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Marek Łukasik

Akademia Pomorska w Słupsku - Pomeranian University in Słupsk, English, Faculty Member

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Visiting Professor at Dipartimento di Lingue e Letterature straniere e Culture moderne, Università degli Studi di Torino (2017-2025); Associate professor (dr hab.) at the Department of English Studies, Pomeranian University in Słupsk. Head of Centre for Digital Humanities

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Latest by Marek Łukasik

[PRE-PRINT] Humans in (or out of) the loop in the age of generative artificial intelligence: the case of lexicography, terminology, and translation

DH 2025 Conference Proceedings, 2026

This paper examines the evolving relationship between humans and generative artificial intelligen... more This paper examines the evolving relationship between humans and generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) in applied linguistics, focusing on the domains of lexicography, terminology, and translation. Since the emergence of ChatGPT in 2022, GenAI tools have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in language-related tasks, while also revealing inherent limitations such as hallucinations and conceptual inaccuracies. Drawing on recent studies and practical applications, the paper explores the extent to which GenAI can support or replace human experts in these fields. It argues that although LLMs can automate numerous linguistic processes-from dictionary compilation to term extraction and translation-critical aspects of conceptualisation, validation, and ethical responsibility still require human oversight. The discussion highlights emerging hybrid workflows and the necessity of redefining professional roles in the light of AI integration.

[Published] Artificial Intelligence for the Humanities. Fundamental Concepts Explained

Ekologia w dyskursie. Sztuczna inteligencja., 2024

For more than a year and a half, artificial intelligence has once again captured the imagination ... more For more than a year and a half, artificial intelligence has once again captured the imagination of both regular users and researchers worldwide. A pivotal moment was the release of the chatbot called ChatGPT to a broad audience on 30 November 2022. The tool, based on generative artificial intelligence and simulating written conversa-tion with users, was capable of, among other things, conducting discourse, answering various questions, including those encyclopaedic in nature, writing, summarizing, and translating various texts, performing calculations, creating educational materials, etc. Soon after this even, the chatbots from other companies emerged, followed by a massive number of other AI-powered tools. Naturally, the academic community enthusiastically analysed the possibilities of using these new solutions in scientific work. Due to the nature of chatbots, they are tools closely related to the humanities, particularly to applied linguistics; the deep learning models used in these chatbots rely on large text corpora, while the queries (or instructions, called prompts) are formulated by users in a natural language. Needless to say that the technology can also contribute to the broadly understood humanities, serving as an aid in many fields of scientific and practical activity. This is illustrated in the text with examples of specific studies. To better understand the technol-ogy discussed here for more effective application and to address the emerging doubts regarding its nature (including its capabilities), this chapter presents and explicates a series of concepts related to generative artificial intelligence. Key concepts are highlighted in the text (by way of bold font), and numerous footnotes refer the reader to additional materials on the discussed topics.

format_quoteChatGPT achieved 100 million users within two months of its launch, demonstrating rapid public interest in AI technologies.format_quote

The Future of the Translation Profession in the Era of Artificial Intelligence. Survey Results from Polish Translators, Translation Trainers, and Students of Translation

Lublin Studies in Modern Languages and Literature, 2024

Technological advancements in computer science, particularly in machine translation (MT), have pr... more Technological advancements in computer science, particularly in machine translation (MT), have progressively transformed the translation profession. Recent developments in MT, such as neural machine translation tools and AI-powered chatbots, have improved translation speed and accuracy, shifting the translator's role more toward that of an editor or proofreader and expanding the scope of translator competencies. However, with the growing role of automated systems, professional translators have expressed concerns about the future of their profession. This paper aims to highlight the views of Polish professional translators, students of translation, translation teachers, and other language professionals on this topic. The findings presented are part of a broader international pilot study on perceptions of the future of the translation profession in the era of artificial intelligence. The analysis reveals that while the prevailing opinion is that human translators will always be necessary, the increasing influence of AI-powered tools cannot be underestimated.

Corpus linguistics and generative AI tools in term extraction: a case of Kashubian - a low-resource language

Applied Linguistics Papers, 23(4), 34-45 , 2023

Electronic corpora have been an indispensable resource in a variety of language studies, includin... more Electronic corpora have been an indispensable resource in a variety of language studies, including linguistics, lexicography or terminology. Provided that they are compiled in a systematic manner, such text collections can provide high quality data that can be readily used in a specific study or can be directly applied to a specific practical project. However, the creation of a usable corpus depends on the availability and the quality of source texts and the tools that are used for its processing. Another factor that often plays a significant role in successful ad hoc applications of corpora is their immediate accessibility. Recent developments in generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) have rendered the idea of instantaneous access to language data a feasible possibility. This paper discusses the results of a study into the feasibility of applying modern corpus and GenAI tools in the extraction of biological terminology in Kashubian, a regional language spoken in the north-central part of Poland (Kashubia). The overarching goal was to identify modern and effective tools that could be used by terminologists, lexicographers, translators, and teachers of Kashubian.

The development of Polish mathematical terminology

Polish mathematical terminology has been developing since the 16 th century. However, the process... more Polish mathematical terminology has been developing since the 16 th century. However, the process has not proceeded smoothly, with long periods of stagnation and times of unquestionable progress. The latter has been highly dependent on the general attitude towards sciences in the society, on the political and/or administrative decisions made and, on the integrity and self-organisation of the professional community. Usually, professionals, especially in institutionalised settings, establish their own tools that facilitate terminology standardisation and dissemination. One such instrument is a specialised dictionary, whose existence in a given community typically confirms the maturity of the field and/or the profession. This chapter provides a brief historical outline of the evolution of Polish mathematical terminology and illustrates the pathway towards the first Polish dictionary of mathematics.

New Anglicisms in Italian Corpora: A comparison between CORIS and Italian Web 2016

by Marek Łukasik and Virginia Pulcini

This study aims at answering some crucial questions related to the use of corpora in loanword lex... more This study aims at answering some crucial questions related to the use of corpora in loanword lexicography and the status of a sample of newly recorded Anglicisms into Italian. Especially in the area of neology, dictionaries fail to provide information about currency (degree of assimilation) and representativeness (usage frequency) of the recorded entry words. To address this problem, the goal is to verify how corpus data can integrate lexicographic information and, in the case of the Italian language, establish which of the two corpora is more suitable to provide reliable frequency scores for the items under examination.

Usefulness of Selected Bilingual Online Dictionaries in Specialised Translation

In: Wchód-Zachód. Przestrzeń wzajemnego przenikania się kultur, 2020

The paper presents preliminary results of a pilot study whose aim was to evaluate the usefulness ... more The paper presents preliminary results of a pilot study whose aim was to evaluate the usefulness of widely-available free online dictionaries to translators. In particular, the investigation looked into the effectiveness of terminology searches across selected online dictionaries in the translation of a specialised text. To this end, the study envisaged a questionnaire survey and a lexicographic experiment focusing on the usefulness of online dictionaries.

Towards a Methodological Framework of Metaterminography

Applied Linguistics Papers, 2019

Researchers striving at establishing the academic status of a science need, inter alia, to delin-... more Researchers striving at establishing the academic status of a science need, inter alia, to delin-eate the boundaries of their area of interest, point to its object(s) of research, outline the methodology and determine its language. This process equally applies to (meta)lexicography and (meta)terminogra-phy, which are yet to prove their scientific standing. This paper attempts to pinpoint the methodological features of metaterminography and suggest a framework for a systematic study of terminographic works. The point of departure for the detailed discussions undertaken in this article are the general principles of the methodology of sciences. The work also points to the fundamental methods used in metalexicography and metaterminography and focuses on the methodological description of one of the methods used in systematic dictionary research, i.e. the terminographic analysis.

Polska praktyka terminograficzna. Badania bibliograficzne

Komunikacja Specjalistyczna, 2017

Etap bibliograficzny jest najbardziej podstawową i niezwykle ważną fazą deskryptywnych prac termi... more Etap bibliograficzny jest najbardziej podstawową i niezwykle ważną fazą deskryptywnych prac terminograficznych. Opracowanie bibliografii słowników z jednej strony pozwala na rejestrowanie dorobku leksykografii specjalistycznych na potrzeby innych badań, również historycznych, z drugiej zaś umożliwia pierwszy ogląd osiągnięć praktycznych dziedziny. Niniejszy artykuł przedstawia wyniki badań bibliograficznych podsumowujących dorobek polskiej terminografii za lata 1980-2016. Przeprowadzone badania były pokłosiem współpracy Laboratorium Nowoczesnych Metod Lingwistyki Stosowanej Akademii Pomorskiej w Słupsku z Komisją Terminologiczną Międzynarodowego Komitetu Slawistów.

Theoretical Underpinnings of Metaterminography

The ongoing debates on the academic status and scope of (meta)lexicography prove that the discipl... more The ongoing debates on the academic status and scope of (meta)lexicography prove that the discipline is undergoing rapid changes. Some scholars voice their doubts about the feasibility of a theory of lexicography, while others have indicated that the development of such a theory is possible within metalexicography, thus qualifying it as a theoretical pillar of lexicography. Still others claim to have already developed a theory. Similar discussions have permeated terminography and its ‘theoretical’ branch, i.e. metaterminography. Therefore, in an attempt to answer some pressing questions regarding the standing of terminography, this paper ventures to define and characterise terminography and metaterminography, as well as discuss some of their fundamental notions. It also aims to present some theoretical considerations that can contribute to a growing body of studies that might one day result in the drafting of a comprehensive and universal theory of terminography.

Bibliografia słowników specjalistycznych (1990-2017) = Bibliography of specialised dictionaries

Publikacja jest pokłosiem współpracy Laboratorium Nowoczesnych Metod Lingwistyki Stosowanej Akade... more Publikacja jest pokłosiem współpracy Laboratorium Nowoczesnych Metod Lingwistyki Stosowanej Akademii Pomorskiej w Słupsku z polską delegacją Komisji Terminologicznej Międzynarodowego Komitetu Slawistów (MKS). W ramach współpracy członkowie Laboratorium opracowali bibliografię polskiej praktyki terminograficznej za lata 1990-2017. Projekt jest częścią większego przedsięwzięcia wydawniczego poświęconego terminoznawstwu słowiańskiemu, przygotowywanemu przez MKS. Bibliografię przygotowano w oparciu o katalog online Biblioteki Narodowej. Ze względu na niekompletność baz bibliograficznych BN, jak również przyjętą (zawężającą) metodę badania (hasło przedmiotowe BN: 'słowniki terminologiczne'), opracowanie należy uznać za cząstkowe. Jednak w badaniach kwantytatywnych i kwalitatywnych potwierdzono wysoką przydatność zebranych danych w nakreśleniu obrazu polskiej praktyki terminograficznej. W publikacji ujęto wyłącznie słowniki specjalistyczne wydane w Polsce, zawierające terminologię przynajmniej jednego języka słowiańskiego. Odbiorcami studium są bibliolodzy, językoznawcy, (meta)leksykografowie, terminolodzy oraz osoby poszukujące tytułów słowników specjalistycznych konkretnych języków i/lub dziedzin.

New Pathways to Terminological Minimum

It is widely accepted that terminological minimum is a practical means used for the selection of ... more It is widely accepted that terminological minimum is a practical means used for the selection of specialist vocabulary to be taught at various proficiency levels in LSP courses. This popular understanding of the notion renders it similar to the concept of lexical minimum; from the didactic perspective, the two notions seem to largely overlap, being in fact vocabulary lists based mainly on the frequency parameter. However, this picture has largely obscured the true ontological status of the two concepts, and it was not until only recently that the notion of lexical minimum was defined in a more comprehensive way, bringing to light some of its most salient characteristics. Likewise, it seems necessary to redefine the notion of the terminological minimum, if only on account of the specific nature of the lexical unit included in them, i.e. the term. The current paper attempts to elucidate the notion in question and to provide a methodological framework for the compilation of a modern terminological minimum.

format_quoteWell-compiled terminological minimums can bridge gaps in specialized lexical resources across various fields, aiding in terminology management and educational assessments.format_quote

Lexical Minimum (Re)Defined

By popular definition, lexical minimum is a useful glottodidactic tool representing a selection o... more By popular definition, lexical minimum is a useful glottodidactic tool representing a selection of vocabulary to be taught at various language proficiency levels. Practically speaking, such minimums take the form of wordlists, extracted on frequency bases and drafted separately for each educational stage. However, the nature of language acquisition as well as the teaching/learning processes call for a much broader view of the lexical minimum, encompassing its primary, and possibly fundamental, meaning as a lexical competence of an individual and a conceptual measure for its expansion and evaluation. It is therefore claimed that the existing concept of lexical minimum as an exclusively didactic tool is outdated and needs redefining. Moreover, the methodology for a lexical minimum compilation should be revised, mainly on account of flawed compilation procedures applied by some authors. Accordingly, the aim of the present paper is to address some of the issues outlined by clarifying the notion of lexical minimum anew, discussing its multifarious characteristics and suggesting some methodological solutions to its construction.

Polish Marine Dictionaries. A Metalexicographic Overview

Sprachen in fach- und berufsbezogenen Kontexten. Theoretische und praktische Überlegungen, 2018

The paper presents the results of a terminographic analysis into Polish marine dictionaries (here... more The paper presents the results of a terminographic analysis into Polish marine dictionaries (hereafter: MDs) published over a period of more than 100 years. The overarching aim is to paint a global picture of Polish marine lexicography, viewing it from a variety of angles. The work may be seen as an important evaluative step in a systematic studies of maritime publications.

Contrastive Terminography

Contrastive methods have long been employed in lexicography, in particular in bi-and multilingual... more Contrastive methods have long been employed in lexicography, in particular in bi-and multilingual dictionary projects. The main rationale for this is the necessity to comprehensively study, i.e. compare and contrast, two or more linguistic systems that are to be presented in one way or another in respective dictionaries. Similarly, the contrastive approach is of paramount importance in terminographic undertakings, on account of the need to draw a distinction between terminological (conceptual) systems existing in various languages and across cultures. It must be emphasised, however, that the contrastive element is not only a part of terminographic practice, but also of the theory of terminography. This article aims to present the role of contrastive research across various spheres of specialised (=LSP) lexicography.

format_quoteContrastive analysis is evolving beyond disambiguation in bilingual dictionaries to encompass broader lexicographic research areas.format_quote

Papers by Marek Łukasik

Artificial Intelligence for the Humanities. Fundamental Concepts Explained

Ekologia w dyskursie. Sztuczna inteligencja, 2024

This chapter aims to present some fundamental concepts related to AI. More specifically, the text... more This chapter aims to present some fundamental concepts related to AI. More specifically, the text focuses on the notions that are linked to the use of AI in the humanities, the reason being that the recent developments, that is generative AI tools, are most closely linked to language and (applied) linguistics. The considerations presented below focus on the explication of basic concepts related to AI, present a brief history of the application of computer technology in the humanities, and present the most recent developments in natural language processing (NLP) and the use of AI in the field in question. Special attention is given to the AI-powered chatbots, their capabilities and limitations. These are illustrated by specific applications in specific studies. The final passages review the issues connected with the limitations of the technology and its use in academia.

Defining the Entry Unit in a Dictionary of Non-Standard Professional Vocabulary

Polilog 7, 2017

Although scholars holding the traditional view on terminology regard non-standard professional vo... more Although scholars holding the traditional view on terminology regard non-standard professional vocabulary as an undesirable deviation from the norm, such lexis plays a very important communicative and social role: not only does it augment the flow of specialised information, but it also cements professional community. Undeniably, however, such in-group talk is highly impenetrable for an outsider, including beginner trainees. Therefore, it is sometimes proposed that teaching materials, including LSP textbooks, should present slang or jargon expressions to facilitate natural professional communication. One of the reference works that could answer the needs of neophytes as well as become an important resource for the authors of LSP materials and linguists interested in the informal layer of specialised sociolects is a dictionary of non-standard professional vocabulary. One of themajor issues that an LSP lexicographer faces is the appropriate selection of the dictionary headwords. This paper offers some considerations regarding informal professional vocabulary and suggests a definition and features of non-standard professional vocabulary units that might prove helpful in lemma selection procedure.

format_quoteCorpus-based study identified that non-standard specialized vocabulary is virtually absent in standard professional texts, indicating a gap in linguistic representation.format_quote

Polish Specialised Lexicography During WWII

Sprache und Wörterbücher in Theorie und Praxis. Lexikografische und textlinguistische Fragestellungen, 2017

The terminological boom at the turn of the 18th and 19th century gave rise to the development of ... more The terminological boom at the turn of the 18th and 19th century gave rise to the development of the modern terminological dictionary. Despite the lack of statehood due to Partitions and resulting persecution at that time, Polish scholars undertook terminological work within existing scholarly institutions, pursuing tasks such as standardisation of Polish terms, and domain-specific terminological dictionaries were deemed effective tools of terminology dissemination. The regaining of independence in 1918 only strengthened the terminological movement in Poland – now with support of the government and new commissions and committees – resulting in release of numerous terminoraphic works. The Second World War abruptly ended the efforts to establish Polish terminologies, and the publishing of specialised dictionaries in Poland. As a matter of fact, terminographic activity was continued, frequently undertaken by various units of the Polish military, with dictionaries usually published abroad. However, the quality of the works was rather low, as measured by terminographic standards, and their availability was limited. This paper aims to summarise Polish terminographic activity during WWII, providing results of quantitative and qualitative analyses of the dictionaries published throughout the period. The results of the studies fill a research gap in wide-ranging diachronic studies of Polish terminography.

Słownik wyrażeń metanaukowych, metalingwistycznych i metakulturologicznych Profesora Franciszka Gruczy

Słownik przedstawia wyrażenia reprezentujące idiolekt metalingwistyczny Profesora Franciszka Gru... more Słownik przedstawia wyrażenia reprezentujące idiolekt metalingwistyczny Profesora Franciszka Gruczy. Ekscerpcji najważniejszych terminów dokonano na podstawie analizy statystycznej korpusu 50 tekstów, monografii i artykułów opublikowanych w języku polskim w latach 1976-2013. Praca zawiera 153 hasła (łącznie 199 wyrażeń; z tego 46 to wyrażenia synonimiczne lub quasi-synonimiczne), w których zastosowano eksplikację za pomocą definicji kontekstowych. Dodatkowo kontekstowo objaśniono 107 dodatkowych wyrażeń pochodnych.

Ujęte w pracy wyrażenia reprezentują cztery zidentyfikowane najważniejsze pola tematyczne poruszane w cytowanych pracach, tj. PRACA NAUKOWA, GLOTTODYDAKTYKA, LINGWISTYKA I KULTUROLOGIA oraz TRANSLATORYKA.

Pracę zamyka indeks permutacyjny.

Polska szkoła terminograficzna | Polish school of terminography

Łukasik, M., 2017, Polska szkoła terminograficzna, In: M. Małachowicz, S. Grucza (eds.), Polskie i europejskie nurty terminologiczne. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe IKSI, 26-69. , 2017

Dorobek polskiej terminografii jest imponujący, mimo pewnych niedostatków w zakresie teorii i met... more Dorobek polskiej terminografii jest imponujący, mimo pewnych niedostatków w zakresie teorii i metodologii, jak również braku konkretnych typów dzieł terminograficznych czy słowników wybranych dziedzin. Z całą pewnością jednak osiągnięcia wielowiekowej praktyki, jak i prowadzone intensywnie badania metaterminograficzne upoważniają do stwierdzenia, że jesteśmy świadkami ukonstytuowania się – w sposób mniej lub bardziej formalny – polskiej szkoły terminograficznej. W niniejszym artykule podejmuję próbę syntetycznego nakreślenia historii rozwoju polskiej praktyki tworzenia słowników terminologicznych oraz przedstawiam zarys polskich badań metaterminograficznych, które zdają się potwierdzać wysuniętą tezę.

Polish School of Terminography. Achievements of Polish terminography are impressive, despite some loopholes in theory, patchy methodology and lack of dictionaries of specific types or covering particular domains. Undoubtedly, however, the centuries old dictionary-making practice as well as intensive metaterminographic studies undertaken in the last hundred years or so have created the grounds for the isolation of some common views and practices shared by terminographers in Poland, giving rise to the what might be called the Polish School of Terminography. This paper aims at supporting this contention by way of outlining the history of specialised dictionary-making in Poland and summarising theoretical and methodological studies in terminography conducted by Polish scholars.