further system enhancement.

This paper presents an IoT-based smart energy meter capable of real-time monitoring of electrical parameters and detecting electricity theft through power difference analysis. The system integrates an ESP32 microcontroller with ZMPT101B voltage sensing and ACS712 current sensing to measure supply-side and load-side electrical values. A built-in webserver displays real-time voltage, current, and power, along with energy usage status. Theft is detected by comparing the power consumed at the load with the power measured at the supply; any abnormal deviation triggers a theft alert message on the webpage. The proposed system improves transparency in energy usage, enables instant anomaly detection, and reduces distribution losses for electricity providers. This work demonstrates a low-cost, practical solution for smart monitoring and theft identification in residential and small-scale applications.

This study conducted a simulation-based time-domain short-circuits fault evaluation and protection system reliability analysis in 300 MVA substations with 132 kV transmission lines in Asaba (Ibusa/Asaba), Delta State, Nigeria. The analysis focused on two primary parameters: protection system dependability and selectivity, to determine the conditions necessary for ensuring rapid fault clearance and stable substation operation under line-to-ground, double-line, and three-phase faults. Fault currents, voltages, and relay trip signals were generated and analyzed using MATLAB time-domain simulations. Results indicated that system dependability exceeded 97% and security surpassed 95% when total fault-clearing times remained below 120 ms. Relay coordination intervals of 0.2–0.4s, backup misoperation below 3%, and circuit breaker MTBF above 20,000 h ensured selective fault isolation. Extended fault durations beyond 120ms or improperly coordinated relay settings increased the likelihood of misoperation and voltage instability. It was concluded that uninterrupted substation operation depends on integrating time-domain fault evaluation, coordinated relay settings, and reliable breaker performance into protection management protocols. Accordingly, it was recommended that substation operators maintain precise relay coordination, implement continuous time-domain monitoring, and uphold breaker maintenance schedules. These actions will further enhance the protection reliability, reduce fault propagation risks and support safer, more stable operation of the 132 kV transmission network.

L’algèbre linéaire est bien plus qu’une théorie abstraite : elle est le langage universel permettant d’exprimer le principe de linéarité qui régit la plupart des processus naturels. Mais comment passer de la compréhension passive du cours à la maîtrise active de ce langage ?
Conçu comme le compagnon naturel du cours d’Algèbre Linéaire (J. Grifone), cet ouvrage est aussi un outil complet et autonome. Grâce aux rappels de cours essentiels qui introduisent les chapitres, il permet de mobiliser les savoirs théoriques avant d’accompagner l’étudiant dans l’étape cruciale de la confrontation avec l’exercice.
Loin d’être une simple accumulation de solutions, il propose une approche pédagogique résolument tournée vers l’acquisition d’une « vision mathématique » :

• Des solutions minutieuses : Toutes les séries d’exercices, y compris les plus difficiles, sont corrigées avec le souci constant d’expliciter les chemins de pensée et les raisonnements. • Une ouverture vers les applications : Pour répondre aux questions « Pourquoi faisons- nous cela ? » et « À quoi cela sert-il ? », des exercices inédits (« Regards sur les applications ») tissent des liens concrets avec la physique, l’ingénierie et la recherche actuelle.
• Une double exigence : Alliant la conceptualisation universitaire à la précision de l’ingénieur, les corrections visent à développer à la fois l’intuition et la rigueur technique. À rebours du « bachotage » intensif, cet ouvrage invite à privilégier la qualité de la réflexion sur la quantité d’exercices. Il s’adresse aux étudiants de classes préparatoires (CPGE), de Licence et Master, aux élèves-ingénieurs ainsi qu’aux candidats aux concours de l’enseignement (CAPES, Agrégation), désireux d’acquérir une compréhension profonde et durable de l’algèbre linéaire.

Public : Étudiants en CPGE, Licence & Master de Mathématiques ou Physique, Écoles d’ingénieurs, Candidats aux concours (CAPES, Agrégation).

In recent years, the application of renewable energy resources (RES) with DC output has increased, and RES integration as DC islanded microgrids (DC ImGs) has attracted the attention of many researchers. However, DC ImGs face many challenges, and voltage stability is extremely critical for efficient power distribution. This challenge becomes more prominent when exogenous disturbances, as well as time-delay, exist in the system mainly because of the communication network. In this study, we develop a mathematical model of the time-delay DC ImG. To compensate for the effect of the time-delay, three control strategies are introduced—stabilizing, robust, and robust-predictor. The controller’s stability is guaranteed based on the Lyapunov-Krasovskii theorem, whereas for the exogenous disturbance rejection, the $\mathcal {L}_{2}$ -norm of the system is reduced. Furthermore, to obtain the proposed controllers’ gains, linear-matrix-inequality constraints are formulated. The performances of t...

Power dissipation is an important design constraint in today's CMOS VLSI design and is addressed widely by the researchers across the globe. Switching activity is one of the factors that affect dynamic power in a chip and several publications have suggested various techniques to reduce the same. Reduction of switching activity in the busses attains significance as bus width, bus capacitance and the clock are recording continuous uptrend. In this paper, we propose a technique for bus encoding, which, reduces the number of transitions on the bus and performs better than the existing methods such as bus invert coding and shift invert coding for random data in terms of switching activity, without the need for extra overhead in computation and circuit. However, irrespective of the bus width it needs three extra bits and does not assume anything about the nature of the data on the bus.

Controlling appliances is a main part of automation. The main object of Home automation is to provide a wireless communication link of home appliances to the remote user. The main objective of this work is to make such a system which controls the home appliances remotely. This paper discusses two methods of controlling home appliances one is via voice to text SMS and other is to use the mobile as a remote control, this system will provide a benefit to the elderly and disable people and also to those who are unaware of typing an SMS.

Unbalanced three-phase radial distribution system has a complex problem in power system. It has many branches and it is sometimes voltage profile's not stable at every end branches. For improvement of voltage profile, it can be performed by penetrating of a distributed generation models. Information of voltage profile can be gained by study of power flow. The Modified Backward-Forward is one of the most widely used methods of development of power flow and has been extensively used for voltage profile analysis. In this paper, a study of power flow based on the Modified Backward-Forward method was used to capture the complexities of unbalanced three phase radial distribution system in the 20 kV distribution network in North Surabaya city, East Java, Indonesia within considering distributed generation models. In summary, for the informants in this study, the Modified Backward-Forward method has had quickly convergence and it's just needed 3 to 5 iteration of power flow simulation which's compared to other power flow development methods. Distributed Generation models in the modified the modified 34 BUS IEEE system and 20 kV distribution network has gained voltage profile value on limited range. One of the more significant findings to emerge from this development is that the Modified Backward-Forward method has average of error voltage about 0.0017 % to 0.1749%.

Due to the advancement in science and technology all over the world, there is a significant increase in the rate of crime and sophistication in crimes; as a result, it is necessary to ensure the security of one’s self and one’s valuable belongings. The main goal of this paper is aimed at creating an electronic security system capable of detecting an intruder and reporting to security personnel. The design of the microcontroller based electronic digital lock with security notification uses a four-digit pass key for its operation. The operation involves opening the door, closing the door, changing of password and alarm upon wrong password entry. It is important for use in Bank Vaults, Hotels, Offices and can also be used in our homes. The research objectives were achieved with the use of microcontroller which programs the ATMEGA328P microprocessor and interfaces it with all the other components in the circuit. In the end, the circuit was able to activate the relay switches for opening...

Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly reshaping project management practices globally, yet its tangible contribution to sustainable development outcomes in emerging economies remains under-explored. This paper evaluates AI's contribution to the triple bottom line economic performance, social value, and environmental sustainability within public and private sector project management in Nigeria. It examines how AI-driven tools such as predictive analytics, automation, machine learning, and decision-support systems are transforming project planning, execution, monitoring, and evaluation across infrastructure, energy, construction, healthcare, and digital service projects. The study analyses AI's role in improving cost efficiency, schedule reliability, and resource optimisation, while also assessing its implications for workforce productivity, skills transformation, transparency, and stakeholder inclusion. From an environmental perspective, the paper explores how AI supports emissions reduction, waste minimisation, and energy efficiency through data-driven optimisation and real-time monitoring. Particular attention is given to Nigeria's contextual realities, including data quality constraints, infrastructural gaps, regulatory readiness, ethical concerns, and capacity limitations that shape AI adoption and impact. By synthesising existing literature, policy frameworks, and sectoral applications, the paper bridges the gap between technological innovation and measurable project outcomes. It concludes that while AI holds significant potential to enhance the triple bottom line in Nigerian project management, realising sustained impact requires aligned governance frameworks, targeted capacity building, ethical safeguards, and inclusive digital transformation strategies.

The rapid transition toward electric vehicles (EVs) is driven by the global need to reduce carbon emissions, improve energy efficiency, and achieve sustainable transportation systems. it is essential to not only review recent technological developments but also analyse their practical performance and limitations. This paper presents a comprehensive review and experimental-oriented discussion of sustainable electric vehicle technologies, focusing on recent advances in battery technology, electric motor design, and charging infrastructure. Lithium-ion battery improvements, solid-state batteries, and recycling approaches are reviewed alongside experimental electrochemical and thermal performance trends reported in recent literature. Electric motor technologies such as permanent magnet synchronous motors, induction motors, and emerging axial flux motors are examined with respect to efficiency, torque density, and material sustainability. Charging infrastructure developments, including fast charging, wireless charging, and smart grid integration, are analysed from both system-level and experimental perspectives. The paper also discusses current challenges, experimental gaps, and future research directions. The findings highlight that sustainable EV development requires an integrated approach combining advanced materials, efficient electromechanical design, and intelligent energy management systems.

Sebuah prototipe sistem pengukur resistansi diusulkan untuk dapat mengukur dan menampilkan nilai resistansi resistor tetap dan didesain dibangun menggunakan 4 sub-sistem, yaitu: (1) rangkaian pembagi tegangan menggunakan 2 resistor, yaitu RREF dengan nilai 24,02K menggunakan resistor tetap berbahan carbon metalfilm 1%, dan RX (resistor yang akan diukur nilai resistansinya) yang dihubungkan ke sumber tegangan VS = 4,98 Volt; (2) modul ADS1115 (Adafruit 4-Channel ADC-16bit Breakouts); (3) Arduino Uno R3 board; dan (4) modul LCD 20×4 character serial dengan koneksi I 2 C. VRX (tegangan keluaran di kaki RX) diukur selama 5000ms oleh ADS1115 dan kemudian dibaca dan dihitung menjadi nilai resistansi RX menggunakan persamaan RX = (VRX×RREF)/(VSRX) menggunakan Arduino dan ditampilkan ke modul LCD. Prototipe sistem resistansi meter digital telah selesai dibuat, diuji, dan dibandingkan dengan menggunakan resistansi meter digital berbasis digital multimeter SANWA ® CD800a dapat mengukur nilai resistansi resistor tetap dengan rentang dari 560 sampai dengan 560K dengan nilai % error (kesalahan) pengukuran sebesar -0,56% sd 14,90% untuk nilai resistansi dari 560 sampai dengan 560K.