Animal Health Economics

ولا شك في أن إنعدام الأمن الغذائي يعتبر من أهم مهددات الإستقرار والأمن على المستوى المحلي والقومي والإقليمي والدولي. فالطعام هو أول مقومات الحياة، وعدم توفره بالصورة المطلوبة يؤدي إلى الاضطرابات والفوضى واختلال الأمن. ولذلك فإن توفير الطعام للسواد الأعظم من السكان، بأسعار تناسب دخولهم – يعتبر من أهم دواعي استتباب الأمن في المجتمع ومؤشراً للعلاقة بين الحكومات ومواطنيها. وتزداد في الوقت الراهن أهمية الأمن الغذائي كمدخل للأمن الإنساني يوماً بعد يوم حيث أصبح إنتاج الغذاء وتوفيره محكوماً بسياسات بعض الدول والتي حولت بعض السلع الغذائية كالقمح والأرز الى سلع إستراتيجية تستخدمها كسلاح ووسيلة لخدمة أهدافها ومصالحها الخاصة.

This paper returns to Barbara Noske‟s (1989) concept of the „animal-industrial complex‟ in order to develop and re/present it as a key organizing frame of analysis and research collaboration for the field of critical animal studies (CAS). In presenting various ways of refining its definition and illustrating some intersections between both different forms of animal use and with other „complex‟ concepts, the aim is also to help build CAS capacity in analyzing the role of political economy in shaping human-animal relations. Whilst keeping the permeability of the boundaries of the complex very much to the fore, this paper nevertheless focuses on farmed animals and case studies virtual methods of apprehending „livestock‟ genetics companies as one approach for potentially bringing the animal-industrial complex into a more clearly delineated space of scholarly and public critical scrutiny.

This article uses economic categories to show how the reorganisation of civil procedure in the case of class action is not merely aimed at providing a more efficient litigation technology, as hierarchies (and company law) might do for other productive activities, but that it also serves to create a well defined economic organization ultimately aimed at producing a set of goods, first and foremost among which are justice and efficiency. Class action has the potential to recreate, in the judicial domain, the same effects that individual interests and motivations, governed by the perfect competition paradigm, bring to the market. Moreover, through economic analysis it is possible to rediscover not only the productive function of this legal machinery, but also that partial compensation of victims and large profits for the class counsel, far from being a side-effect, are actually a necessary condition for reallocation of the costs and risks associated with the legal action.

Objective of the present study was to compare the responses of Holstein Friesian pre-weaned female calves confined in elevated metallic crates in closed-type of housing and polyvinyl hutches in an open environment of Kuwait. A total of 176 newborn Holstein Friesian female calves were randomly distributed to conventional confinement in closed-type calf houses (control) and individual calf hutch in open environment (treatment). These calves were monitored upto the weaning age of 90 days. The average daily live weight gain was significantly higher in calves housed in hutches than conventional housing system (413 versus 113 g/h/d; P≤0.0001). Mean risk rates (RR) for mortality in hutch and conventional housing were 0.017 and 0.23, respectively. The results showed a significant positive impact of hutch housing with respect to growth, mortality and incidence of diseases in Kuwait's intensive dairy farming system.

With the establishment of Yellowstone National Park in 1872,
the ideology underpinning ‘wilderness’ as outside and separate
from human engagement was institutionalized and globalized.
For over 130 years parks have been considered as the bastion of biodiversity conservation. However, recent studies indicate that we are losing species, especially large animals, from many of Africa’s parks and reserves. Given the magnitude and frequency of natural and anthropogenic change, preservation of species richness in static single equilibrium habitats as the ultimate goal of conservation is untenable. This review advocates for an ecosystem resilience approach to conservation of biodiversity.

Eggs have been important elements of cooking and nutrition in Indonesia for centuries, mostly supplied from ducks and backyard chickens. Consumption of layer eggs has increased 12-fold over the past 30 years, and prices are lowered in central areas of the country. In the outer islands, however, layer egg prices are high and eggs are of lower quality. This report aims to discuss why concentration of chicken feed and egg production is maintained in the central areas of the country, while malnutrition, poverty and unemployment are high and increasing in areas without commercial feed and egg production. The difference is great between those who know and those who do not in the Indonesian poultry industry. Potential gains from information acquisition are not reflected in efficient markets for information, knowledge and skills. Information markets are not established because there are neither suppliers of nor any substantial demand for the competence that could be used by new commercial egg producers at peripheral sites of production. Lowering entry barriers into poultry feed and layer egg production is mainly a question of competence, and policy recommendations include improved dissemination of information and knowledge through schooling systems and local government extension services.

Animal sciences group, wageningen ur, lelystad, the netherlandsRoslin institute (edinburgh), roslin, scotlandKatholieke universiteit leuven, laboratory of quality care in animal production, leuven, belgiumUniversity of wales cardiff, school of city and regional planning, cardiff, united kingdomInra, urh-acs, theix, france

With the establishment of Yellowstone National Park in 1872, the ideology underpinning 'wilderness' as outside and separate from human engagement was institutionalized and globalized. For over 130 years parks have been considered as the bastion of biodiversity conservation. However, recent studies indicate that we are loosing species, especially large animals, from many of Africa's parks and reserves. Given the magnitude and frequency of natural and anthropogenic change, preservation of species richness in static single equilibrium habitats as the ultimate goal of conservation is untenable. This review advocates for an ecosystem resilience approach to conservation of biodiversity.

Widespread social impact can be achieved with the use of thermostable, live Newcastle disease (ND) vaccine NDV4-HR and I-2, applied via eye drop. Based on the evaluation of five ND vaccination campaigns carried out in Mozambique over a period of just under two years, significant and immediate increases in the number of chickens raised by households were recorded and acknowledged by the poultry breeders. Chickens are the most popular and most widely available livestock species raised by the households and by different members of the households. Thus, increased numbers benefit all individuals, regardless of gender, age or class. However, the impact of ND vaccination is higher among the poorest and women because they rely on chickens to provide for their basic needs such as food, hygiene, clothing, medications and schooling. The increase in the number of chickens is translated immediately into an improved access to cash or goods through exchange, but it also represents the possibility of gaining access to a good meal of higher nutritional value, and improved food security.

The effects of the fungus, Trichoderma harzanium, treated cassava waste on milk quantity and quality
were investigated in a completely randomized design model with twelve lactating West African dwarf
does. Goats were fed the experimental diets containing O (A), 20 (B), 30 (C) and 40% (D) Trichoderma
treated cassava waste during a 13 week lactation trial. The results revealed significant differences in
milk quantity and quality. The highest milk yield was recorded for diet D followed closely by diets C, B
and A in that order. Inclusion of fungus treated cassava waste resulted in significant increasing milk fat,
protein, solids not fat (SNF), and total solids. While the inclusion had little effect on milk pH and specific
gravity. The yield of 40% fat corrected milk (FCM) and gross efficiency of milk increased significantly (P
< 0.05) by the addition of fungus treated cassava waste in the diet. In conclusion, the addition of
Trichoderma treated cassava waste was beneficial to lactating West African dwarf goats.
Key words: Goats, Lactation, Trichoderma harzanium, milk quality and quantity.
INTRODUCTION
Feed accounted for about 89% of the

A study was conducted to evaluate effects of Trichoderma-treated cassava waste on the haemotology,
reproductive and urinary parameters of West African dwarf (WAD) does. Twenty mature WAD does were
allotted randomly to one four treatments using a completely randomized design arrangement. Does
were individually fed the experimental diets containing 0, 20, 30 and 40% fungus treated cassava waste
based diets (A, B, C and D, respectively) during the 56 days experiment. The blood parameters (PCV,
Hb, RBC and WBC) of animals fed the tested diet compared with those fed the control diet are similar
(p>0.05). Likewise, the pH, urea concentration of the urine were comparable (P>0.05) in does fed the
experimental and control diets while the urobilinogen was normal across the diets. Fertility, fecundity
and prolificacy rates showed better reproductive performance with diet D compared to that of diets A, B
and C. These data indicate that addition of Trichoderma-treated cassava waste in the diet of goats had
no detrimental effect on the haematological, urinary and reproductive performances of lactating WAD
does.

The effects of the fungus, Trichoderma harzanium, treated cassava waste on milk quantity and quality
were investigated in a completely randomized design model with twelve lactating West African dwarf
does. Goats were fed the experimental diets containing O (A), 20 (B), 30 (C) and 40% (D) Trichoderma
treated cassava waste during a 13 week lactation trial. The results revealed significant differences in
milk quantity and quality. The highest milk yield was recorded for diet D followed closely by diets C, B
and A in that order. Inclusion of fungus treated cassava waste resulted in significant increasing milk fat,
protein, solids not fat (SNF), and total solids. While the inclusion had little effect on milk pH and specific
gravity. The yield of 40% fat corrected milk (FCM) and gross efficiency of milk increased significantly (P
< 0.05) by the addition of fungus treated cassava waste in the diet. In conclusion, the addition of
Trichoderma treated cassava waste was beneficial to lactating West African dwarf goats

Feed intake and weight gain of West African dwarf (WAD) goats consuming Rhizopus treated sawdust
were determined. 27 WAD goats in a 3 x 3 Latin square design with a 196 day period consumed normal
diet with 20% untreated sawdust (Treatment 1, control), while Treatments 2 and 3 contained fungus
treated sawdust at 20 and 25%, respectively. Crude protein, crude fibre and ether extract consumed
increased (P < 0.05) by the addition of the fungus treated sawdust for Treatment 3. In contrast, the lignin
intake was significantly lower (P < 0.05) in Treatments 2 and 3. The weight gain of the experimental
animals was highest in Treatment 3. In conclusion, fungus treated sawdust-based diet for growing WAD
goats may improve performance as a result of increasing feed intake and live weight gain.

Key Findings
• Innovative traceability mechanisms improve market access and incentives to invest in food product quality
• Consumer demand indicates that free range duck from certified supply chains would be well received in Ho Chi Minh City
• Premia for local varieties and health status suggest that these systems can be privately financed, contributing to self directed poverty reduction.

• Consumers in both Ha Noi and Ho Chi Minh City emphasize safety as their key poultry quality concern.
• Markets in Ha Noi are less formal and have more free-range poultry than those in Ho Chi Minh City.
• In both cities, the duck sector is less formal than the chicken sector.
• Local open air markets are popular places to purchase poultry in both cities.
• Trust in institutions certifying poultry safety varies widely between the two cities.

This article presents results of a field experiment designed to assess willingness to pay for safely produced free-range chicken in Hanoi, the capital of Vietnam. Improved safety of chicken production and trading is suggested as an important component of avian influenza control strategy, which aims to address the direct costs of avian influenza as well as the global public health externality. However, consumer demand for safely produced free-range chicken is unknown. Products that have credible food labeling are not common in traditional markets where the majority of free-range chicken is purchased. Valuing characteristics of products sold in informal markets is a major challenge that our experiment overcomes. As part of the experiment, we provided several vendors from these markets with safety-labeled free-range chicken. Consumer valuation of safety labeling was elicited through having experiment participants, who were representative of potential consumers, select between discount coupons for either safety-labeled chicken or regular chicken. Results indicate that consumers will pay at least $0.50, or a 10–15% premium, per chicken purchase for safety labeling, which emphasizes safe production, processing, and transport conditions. This premium is smaller than the premium currently paid for traditional chicken varieties that are considered to be tastier. Consumers with more education have higher valuation of safety labeling. Hence, safety labeling for high-quality free-range chicken can play a role in controlling livestock disease and improving public health.

The article seeks to contribute to discussions about international institutional complexes, in particular how they emerge and form functional niches. Testing the premise that competition between international institutions guides functional niche selection, the International Food Safety Complex (IFSC) is characterised and examined in light of the experience of Southern Africa. Institutional competition is shown not to be a necessary precondition for functional niche selection; rather, cooperation can also be a starting point. Related to whether competition or cooperation win out are the timing of and absolute demand for the international institutional complex. The final section looks at the impact of the structure and function of the IFSC on building food safety regulation in the Southern African region. A single case study of South Africa offers some insight into the opportunities and challenges that exist in the African region.

Kenya's national parks and game reserves form the pillar of the country's tourism industry, and wildlife viewing and safari tourism are significant generators of income and foreign exchange. The promulgation of pioneer national parks in Kenya in the mid-20 th century followed colonial practices of "exclusion" and "divide and rule" which marginalized local communities in decision-making processes and initiation of tourism programmes and wildlife conservation initiatives. Government supported policies and programmes that focused on wildlife protection and promotion of safari tourism also accentuated human-wildlife conflicts and contributed to species loss and habitat fragmentation. This study examines the evolution of Kenya's wildlife conservation policies and safari tourism programmes, and argues that safari tourism in Kenya has privileged Western models of tourism development and wildlife conservation, with historic exclusion of indigenous communities still ongoing today, though some improvements are evident. Postcolonial legacies influence the political economy of tourism in regard to the Maasai in Kenya; inequitable power relations are illustrated with the help of a literature review as well as a case example. The study offers suggestions to guide the development of future tourism certification programmes and indicators related to protected areas and safari tourism. Such programmes should be cognizant of Kenya's postcolonial context and attend to social and cultural sustainability, including issues of inclusion, exclusion and empowering local communities to participate directly in the management and ownership of environmental and tourism resources.

Kenya's national parks and game reserves form the pillar of the country's tourism industry, and wildlife viewing and safari tourism are significant generators of income and foreign exchange. The promulgation of pioneer national parks in Kenya in the mid-20 th century followed colonial practices of "exclusion" and "divide and rule" which marginalized local communities in decision-making processes and initiation of tourism programmes and wildlife conservation initiatives. Government supported policies and programmes that focused on wildlife protection and promotion of safari tourism also accentuated human-wildlife conflicts and contributed to species loss and habitat fragmentation. This study examines the evolution of Kenya's wildlife conservation policies and safari tourism programmes, and argues that safari tourism in Kenya has privileged Western models of tourism development and wildlife conservation, with historic exclusion of indigenous communities still ongoing today, though some improvements are evident. Postcolonial legacies influence the political economy of tourism in regard to the Maasai in Kenya; inequitable power relations are illustrated with the help of a literature review as well as a case example. The study offers suggestions to guide the development of future tourism certification programmes and indicators related to protected areas and safari tourism. Such programmes should be cognizant of Kenya's postcolonial context and attend to social and cultural sustainability, including issues of inclusion, exclusion and empowering local communities to participate directly in the management and ownership of environmental and tourism resources.

Welfare issues and approaches are compared in the following review, for all major meat chicken producing countries. In certain countries, such as the United States and Australia, the industry comprises a small number of integrated, self-regulated companies, whereas in Europe the industry is more diverse, with greater competition, and more government regulation. There is much more meat chicken welfare research and regulation in Europe, and in particular the United Kingdom, than in countries with self-regulated industries, such as the United States, even taking into account the level of meat chicken production in the relevant areas. By contrast, welfare regulation in two of the world's major meat chicken producing countries; namely Brazil and China, is negligible. Some welfare issues are regional, such as high temperatures which are particularly problematic for free range birds, breeds selected for rapid growth and when birds are removed from fully-housed systems. However, similar welfare issues affect intensively-housed birds worldwide, which comprise the majority of animals produced. These include rapid growth rates, predisposing birds to heart and leg problems, especially ascites and sudden death syndrome, and high stocking densities, which inhibit locomotion and environmental exploration, predisposing birds to contact dermatitis. Welfare research in Europe has shown that highly stocked birds spend longer sleeping, congregate around feeders and are more fearful, as well as experiencing higher ammonia levels, which irritate their eyes and respiratory systems. The review concludes that intensive systems present similar welfare issues worldwide; however, European research is more directed to the behavioural and cognitive requirements of the birds, than in self-regulated countries. This will enable their industry to respond better to future welfare requirements from consumers.

"Reasons for performing study:
There are ethical concerns regarding the loss of horses from various equine industries and their corresponding slaughter. However, to date, no empirical evidence regarding the extent of this loss, nor of the condition of horses involved, exists within Australia.

Objectives:
To determine the approximate ages, brand type and condition of feet of horses relinquished to an export abattoir in Australia.

Method:
Data were collected from 340 horses processed at an Australian abattoir from November 2007–January 2008. Foot abnormalities, injuries and hoof indicators of overgrown and untrimmed hooves were assessed together with a dental inspection. Observations of brand were used to determine horse origin.

Results:
The dental age of 60% of horses was ≤7 years, and 53% originated from the racing industry (40% Thoroughbred and 13% Standardbred). A total of 81% of the horses had overgrown or untrimmed hooves. Standardbred horses had fewer grass cracks and more injuries to the coronary band than Thoroughbreds, probably due to pacing and trotting activities.

Conclusions:
Just over half of the horses slaughtered at an Australian abattoir on 3 working days were aged ≤7 years and emanated from the racing industry. Foot problems were common.

Potential relevance:
Future research should identify means of reducing the number of horses slaughtered and preventative measures for foot disorders."

"At eight times the size of the human population, livestock cast a very long shadow indeed. A primary contribution of this essay is to provide a survey of the human and environmental impacts of livestock production. We will find that, considering both the direct and indirect effects, the overconsumption of animal meat is now a (if not the) leading cause of or contributor to both malnourishment and obesity, chronic disease, antibiotic resistance, and the spread of infectious disease; the livestock sector may now be the single greatest source of freshwater use and pollution, the leading cause of rainforest deforestation, and the driving force behind spiraling species extinction; finally, livestock production is among the largest sectoral sources of greenhouse gas emissions contributing to global climate change.

Recognizing the inefficient and environmentally destructive nature of intensive livestock production, this essay will consider various solutions being proposed to “shrink” livestock’s long shadow, including “technical” or “market” fixes, a transition to “new agrarian” methods, and the movement to a vegetarian or vegan diet. Though important and morally relevant qualitative differences exist between industrial and non-industrial methods, this essay will conclude that, given the present and projected size of the human population, the morality and sustainability of one’s diet is inversely related to the proportion of animals and animal products one consumes."

Hyperlipidemia is a metabolic disorder that is characterized by a fat concentration increase in blood serum and it is known to be common in dogs. However, there is no information about how this disorder behaves in different environmental conditions related to metabolic changes, such as elevation, which may reduce metabolic efficiency. It was determined the clinic variables involved in hyperlipidemia prevalence in dogs dwelling at >3000 m elevation. Blood samples were taken from 80 dogs in La Paz, Bolivia; a city located at 3600 m.a.s.l. Cholesterol (total, HDL, and LDL), triglycerides, and glucose concentrations were determined. Data was analyzed using an Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) model selection approach. Hyperlipidemia prevalence was estimated in 12.5%, which is lower than expected for the sea level. Hyperlipidemia was present in five year or older dogs, irrespective of gender, breed, and diet. Competing models obtained showed that, besides the main role of cholesterol, a significant effect of cholesterol + glucose, as well as cholesterol + glucose + triglycerides determined hyperlipidemia prevalence in the surveyed animals. Despite being important, cholesterol is not the only clinical variable involved, there are significant interactions with glucose and triglycerides concentrations related to lower metabolic efficiencies, as it happens at higher elevations, which should be taken in account when conducting clinic examinations.

This white paper aims to inform decision makers in academia, government, and industry of the range of potential opportunities likely to emerge in the animal health industry, and to identify technologies, products, and knowledge clusters critical to taking advantage of these opportunities. We have identified potential growth opportunities in the animal health industry based on a broad view of emerging and future industry trends and technologies. The technology and product opportunities are then matched against a range of future scenarios. The result is a portfolio of technologies, products, and knowledge clusters relevant for those scenarios, which can be a starting point for discussion about opportunities for the regional industry. Decision makers can begin with those opportunities to develop a vision for the region. Similarly, individual entities can themselves formulate strategies specific to their needs to manage the uncertain future.

تهدف هذه الورقة لتحليل ودراسة العلاقة بين التنمية والاستثمار والتمتع بالحقوق الاقتصادية من واقع حالة مصر.فالحقوق الاقتصادية تعد من أهم حقوق الانسان على الاطلاق.وعلى الرغم من الاصلاحات المتخذة لزيادة تمتع المواطن المصرى بحقوقه الاقتصادية،الا أن التمتع بهذه الحقوق ما زال متدنيا بالمقارنة بالعديد من الدول.فحوالى 43.9% من المصريين يعيشون على أقل من دولارين فى اليوم،ونحو 16.7% منهم يعيشون تحت خط الفقر.وتوصى الورقة بضرورة تحسين مناخ الاستثمار والاهتمام بالصناعات الصغيرة والمتوسطة واتباع سياسات تحقق العدالة والانصاف وأيضا تدعيم وتطوير شبكات الأمان الاجتماعى وذلك لزيادة تمتع المواطن المصرى بحقوقه الاقتصادية