Government

Pengurusan kualiti menyeluruh (TQM) merupakan satu pendekatan reformasi pentadbiran di Malaysia. TQM adalah satu penanda aras atau satu struktur perancangan bagaimana untuk menilai sejauh mana perancangan dan pelaksanaan sistem pentadbiran di Malaysia memenuhi matlamat yang ingin dicapai iaitu diterima oleh pengguna atau rakyat. Tujuan utama TQM diaplikasikan didalam sektor awam di Malaysia adalah untuk meningkatkan kecekapan dan keberkesanan pentadbiran. Sejak Negara mencapai kemerdekaan, pentadbiran awam di Malaysia telah melalui beberapa fasa perubahan untuk memperbaharui corak dan struktur pentadbiran. Ketidakcekapan dalam menjalankan pentadbiran telah mengurangkan keyakinan rakyat terhadap pentadbiran awam. Oleh itu, kualiti merupakan satu pencapaian yang perlu dititikberatkan kerana setiap tingkah laku pentadbir awam membawa kepada impak yang menggambarkan sejauh mana sesuatu prosedur itu berkualiti dan dapat memuaskan hati rakyat. Pada masa yang sama, sepanjang proses pentadbiran dijalankan, telah terdapat banyak aduan daripada rakyat mengenai tingkah laku dan prosedur pentadbiran awam. Hal ini menunjukkan bahawa kualiti pengurusan dalam sektor awam di Malaysia masih lemah.

Bin Mat dalam memberi arahan dan memastikan pembangunan Negeri Perlis dapat mencapai taraf Perlis Maju pada tahun 2015 berjalan dengan lancar dan sistematik. Walaupun MPK merupakan satu-satunya Pihak Berkuasa Tempatan tunggal di Negeri Perlis tetapi terdapat kakitangan sama ada ahli majlis, jabatan, unit-unit tertentu dan pejabat cawangan yang membantu menggerakkan pelaksanaan polisi-polisi dan melaksanakan bidang tugas masingmasing bagi mencapai visi dan misi MPK itu sendiri. Kepimpinan MPK itu ditadbir melibatkan Yang Dipertua. Jawatan ini lazimnya dipegang daripada kalangan kakitangan kerajaan negeri, yang dilantik oleh ketua negeri sama ada sultan atau Yang Dipertua Negeri atas nasihat kerajaan negeri. Pelantikan Yang Dipertua dan ahli-ahli majlis termaktub dalam seksyen 10 Akta Kerajaan Tempatan 1976 (Akta 171). Lazimnya, Yang Dipertua dilantik di kalangan ahli politik atau wakil rakyat bagi PBT di negeri berkenaan. Jawatan Yang Dipertua Majlis dipegang oleh pegawai awam secara sepenuh masa atau separuh masa seperti Pegawai Daerah. Jadi, seseorang yang dilantik menjadi Yang Dipertua Majlis dalam masa yang sama juga adalah Pegawai Daerah dimana bertanggungjawab memberi sumbangan kearah membangunkan kawasan berkenaan. Tugas Yang Dipertua ialah sebagai ketua pengurusan kerajaan tempatan dan mempengerusikan semua mesyuarat majlis atau lembaga. Seterusnya, hierarki kedua selepas Yang Dipertua ialah ahli majlis. Di dalam seksyen 10 Akta Kerajaan Tempatan 1976, ahli majlis PBT di Malaysia hendaklah mempunyai tidak kurang daripada lapan orang ahli majlis dan tidak lebih daripada 24 orang bagi majlis perbandaran. Contohnya, ahli Majlis Perbandaran Kangar bagi tahun 2013 iaitu sepanjang bulan Julai hingga Disember mempunyai seramai 15 orang ahli majlis. Kesemua ahli majlis

There is a level of information asymmetry between the agents (management and the board of directors) and the principal (shareholders) in every company. The purpose of this study is to examine the scope of monitoring mechanisms in non-financial listed companies of Nigeria. This paper also investigates the impact of managerial ownership (MO) and horizontal-agency-costs on the mechanisms. Panel-corrected standard errors in Stata 12 application was used to test the hypotheses. The result suggests that the horizontal-agency-cost positively relates to monitoring mechanisms. It also provides evidence that MO has a significant negative impact on monitoring mechanisms. These findings suggest policy implications to the board of directors, the internal and external auditors on their monitoring roles. Likewise, the findings are beneficial to the government and regulatory agencies for possible further review of the guidelines on corporate governance. This paper contributes to knowledge in Sub-Saharan Africa by combining directorship, internal and external auditing as dimensions of monitoring mechanisms in a single study. Also, it examines horizontal-agency-cost, which is an emerging topic in Nigeria.

Company operations are characterized by information asymmetry between the agent (management and the board of directors) and the principal (shareholders). The purpose of this study is to empirically examine the extent of monitoring mechanisms in Nigerian non-financial listed companies and the impact of managerial ownership and horizontal-agency-costs on the mechanisms. The study adopted a quantitative approach and distributed 332 questionnaires to 166 non-financial listed companies to obtain a cross-sectional data for the internal auditing. The findings give credible evidence that the horizontal-agency-cost is positively significant while managerial ownership is negatively significant. The findings of this study suggest policy implications for the monitoring roles of the board of directors as well as the internal and external auditors. Likewise, the findings are useful to the regulatory agencies and government for a further review of corporate governance guidelines. This paper contributes to knowledge by combining the three dimensions of monitoring mechanisms (directorship, internal and external auditing) in Sub-Saharan Africa.

The understanding and knowledge of monitoring mechanisms and organizational attributes are useful to the management, shareholders, government, regulatory and enforcement agents, board of directors, internal and external auditors and the public at large in any community. The knowledge of this subject matter has been on the rise because of its ability to resolve agency problems in organizations. The main objective of this paper is therefore to consider the conceptual and theoretical relationship between the organizational attributes and monitoring mechanisms as related to non-financial publicly listed companies in Nigeria. The study will also establish the impact of organizational attributes and monitoring mechanisms on the opportunistic attitudes of management with consideration of the implementation level of monitoring mechanisms in the non-financial listed companies in Nigeria. There is a need for more research on the monitoring mechanisms highlighted in the Nigerian code of corporate governance. This need is due to the scarcity of research on the relationship between organizational attributes and monitoring mechanisms in an emerging economy like Nigeria. The convergence to IFRS, which commenced of recent, also makes it a necessity to understand monitoring mechanisms and organizational attributes. ___________________________________________________________________________

Many companies are closing down after the global economic melt-down of 2008 that involved Enron. The biggest problem for such business failures as identified by practitioners and academicians is information asymmetry existing in the relationship of the managements with the shareholders. This study seeks to investigate how monitoring mechanisms influence the block-holders in 111 Nigerian non-financial listed companies to resolve this problem. The study also investigates the mediating effect of the quality-differentiated auditors on the relationship between block-holders and monitoring mechanisms. The investigation adopted quantitative analysis using Stata to test related hypotheses. The findings indicate that the block-holders significantly influence monitoring mechanisms. The results also reveal that quality-differentiated auditors positively affect monitoring mechanisms and that it significantly explains the relationship between block-holders and monitoring mechanisms. Thus, this paper adds to knowledge on the subject of monitoring mechanisms and its scopes (directorship, internal and external auditing). These findings have policy implications for the board of directors to execute their monitoring responsibilities and guide them in external audit type selection. The findings also provide policy suggestions for both the internal and external auditors. The results can also be beneficial for the regulatory agencies and government to further review the guidelines for corporate governance. The paper adds to knowledge in Sub-Saharan Africa, especially, Nigeria by examining a mediating effect to expose the relationship between block-holders and monitoring mechanisms, which are not clear or exist in the previous studies.

It is of common knowledge today, that the world is undergoing much social and political upheavals and challenges in national and societal governance. ‘Duly democratically elected’ and constituted governments face varying degrees of poltical opposition in the governance of their societies, which often are made up of diverse ethnic communities. It is well acknowledged that the American and Indian nations are among the few longest surviving and ‘cohesive’ democracies. This perspectival study looks at the principles and practices of democratic, pluralistic governance in the above nations, and thereby the lessons that can be drawn from them, and thence the challenges for the Malaysian nation in further enhancing the cohesiveness and quality of life for its peoples. The research approach employed for the data input was the use of relevant secondary data sources. Current on-line available data and that from the national media, were also used. The analysis of all related data was mainly a documentary analysis approach. The findings of this study indicate that beyond the centrifugal pulls faced by the American and Indian democracies, a firm and undergirding commitment to the principles and values of democratic pluralism, has enabled them to generally function well and move forward in a cohesive societal framework. The Malaysian nation’s challenges can well be to draw appropriate lessons from the principles upheld and practised generally  actively, of Fdemocratic pluralism at the grass-roots in the above nations. Further, concertedly take all democratic measures to incorporate minority groups more assuredly as fully engaged constituent sections of its national citizenry, towards the greater national good. 
Key words: American, Indian, Malaysian democratic pluralism, principles and practices, constituent, centrifugal pulls, cohesive societal framework.

It is of common knowledge today, that the world is undergoing much social and political upheavals and challenges in national and societal governance. ‘Duly democratically elected’ and constituted governments face varying degrees of poltical opposition in the governance of their societies, which often are made up of diverse ethnic communities. It is well acknowledged that the American and Indian nations are among the few longest surviving and ‘cohesive’ democracies. This perspectival study looks at the principles and practices of democratic, pluralistic governance in the above nations, and thereby the lessons that can be drawn from them, and thence the challenges for the Malaysian nation in further enhancing the cohesiveness and quality of life for its peoples. The research approach employed for the data input was the use of relevant secondary data sources. Current on-line available data and that from the national media, were also used. The analysis of all related data was mainly a documentary analysis approach. The findings of this study indicate that beyond the centrifugal pulls faced by the American and Indian democracies, a firm and undergirding commitment to the principles and values of democratic pluralism, has enabled them to generally function well and move forward in a cohesive societal framework. The Malaysian nation’s challenges can well be to draw appropriate lessons from the principles upheld and practised generally  actively, of Fdemocratic pluralism at the grass-roots in the above nations. Further, concertedly take all democratic measures to incorporate minority groups more assuredly as fully engaged constituent sections of its national citizenry, towards the greater national good. 
Key words: American, Indian, Malaysian democratic pluralism, principles and practices, constituent, centrifugal pulls, cohesive societal framework.

Wage are the greatest pushing factor for many workers to work and positively relates to employee life satisfaction. Meanwhile, fringe benefits improve the skills and knowledge of workers and enhance the organization’s reputation. Minimum wage policies around the world uphold the principle to provide a basic living wage for their workers. Nevertheless, the impact of national minimum wage policy on Malaysian employees, in particular, was the least explored since enacted into law in 2012. This study examines the minimum- wage impact on low-level skilled workers in the electrical and electronics industry in Malaysia. Minimum wage can have an effect on labor productivity and fringe benefits, particularly training, allowances, and insurance, have become important research topics. As such, this research discusses the effect of minimum wages on labor productivity and fringe benefits of employees. A semi-structured survey questionnaire was distributed to 600 employees in electrical and elect...

Many believes year 2020 would brought great changes and opportunities for their future. No one ever thought the world economy would be disrupted by Covid-19 outbreak at the same year. High level of health crisis escalates with uncontrollable cases of infection and deaths around the world. All countries have taken unprecedented measures to curb the pandemic by introducing movement control order (MCO), centralized quarantine, closure of country's border gates, ban the social gatherings, closure of business activities and quarantine order against the population, mask wearing and school closure and so on. Due to the measures taken by the governments to curb the pandemic, current global financial reports show instability and sharp decline in growth projections in many sectors. This paper would explore the effect of COVID-19 on global and Malaysia's financial stability. Government's intervention is essential to help the individuals, household and businesses to sustain in long run. This paper can provide useful insights on current financial stability of Malaysia and worldwide.

Many companies are closing down after the global economic melt-down of 2008 that involved ERON. The biggest problem for such business failures as identified by practitioners and academicians is information asymmetry existing in the relationship of the managements with the shareholders. This study seeks to investigate how monitoring mechanisms influence the block-holders in 111 Nigerian non-financial listed companies to resolve this problem. The study also investigates the mediating effect of the quality-differentiated auditors on the relationship between block-holders and monitoring mechanisms. The investigation adopted quantitative analysis using Stata to test related hypotheses. The findings indicate that the block-holders significantly influence monitoring mechanisms. The results also reveal that quality-differentiated auditors positively affect monitoring mechanisms and that it significantly explains the relationship between block-holders and monitoring mechanisms. Thus, this pa...

Monitoring mechanisms are tools for companies to protect the interests of the shareholders, most especially, the minority shareholders from the deviant behaviour of the management and board members. This study examines the relationship between monitoring mechanisms (directorship, internal and external auditing), gender and information system structure in Nigerian non-financial listed companies. The empirical tests for the study are by quantitative analysis approach with data from annual reports and questionnaires (for information system structure and internal auditing not obtainable from annual reports). The findings reveal that both gender and information system structure significantly relates to monitoring mechanisms (directorship, internal auditing and external auditing). This empirical study adds to the literature on the antecedents of organizational attributes in respect of gender and information system structure as related to monitoring mechanisms, particularly in Sub-Saharan ...

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There is a level of information asymmetry between the agents (management and the board of directors) and the principal (shareholders) in every company. The purpose of this study is to examine the scope of monitoring mechanisms in non-financial listed companies of Nigeria. This paper also investigates the impact of managerial ownership and horizontal-agency-costs on the mechanisms. Panel-corrected standard errors in Stata 12 application was used to test the hypotheses. The result suggests that the horizontal-agency-cost positively relates to monitoring mechanisms. It also provides evidence that managerial ownership has a significant negative impact on monitoring mechanisms. These findings suggest policy implications to the board of directors, the internal and external auditors on their monitoring roles. Likewise, the findings are beneficial to the government and regulatory agencies for possible further review of the guidelines on corporate governance. This paper contributes to knowle...

Monitoring mechanisms (MMs) have become important issues in Sub-Saharan Africa in the quest to reduce corruption. It is equally important to understand factors associated with MMs since such factors determine the effectiveness of MMs in reducing agency problems. It is vital to understand the channels through which these factors can influence MMs. While quality-differentiated auditors (QDAs) have been associated with high audit quality, its mediating effect between organizational attributes (OAs) and MMs has not been empirically tested, especially in Nigeria. This study examines the relationship between OAs and MMs. Secondly, it extends extant literature by examining the relationship between OAs and QDAs. Thirdly, it examines the relationship between QDAs and MMs and determines the role of QDAs as a plausible mediating variable between OAs and MMs. Using the data of Nigerian non-financial listed companies the results provide empirical supports that ownership structure (managerial ownership and individual block-holders), board (size, meetings, independence and gender) and compensation structure are significantly associated with MMs in the right directions. In addition, Type-II-agency-conflicts, board independence, risk management committee and compensation structure significantly and positively relate to QDAs. The most satisfactory result is the significant positive influence of QDAs on MMs indicating that quality auditing is an essential requirement in enhancing adequate MMs. The findings of this study provide support for the association of OAs and MMs with intervention of QDAs for good corporate governance. Therefore, the board of directors in Nigerian listed companies should be encouraged to adopt the right mix of OAs and MMs to ensure quality financial reporting through quality auditing to protect shareholders' interests. Likewise, audit firms in Nigeria should invest more on technology and intellectual capital to ensure quality auditing. Also, the regulatory agents should ensure necessary enforcement of codes of corporate governance and monitoring for compliance.

Wage are the greatest pushing factor for many workers to work and positively relates to employee life satisfaction. Meanwhile, fringe benefits improve the skills and knowledge of workers and enhance the organization's reputation. Minimum wage policies around the world uphold the principle to provide a basic living wage for their workers. Nevertheless, the impact of national minimum wage policy on Malaysian employees, in particular, was the least explored since enacted into law in 2012. This study examines the minimum-wage impact on low-level skilled workers in the electrical and electronics industry in Malaysia. Minimum wage can have an effect on labor productivity and fringe benefits, particularly training, allowances, and insurance, have become important research topics. As such, this research discusses the effect of minimum wages on labor productivity and fringe benefits of employees. A semi-structured survey questionnaire was distributed to 600 employees in electrical and electronics firms in Penang and Kulim Industrial Zones. Data from 432 questionnaires were quantitatively analyzed using Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA). The findings suggest that employers should make some adjustments in administering the wage scale due to the implementation of minimum wage national policy that has impacted firms' costs and incomes. The results also found that the minimum wage affects labor productivity and wage differences among workers. Meanwhile, the minimum wage does not adversely affect the adjustments to the fringe benefits, except for the provision of training. This study recommends more strategic plans and negotiations between stakeholders on wage and fringe benefits that would warrant continuous positive effects for both workers and employers.