Climate change policy

Este artículo analiza los impactos del cambio climático en la salud humana, con especial atención en los países en desarrollo y, particularmente, en el contexto argentino. A partir de una revisión crítica de literatura científica, normativa internacional y legislación nacional, se delimitan los aspectos conceptuales y jurídicos que configuran el fenómeno del cambio climático, identificándolo como una amenaza creciente que exacerba las desigualdades existentes. Se concluye que, para enfrentar los riesgos sanitarios derivados de la crisis climática, es necesario promover políticas públicas integrales centradas en la justicia climática, la equidad y la resiliencia, incorporando enfoques ético-sanitarios que articulen conocimientos científicos y comunitarios. El estudio aporta elementos para repensar la gobernanza del cambio climático desde una perspectiva de derechos humanos, subrayando la urgencia de fortalecer los marcos institucionales y normativos en América Latina ante los desafíos ambientales y sociales del siglo XXI.

In recent years, proposals for legislatures composed of ordinary citizens have attracted renewed attention. Political theorists have advanced diverse arguments for transferring legislative powers traditionally reserved for elected officials to randomly selected citizens, appealing to fairness, equality, and protection against corruption, as well as to improved representation and collective problem-solving. Yet these arguments hinge on a contested assumption: that citizens can competently legislate and resist capture by
experts or interest groups. This paper examines the 2019–2020 French Citizens’ Convention for Climate (CCC) as a proof of concept for citizen lawmaking. Drawing on firsthand observations we argue that the CCC’s design effectively transformed its 150 members into de facto legislators. We develop the concept of the “citizen-legislator,” refining Mark Warren’s (2009) notion of the “citizen-representative,” and propose criteria for evaluating the quality of citizens’ legislative outputs. Finally, we identify the normative principle “citizens on top, experts on tap” as crucial to the Convention’s ability to preserve citizen autonomy and prevent capture. The CCC, we conclude, demonstrates the feasibility of involving ordinary citizens qua legislators in more inclusive and participatory forms of democratic governance.

Under the Paris Agreement, nations made pledges known as nationally determined contributions (NDCs): national climate plans detailing countries' ambitions to adapt to climate change and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Population growth is a driver of both climate vulnerability and climate-altering emissions. We asked, to what extent do countries take population growth into account in their NDCs, beyond simple statements of population trends? Our research method was a comprehensive text review of 164 NDCs submitted by countries. About one-third (49) of countries' NDCs either link population growth to a negative effect and/or identify population growth as a challenge or trend affecting societal needs. Common impacts of population growth noted were increased energy demand, natural resource degradation, vulnerability to climate impacts, and decreased food and water security. Seven NDCs included strategies to slow population growth, and none specified implementation measures. Overall, the adaptation potential and mitigation co-benefits associated with slowing population growth through meeting the unmet need for family planning are largely overlooked in national NDC documents, suggesting that they are also neglected in countries' climate change planning. In upcoming rounds of NDC updates, we recommend that governments consider the potential impact of population growth on adaptation and mitigation efforts, prioritize meeting their unmet needs for family planning, and integrate population-health-environment projects in their national climate plans.

Demographic trends will influence the magnitude of climate disruption and the ability of societies to adapt to it. • Rights-based policy interventions could decrease fertility rates to levels consistent with low population pathways. • Following low population pathways would contribute to emission reductions and minimize climate risk. • Humane policies that slow population growth should be part of a multifaceted climate response

Demographic trends will influence the magnitude of climate disruption and the ability of societies to adapt to it. • Rights-based policy interventions could decrease fertility rates to levels consistent with low population pathways. • Following low population pathways would contribute to emission reductions and minimize climate risk. • Humane policies that slow population growth should be part of a multifaceted climate response

Under the Paris Agreement, nations made pledges known as nationally determined contributions (NDCs): national climate plans detailing countries’ ambitions to adapt to climate change and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Population growth is a driver of both climate vulnerability and climate-altering emissions. We asked, to what extent do countries take population growth into account in their NDCs, beyond simple statements of population trends? Our research method was a comprehensive text review of 164 NDCs submitted by countries. About one-third (49) of countries’ NDCs either link population growth to a negative effect and/or identify population growth as a challenge or trend affecting societal needs. Common impacts of population growth noted were increased energy demand, natural resource degradation, vulnerability to climate impacts, and decreased food and water security. Seven NDCs included strategies to slow population growth, and none specified implementation measures. Overall, t...

This research aims to conduct a comprehensive assessment of the extent international law and provide opportunities for coastal communities to engage in the development of ocean-related policies and regulations. Governance of oceans has been subjected to the process of reorganization in response to pertinent external factors. The concept of the blue economy with the related notions of growth, Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and climate change represents an intricate network of political decisions, investments driven by states and private companies, as well as scientific and technological innovation. The recognition and respect of community rights to manage natural resources lead to the delivery of benefits for biodiversity, carbon storage, and livelihoods. The paradigm shift in ocean governance is inextricably connected to the influence of SDG 16 in the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, which has brought the concept of “no one left behind” to the fore. Furthermore, local knowledge, gained through the long experience of people in a place, can complement, correct, or provide alternative perspectives to the scientific or professional knowledge of policymakers. A normative method with an interdisciplinary approach is used and the data are collected through literature research, with the main search focusing on international instruments, such as the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP), the High Seas Treaty, and decisions of international forums on ocean governance. The results show that sustainability and social justice are of particular concern to contemporary coastal communities. These objectives necessitate the implementation of adaptive coastal governance to enhance the capabilities of communities and ensure the sustainability of natural resources. Moreover, international environmental law has established a framework facilitating community participation in governance of marine resources and the environment.

La République Démocratique du Congo (RDC) possède d'importantes ressources naturelles,
notamment des forêts tropicales et des minerais stratégiques, ce qui lui confère un rôle crucial
dans les discussions climatiques mondiales. Sa participation aux Conférences des Parties
(COP) vise à défendre ses intérêts en matière de réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de
serre et à obtenir des financements pour la transition écologique.
En s’appuyant sur la recherche documentaire, ce travail identifie les retombées financières,
environnementales, socio-économiques et diplomatiques de cette participation, tout en
soulignant les défis rencontrés qui entravent la pleine réalisation de ses objectifs climatiques
et environnementaux, tels que le manque de coordination interne, d'expertise, d'informations
pertinentes et de ressources techniques.
Pour améliorer son efficacité et son efficience, des recommandations sont proposées,
notamment le renforcement de la coordination interinstitutionnelle, l'amélioration de la
collecte de données, et la création de partenariats pour mobiliser des financements.
Mots-clés : RDC, COP, Changement climatique, Retombées

Climate change has emerged as a major global threat to biodiversity, inflicting severe impacts on ecosystems and species. Shifts in temperature, precipitation, and climatic conditions alter natural habitats and disrupt ecological equilibrium, leading to habitat degradation and fragmentation. As rising temperatures affect the physiology, behavior, migration patterns, and distribution of organisms, survival becomes increasingly difficult for many species. Some species are unable to adapt rapidly enough to changing environmental conditions or relocate, potentially leading to population declines or extinction. Furthermore, climate change exacerbates existing environmental challenges-such as pollution, habitat destruction, and the spread of invasive species-thereby intensifying the pressure on biodiversity. Extreme weather events-including droughts, storms, and floods-further damage ecosystems and undermine their stability. Variations in precipitation patterns also impact water availability within terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems. Marine biodiversity faces an equally grave threat due to ocean acidification, caused by increased carbon dioxide absorption, which negatively affects coral reefs and shellfish populations. The Evaluation based on Distance from Average Solution (EDAS) method for assessing the accuracy of supervised classification has emerged as a key technique for feature selection and data preprocessing in environmental studies. Key mitigation measures include ecosystem restoration, the promotion of sustainable livelihoods, community empowerment, climate-resilient agriculture, and integrated water resource management. According to the ranking results, Integrated Water Resources Management has the greatest impact on biodiversity conservation, whereas climate-resilient agriculture demonstrates relatively lower significance.

Tea smallholdings from the backbone of Sri Lanka's tea industry but face multiple interconnected challenges that constrain productivity and sustainability. This paper presents a diagnostic assessment of the economic, agronomic, environmental, and institutional barriers affecting smallholder tea cultivation. Key constraints include declining soil fertility, limited adoption of improved agronomic practices, rising input costs, labour shortages, and weak market bargaining power. Climate variability and land degradation further exacerbate production risks and income instability among smallholders. Drawing on stakeholder consultations, research evidence, and sector data, the paper identifies the underlying causes of declining yields and profitability. The diagnostic framework provides an evidence-based foundation for designing targeted interventions aimed at revitalizing smallholder production systems and improving long-term sustainability.

The myriad and cumulative impacts of climate change on land, communities, and health are increasingly evident worldwide. Throughout 2019 and 2020, Fort William First Nation and researchers at Lakehead University conducted a project to document and understand connections among climate change, land, and health from the perspective of Elders, knowledge keepers, and community members with close ties to the land. Fort William First Nation is an Anishinaabe community located on the shores of Lake Superior/Kitchigami in Northern Ontario and within Robinson-Superior Treaty territory. This paper describes the analysis of interviews with 22 community members. Two-Eyed Seeing, an approach that centers the working together of Indigenous and non-Indigenous knowledges and peoples and demands respectful relationship building, guided our project and analysis. Our analysis identified five themes: 1) observations and experiences of changes on the land, 2) lack of care and respect for Mother Earth as the root cause of climate change, 3) healthy land, healthy people, 4) youth and future generations, and 5) (re-)connecting with land and culture. 'All our Relations' is a thread woven across these themes emphasizing that climate change is understood and experienced through relationships and relationality. As concluding thoughts and reflections, we share three specific offerings of particular relevance to those engaging in climate change and health research and action with Indigenous peoples and communities. First, this research has highlighted the importance of explicitly centering land when exploring the links between climate change and health. Second, we reflect on the value of both the Two-Eyed Seeing approach and the Medicine Wheel in guiding climate change and health research. Third, we argue for an explicit focus on relationships and relationality in efforts aimed at understanding and addressing climate change.

In the search for strategies to mitigate climate change, the promotion of renewable energy is a major challenge worldwide, particularly for developing countries such as Brazil and Colombia, which aim to diversify their power grids by using unconventional renewable energy sources. One of the main obstacles is the development of innovative projects. Increasing oil palm cultivation in the Amazon region for the food and biodiesel industries is producing a large volume of biomass. The present study outlines a methodology for analysis of renewable energy projects based on identification of environmental, economic, and social sustainability criteria and indicators (C&I) for the oil palm production chain. This methodology was then used to develop a computer simulation model in the RETScreen® International software environment for financial viability and risk analysis.

In March 2023, the Federal Minister for Family Affairs, Senior Citizens, Women and Youth, Lisa Paus, mandated an Expert Commission of multidisciplinary composition (namely: Silke Bothfeld (chair), Peter Bleses, Sigrid Boysen, Gülay Çağlar, Melanie Jaeger-Erben, Jakob Kapeller, Ulrike Röhr, Immanuel Stieß, Carsten Wippermann, Brigitte Wotha) with the preparation of the Expert Opinion to The Fourth Gender Equality Report, “Gender equality in the socio-ecological transformation”, focussing on issues and questions related to gender equality in climate change policy. In March 2025 the Expert Opinion was published as the Fourth Gender Equality Report (Bundestag document no. 20/15105).

The wavelengths of the Sun’s and Earth’s radiation that the CO2 and the Wv in the air absorb are glob-ally ignored. Nevertheless, they prove that the CO2 and the Wv higher in the atmosphere absorb some of the incoming near-infrared radiation of the Sun, and emit half of it out to space to be lost; so they “cool” the Earth, namely the CO2 and the Wv higher in the atmosphere prevent overwarming of the Earth during sunlight.
    Also, CO2 and Wv near Earth’s surface absorb Earth’s radiation continually during day and night, following each time the changing temperatures of the Earth’s surface; and emit half of the absorbed Earth’s radiation back to Earth at the same temperatures, “isothermally”. So they do not actually warm or cool the Earth, but only delay Earth’s cooling and prevent its overcooling at night, in the absence of sunlight.
    A major misunderstanding about Earth’s climate among the IPCC, NASA, climate experts, and the worldwide community is the belief that solar radiation over one hemisphere of the Earth is spread evenly across both hemispheres. Thus, they omit the solar radiation on the second hemisphere of the Earth. Consequently, they end up with a frozen Earth at -18 °C.
    Then, to warm the frozen Earth, it is believed that CO2 and Wv in Earth’s atmosphere near the sur-face warm the Earth by emitting back to Earth half of the Earth's radiation they absorb day and night.
    But the Earth’s radiation that is emitted back to Earth is not added to Earth’s radiation, thus increas-ing the radiation of the Earth, and so violating the first Law of Thermodynamics, but simply prevents overcooling of the Earth, by retarding and delaying the loss of the Earth’s radiation in the absence of sunlight during night.
    The main errors are:
1. The omission of Sun radiation on the second hemisphere, which results in an Earth frozen at -18 °C.
2. The global belief, that the Earth's radiation emitted back to Earth by the, falsely named, “green-house” gases is added to warm the Earth, is impossible, and violates the first law of thermodynamics.

Peraturan Menteri Kehutanan Nomor 6 Tahun 2026 membentuk kerangka operasional perdagangan karbon melalui offset emisi gas rumah kaca sektor kehutanan. Peraturan ini hadir sebagai aturan pelaksana dari Peraturan Presiden Nomor 110 Tahun 2025 dan menempatkan Menteri Kehutanan sebagai penyelenggara utama perdagangan karbon sektor kehutanan. Regulasi ini tidak hanya mengatur tata cara transaksi karbon, tetapi juga menetapkan standar perencanaan, validasi, verifikasi, perlindungan sosial dan lingkungan, pengawasan, pelaporan, serta hubungan antara kepentingan pasar karbon dengan target Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Indonesia.

Masalah kebijakan yang hendak dijawab oleh peraturan ini ialah belum adanya tata cara sektoral yang rinci, pasti, dan terintegrasi bagi perdagangan karbon kehutanan pasca perubahan arsitektur kelembagaan dan kebijakan nilai ekonomi karbon nasional. Pelaku usaha membutuhkan kepastian mengenai siapa yang berwenang, bagaimana proyek karbon dirancang, dokumen apa yang wajib disiapkan, bagaimana unit karbon diterbitkan, kapan perdagangan domestik maupun internasional diperbolehkan, dan kewajiban apa yang harus dipenuhi setelah transaksi terjadi. Regulasi ini menjawab kebutuhan tersebut dengan membangun jalur administratif dan teknis yang lebih tertata.

Substansi utama peraturan ini terletak pada empat pilar. Pilar pertama ialah kepastian tata kelola proyek karbon. Pelaku usaha hanya dapat melakukan perdagangan karbon apabila telah memiliki unit karbon berupa SPE GRK atau non-SPE GRK. Penerbitan unit tersebut harus didahului oleh pencatatan DRAM atau DPP, pelaksanaan aksi mitigasi, validasi oleh lembaga independen, verifikasi capaian, serta pemeriksaan administratif oleh Menteri. Pilar kedua ialah penguatan integritas lingkungan dan metodologis. Regulasi ini mewajibkan penggunaan metodologi yang sah, pembuktian additionality, pengendalian risiko aksi balik, pengelolaan keanekaragaman hayati, dan penerapan nesting untuk program berbasis yurisdiksi. Pilar ketiga ialah perlindungan sosial dan tata kelola. Pelaku usaha wajib menghormati hak masyarakat adat dan masyarakat lokal, menjamin partisipasi, menyusun pembagian manfaat karbon, serta menjalankan padiatapa. Pilar keempat ialah akuntabilitas publik dan kepentingan nasional. Setiap rencana perdagangan karbon luar negeri harus mempertimbangkan kebutuhan pencapaian NDC dan, bila diperlukan, harus memperoleh otorisasi serta corresponding adjustment (CA).

Soil fertility depletion is at stake both local and global scale, putting pressure on food security, poverty alleviation and ecosystem services under threat to smallholder farmers agriculture livelihoods in ginger and turmeric cultivation. The diseases outbreak  in ginger cultivation Kaduna state, Nigeria has resulted N20 billion https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6NmuPvY4EzE economic loss in the past two years today (2023-2025). The ginger diseases (Ginger blast, Bacterial streak leaf blight, Ginger virus disease, Ginger nematode disease etc.) requires agriculture biotechnology ‘bespoke solution’ for disease management, soil resiliency and restoration to improve the farmers agriculture livelihoods. Aratibiotech regenerative agriculture research and development in ginger and turmeric bespoke solutions are: ARATI PGR (Plant Growth Regulator), ARATI Baja biofertilizer, ARATI Biopesticide, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3o7_vlpWvps&t=1334s, and ARATIDIN (Postharvest Management) innovation as integrated nutrient management and human capacity development via farmer field schools (FFS) that  raise labour productivity on farms, https://www.aratiagro.org/arati-soil-health-sch.html  incomes and reduce poverty that impacts on foods system outcome and adapting to climate change. The global ginger market is expected to reach about US$ 6.29 billion by 2030.

Keywords | Ginger diseases, Ginger smallholder farmers, Regenerative agriculture, Ginger bespoke solution, PC3R technology® and Agriculture 7.0

Contemporary environmental governance operates under a structural paradox: the legal instruments designed to protect future generations are calibrated to the temporal rhythms of present political economy, producing a systematic under-enforcement of intergenerational obligations that is not merely a policy failure but a constitutional and jurisprudential deficit with measurable, irreversible consequences. This paper constructs an integrative jurisprudential framework -drawing from constitutional theory, behavioral economics, cognitive science, comparative law, and critical philosophy -to explain why legal systems consistently discount future harm and to propose institutional mechanisms capable of correcting that discount. Employing a comparative doctrinal methodology across six jurisdictions (the Netherlands, Germany, Colombia, Pakistan, New Zealand, and the European Union) and analyzing ten landmark judicial decisions alongside twelve institutional datasets, the paper argues that adequate intergenerational environmental justice requires three transformative institutional interventions: the constitutionalization of temporal standing for future-generation proxies; the redesign of legislative cost-benefit analysis to incorporate full-cycle intergenerational discounting; and the establishment of independent constitutional guardianship bodies with justiciable enforcement powers. Without these structural reforms, the formal vocabulary of sustainability will continue to serve as an alibi for systemic inaction.

Melihat, Menganalisi dan Mengevaluasi tingkat keselarasan (cascading) antara dokumen perencanaan makro Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Menengah Daerah (RPJMD) Provinsi Kepulauan Riau Tahun 2025–2029 dengan Rencana Strategis (Renstra) Perangkat Daerah teknis. Fokus analisis diarahkan pada Misi 1 RPJMD mengenai pertumbuhan ekonomi berbasis maritim, khususnya pada Sasaran 1.1.1 yang menargetkan peningkatan kinerja pariwisata berkelas dunia dan ekonomi kreatif. Melalui pendekatan komparatif matriks indikator. Papper ini membedah konsistensi penggunaan indikator makro, seperti Rasio PDRB Penyediaan Akomodasi Makan dan Minum untuk menilai sejauh mana target kepala daerah diturunkan secara linier ke tingkat operasional dinas pengampu. Hasil analisis menunjukkan adanya struktur integrasi kebijakan yang solid dan konsisten dalam perencanaan pembangunan jangka menengah di Provinsi Kepulauan Riau.

Climate Change politics gives rise to shifting forms of green colonialism the effects of which can be at once surprising and predictable. The following paper analyzes the life of two Korea-Cambodia partnership projects designed to increase forest cover in a rapidly deforesting Cambodia. This paper updates earlier case studies (Scheidel and Work, 2016; Work, 2017) and follows the life of these two projects. The first is a REDD+ project and the second is an afforestation/reforestation (AR) project situated respectively at the southwest and northeast boundaries of the Prey Lang Wildlife Sanctuary (PLWS) in north-central Cambodia between the Mekong River and the Tonle Sap Lake. Both projects were conceived and justified within the logics of climate change politics and the green economy (Fairhead, Leach, and Scoones, 2012; Franco and Borras, 2021).

This study examines the systemic risks posed by climate change to Bangladesh’s $500 billion+ economy. Employing a Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE) model integrated with climate-damage functions, the analysis explores how sea-level rise and extreme weather events influence "Total Factor Productivity" (TFP). The research further assesses the effectiveness of the Delta Plan 2100 and the Mujib Climate Prosperity Plan in decoupling economic growth from environmental shocks. It concludes that "Resilience-Based Investment" generates a 3:1 return in avoided disaster-related costs, thereby emerging as the most critical fiscal priority for the coming decade.

Prostate cancer is one of the most common and lethal cancers in the world. The incidence of prostate cancer has been increasing in recent years. Beliefs and awareness towards prostate cancer screening among men is very crucial for early detection and management of the condition. In Nigeria, it is the most common male cancer and maybe as high as that seen in African Americans in the united states.
This paper examines the knowledge, belief and attitudes of men in Nigeria towards prostate cancer and prostate cancer screening for the peaceful existence in our society

Pollution of water resources results in the degradation of aquatic ecosystems and poses a threat to the global Blue Economy. Water pollutants, especially in water source like oceans, seas, rivers, and lakes where aquaculture is prevalent, can lead to species alterations, reduced food quality, decreased tourism opportunities in coastal areas, reduced employment in the sector, and declining incomes. This study aims to capture the impact of municipal wastewater and carbon dioxide on income in Türkiye between 1994 and 2022 using the ARDL approach. It examines the relationship between municipal wastewater and carbon dioxide discharged into rivers, lakes, and seas, and the income generated from aquatic resources, with the objective of guiding Blue Economy policy actions. The results of the ARDL long-term estimates indicate that (i) wastewater discharged by municipalities and (ii) carbon dioxide have adverse effects on income derived from aquatic resources. In the long-term forecast, carbon dioxide is expected to cause supply shortages due to increasing pollution in seas and rivers, while in the short term, it affects resources in lakes. The findings also suggest a long-term decrease in product quantities due to wastewater in water sources. Based on these results, the study recommends changes in policies addressing factors that disrupt the aquatic ecosystem, and suggests that municipalities develop new methods to combat wastewater discharge.

The transition to electric vehicles (EVs) represents a crucial step toward achieving global sustainability and climate goals. However, high upfront costs, inadequate infrastructure, and limited access to affordable financing remain significant barriers to widespread EV adoption, particularly in developing countries like India. This research investigates the role of diverse financing mechanisms in accelerating EV adoption, analyzing global best practices and contextualizing them within the Indian ecosystem. The research is exploring and analytical in nature. Content Analysis is done through thematic coding of financing models (e.g., subsidies, leasing, public-private partnerships (PPPs)). To examine the relationship between government subsidies and EV adoption, linear regression model adopted drawing data from the IEA Global EV Outlook 2024 and Bloomberg NEF Electric Vehicle Outlook 2023. To test the stated hypothesis, a Chi-Square test of independence was conducted using a hypothetical contingency table consisting of 140 observations. The table categorizes EV adoption levels (High vs. Low) against the availability of financing mechanisms (Available vs. Not Available). The research utilized academic databases including EBSCO, ProQuest, and Google Scholar for source discovery and filtering, ensuring high-quality and citation-indexed literature the study. The paper also evaluates the role of PPPs in expanding EV charging infrastructure, offering insights into how risk-sharing and coinvestment models can support long-term ecosystem growth. Findings indicate that direct subsidies and tax incentives significantly improve EV affordability and market penetration, especially when paired with public awareness and stable policy frameworks. Innovative financing models like Battery-as-a-Service (BaaS) and leasing reduce ownership barriers, making EVs accessible to a broader demographic. Moreover, the strategic involvement of private financial institutions, through green financing and credit enhancement tools, has the potential to unlock large-scale infrastructure development. Despite promising developments, challenges persist. These include fragmented regulatory policies, regional inequalities in financing access, and a general lack of financial literacy among potential EV buyers. To overcome these issues, the study recommends harmonizing state and national incentive programs, expanding alternative credit mechanisms, and promoting financial education related to EV ownership. Overall, the research underscores the critical role of financing as a catalyst in EV adoption. A coordinated, inclusive, and innovation-driven financing ecosystem is essential for achieving sustainable mobility goals, particularly in emerging markets like India.

The Philippines occupies a position of singular consequence in the global climate crisis. It is the country most exposed to the adverse effects of climate change, by the standard ranking of the World Risk Index, and the country whose youth report the highest psychological burden of that exposure. It is also a country in which a robust legislative architecture for climate change education has, over seventeen years, failed to translate into a curriculum equal to the magnitude of the threat. This paper offers the most comprehensive account to date of that gap. Drawing on the international meta-analytic literature, the Philippine empirical evidence base, and eight years of fieldwork conducted by Klima Education International across every major island group of the archipelago, it identifies four structural failures of the present curriculum: a fixation on disaster risk management at the expense of systemic understanding; an overemphasis on the natural-scientific dimensions of climate change at the expense of its political-economic, ethical, and sociocultural dimensions; an imaginative foreignness that positions the Filipino child as a recipient of imported climate knowledge rather than an inheritor of their own; and a curricular silence on climate anxiety in a country with the highest documented rate of climate-anxious youth in the world. The paper then advances five design principles for climate education in climate-vulnerable contexts, namely comprehensiveness, indigenisation, accessibility, efficacy, and sustainability, and sets out an institutional pathway for embedding them in curriculum and law. It is offered as the conceptual companion to the forthcoming Klima Karavan Report (December 2026), the first comprehensive national research study on climate education in the Philippines.

The carbon footprint and energy trade-offs of global logistics networks are examined in this study. Emissions were computed based on carbon intensity, distance, and cargo weight using a simulated quantitative dataset of 200 international shipments via air, road, rail, and ocean transportation. According to the average modal data, air freight had the highest carbon intensity at roughly 500 gCO₂/ton-km, followed by rail at 30 gCO₂/ton-km, road transport at 100 gCO₂/ton-km, and sea transport at 20 gCO₂/ton-km. These averages support the idea that slower modes are more energy-efficient while faster modes are often more carbon-intensive. The link between delivery time, transportation cost, and carbon emissions was investigated using a multiple regression model. Transport costs had a significant positive impact on emissions, according to the regression results (coefficient = 0.0004, p < 0.001), whereas delivery time had a lesser but still beneficial impact (coefficient = 0.018, p = 0.003). The model described 97.5% of the variation in carbon emissions, with an intercept of 1.39 tCO₂ (R2 = 0.975). The study comes to the conclusion that cost, speed, and environmental responsibility must all be balanced for sustainable logistics. It suggests switching to rail and sea as a mode of transportation, pricing carbon, adopting renewable energy, electrification, AI-based routing, and more cooperation between logistics stakeholders.

The carbon footprint and energy trade-offs of global logistics networks are examined in this study. Emissions were computed based on carbon intensity, distance, and cargo weight using a simulated quantitative dataset of 200 international shipments via air, road, rail, and ocean transportation. According to the average modal data, air freight had the highest carbon intensity at roughly 500 gCO₂/ton-km, followed by rail at 30 gCO₂/ton-km, road transport at 100 gCO₂/ton-km, and sea transport at 20 gCO₂/ton-km. These averages support the idea that slower modes are more energy-efficient while faster modes are often more carbon-intensive. The link between delivery time, transportation cost, and carbon emissions was investigated using a multiple regression model. Transport costs had a significant positive impact on emissions, according to the regression results (coefficient = 0.0004, p < 0.001), whereas delivery time had a lesser but still beneficial impact (coefficient = 0.018, p = 0.003). The model described 97.5% of the variation in carbon emissions, with an intercept of 1.39 tCO₂ (R2 = 0.975). The study comes to the conclusion that cost, speed, and environmental responsibility must all be balanced for sustainable logistics. It suggests switching to rail and sea as a mode of transportation, pricing carbon, adopting renewable energy, electrification, AI-based routing, and more cooperation between logistics stakeholders.

تعالج هذه الدراسة إشكالية محورية تتعلق برصد أهم التحديات التي تعوق أو تحول دون تحقيق التكامل والاتساق بين سياسات الحد من مخاطر الكوارث وسياسات التنمية المستدامة والتكيف مع تغير المناخ في البلدان العربية، كما تسعى إلى تبيان السبل الكفيلة بتحقيق هذا التكامل والاتساق. وتعتمد الدراسة المنهج الوصفي التحليلي بالاستناد إلى مجموعة من المصادر المتخصصة الوطنية والإقليمية والدولية، تشمل الكتب والدراسات والتقارير وقواعد البيانات والخطط والوثائق ذات الصلة. وتتناول الدراسة سياق الترابط بين الأطر الدولية المرتبطة بالحد من مخاطر الكوارث، ثم تبحث في أبرز التحديات التي تواجه تكامل هذه السياسات في المنطقة العربية، قبل أن تقترح مجموعة من التدابير والإجراءات التي من شأنها تعزيز الاتساق والتكامل بينها. وتخلص الدراسة إلى أن تحقيق التكامل بين سياسات الحد من مخاطر الكوارث والتنمية المستدامة والتكيف مع تغير المناخ يمثل شرطاً أساسياً لتعزيز الصمود المجتمعي والحد من الهشاشة وتحقيق التنمية المستدامة في البلدان العربية.

Despite often similar dynamics regarding the representation of Indigenous Peoples, we emphasize that 'Indigenous Peoples' is not a monolithic category but includes diverse groups based on different livelihoods, including those who directly manage protected areas (Kløcker Larsen and Raitio, 2022), groups displaced for conservation purposes (Kokunda et al., 2023), or groups negotiating water governance (McKibbin, 2023). Although there is a recurring theme at the heart of the spectacle, it operates differently for all these groups depending on politics, legal regimes, policies, history, and economic connections.

This Perspective explains how Indigenous Peoples are framed within contemporary debates on biodiversity loss and climate change, and why it is important to keep studying this ever-changing frame. Drawing on Debord’s ‘spectacle’, we analyse repetitive representations of Indigenous Peoples as simplified portrayals and narratives that mask deeper socio-economic and political realities. Today, representation politics shape biodiversity and climate funding, policies, and laws, increasingly through (social) media and Artificial Intelligence. We critically examine how such simplified and romanticized imaginaries of Indigenous Peoples as colonial ‘noble savages’ or ‘stewards of nature’ have evolved into their positioning as ‘climate stewards’, based on their assumed knowledge about land and the environment. This spectacular frame frequently celebrates Indigenous knowledge while systematically excluding Indigenous Peoples from meaningful environmental decision-making. Moreover, it obscures how Indigenous territories—often rich in biodiversity and increasingly central to climate mitigation strategies—continue to attract extractive industries and environmental initiatives that further threaten Indigenous Peoples’ sovereignty. While the spectacle of Indigenous Peoples is sometimes also strategically embraced by them to gain political recognition, development, access to resources, or to provide a sense of pride, it also typically imposes unrealistic expectations about their capacity to address biodiversity loss and climate change, while disregarding many of the systemic challenges they face. To address these issues, this Perspective proposes a research agenda that emphasises a critical examination of the intersection of the spectacle and the environment.

The Sundarbans face recurrent cyclones, storm surges, erosion, and salinity intrusion, creating a persistent multi-hazard environment that continually challenges local communities. While several vulnerability-resilience assessments exist, limited attention has been given to capacity-based approaches, particularly how adaptive, absorptive, and transformative capacities interact across the delta. To address this gap, we developed a community resilience capacity index that integrates 21 parameters and 60 indicators across the three dimensions of adaptive, absorptive, and transformative capacities. Weights were derived using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) based on expert opinion surveys, and a composite index was computed by aggregating indicator scores. A bottom-up approach guided the study, involving household surveys across 11 villages in five community development blocks of South 24 Parganas District, representing inland, estuarine, and coastal settings. Findings show that inland locations exhibit higher resilience capacities than estuarine and coastal islands. Villages such as Dakshin Gangadharpur and Sonakhali display relatively balanced scores, whereas Kantamari, Nafarganj, and Baliara register lower resilience. Overall resilience capacity scores indicate stronger short-term absorptive capacities than long-term adaptive or transformative ones, reflecting a coping-oriented resilience pattern. Our study highlights the need for integrated capacity enhancement, with an emphasis on strengthening embankments, diversifying livelihoods, improving health and water access, and fostering multi-stakeholder collaboration to build and sustain the critical assets necessary for resilience within this fragile deltaic ecosystem.

Odisha is one of the most important programs Launch. This program focuses on the small and marginal farmers. The millet mission program plays a significant role in enhancing climate resilience for crop production. The millet mission program had low water requirements and a minimum harvest duration. The main objective of this study To examine the millet mission area coverage. farmer participation and demonstration progress in Odisha from 2017-2025. The study is based on secondary data from the millet mission program in Odisha. The data is taken from the year 2017-18 to 2024-25 for the CAGR Millet Demonstration programme, and the Total farmers in the Odisha District-wise descriptive statistics are used. To calculate the standard deviation, the Coefficient of Variance is used. The variable has been used, such as farming work in the district-wise and Millet Demonstration Progress. The Finding of the study is that participation with form 8.030 from 2017-18 to 2, 63, 990 in 2024-25. The demonstration area also expanded to 144,736,42 hectares. The CAGR values also reflect the increased positive growth in both farmer participation and Procurement.

This white paper applies the life-coherence framework to St. Kitts and Nevis as a national diagnostic and transition architecture. It argues that the Federation’s central development challenge is not a set of isolated sectoral problems, but a deeper pattern of mis-nesting: the tendency for abstract systems such as finance, GDP growth, Citizenship by Investment revenue, tourism throughput, imported consumption, debt, and institutional targets to outrun or degrade the life-support systems they are meant to serve. These life-support systems include water, food, health, energy, households, youth, coasts, ecosystems, culture, governance, and the civil commons.
Building on the concepts of life-ground, life-capital, civil commons, mis-nesting, and re-nesting, the paper interprets the country’s fiscal pressures, water insecurity, food and fuel import dependence, noncommunicable disease burden, youth vulnerability, waste leakage, tourism exposure, climate risk, and governance-data gaps as interconnected expressions of one national life-system. It proposes seven mutually reinforcing national missions: Water First Federation; Food as Medicine, Farming as Sovereignty; Renewable Energy as Fiscal Medicine; Youth Belonging and National Service; Circular Island Metabolism; Regenerative Tourism; and Life-Capital Budgeting and Sovereign Resilience.
The paper further proposes a National Life-Coherence Dashboard, a Life-Capital Test for public investment and policy decisions, a life-capital budgeting approach, and a sequenced 100-day, one-year, and ten-year roadmap. Its central claim is that St. Kitts and Nevis can deepen its Sustainable Island State aspiration by moving toward a Life-Coherent Island Commonwealth: a whole-Federation development model in which finance serves life-capital, tourism serves place, food serves health, energy serves sovereignty, youth become co-builders of national renewal, and governance protects the conditions of intergenerational flourishing.

This article analyzes how the climate emergency—the "triple planetary crisis" of climate change, pollution, and biodiversity loss—has forced international judicial bodies to define states' obligations under international law. The study focuses on the framework of the Paris Agreement and key judicial pronouncements, specifically Advisory Opinion OC-32/25 from the Inter-American Court of Human Rights (IACHR) and the ongoing proceedings before the International Court of Justice (ICJ). Through this analysis, the article determines fundamental obligations for states that will lead to a higher level of compliance with actions
intended to maintain the planet's temperature and reduce the greenhouse gas emissions that cause global warming.

This chapter examines the potentialities and limitations of anthropological and historical approaches to climate justice for the social and environmental specificities of the Arctic. On the one hand, both disciplines—in their embrace of highlighting epistemological complexities, foregrounding of power dynamics, and experimentation with multispecies perspectives—are essential for both understanding and enacting climate justice. However, both disciplines need to improve commitments to ethical coproduction of knowledge with Indigenous groups, and to develop more meaningful frameworks for understanding the world through a multispecies lens. Anthropological and historical understandings of the Arctic can nuance how inhabitants can feel and experience environmental shifts. Specifically, through this nuancing, we are interested in how these disciplines can counteract climate reductionism.

Solid Waste Management (SWM) has emerged as a critical environmental issue due to its wide-ranging impacts on air, water, land, and public health. In developing countries like India, rapid urbanization, population growth, and changing consumption patterns have significantly increased waste generation, leading to serious environmental challenges and rising management costs. This study focuses on the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) of the municipal solid waste management system in Nashik city, integrated with cost analysis to evaluate its environmental and economic performance. The research systematically assesses the environmental impacts associated with various stages of waste management, including waste collection, segregation, transportation, processing, and final disposal. Key impact categories such as air pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, soil contamination, water pollution, and human health risks are analyzed. The study reveals that inefficient waste handling practices, inadequate segregation, and reliance on conventional disposal methods contribute significantly to environmental degradation and increased economic burden. In addition to environmental evaluation, the study incorporates cost analysis to identify the economic implications of current practices and potential improvements. The integration of Environmental Impact Assessment with Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) provides a comprehensive framework for assessing both environmental impacts and associated costs throughout the waste management system.

For millennia, the Earth had not warmed. After 1980, the Earth started warming rapidly. NASA2 and IPCC3 believe that the GHGs, CO2, and Wv, warm the Earth. But the absorption spectra of certain wavelengths of the S-NIRr by CO 2 and Wv in the atmosphere prove that they do not warm the Earth. They absorb some of the incoming S-NIRr, and then emit half of it to the surface of the Earth, warming the Earth to its usual temperatures. Also, they emit the other half out into space, where it is lost. Thus, during daylight, higher in the atmosphere, CO 2 and Wv prevent Earth's overheating, "cooling" the Earth. During day and night, CO2 and Wv near the surface of the Earth absorb some of the Earth's radiation, and emit half of it back to Earth, not warming but preventing Earth's overcooling during night. Moreover, the CO 2 in the air binds to the enzyme Rubisco of plants, promoting photosynthesis by absorbing visible sunlight, thus preventing Earth's over-warming, "cooling" the Earth. Besides, more water evaporates from the warmed seas, emitting heat, half of which is lost out to space; so Wv also prevents Earth's overwarming, "cooling" Earth. The increased consumption of Fossil fuels (FFs) during the 20 th century would have warmed the Earth more. However, the CO2 produced by the consumption of FFs prevented Earth's warming by emitting an equal amount of S-NIRr, keeping Earth's temperature stable until ~1980. The increasing CO 2 in the atmosphere, produced by the combustion of more FFs, reached 340 ppm by 1980; thereafter, it became impossible to prevent Earth's warming by the CO2 in the atmosphere. All of the S-NIRr in the wavelengths that could be absorbed by CO 2 were already absorbed by 340 ppm of CO2. No more S-NIRr remained to be absorbed by the CO2, hence no more prevention of Earth warming by the CO 2 was possible thereafter. Thus, since 1980, the Earth has been rapidly warming. This rapid warming of the Earth requires difficult decisions and rapid global action.

The study focuses on the representation of environmental degradation in Awais Khan's works, No Honour and Someone Like Her, from the perspective of David Wallace-Wells' climate-urgency discourse. The study will use textual analysis of Alan McKee as a method for gathering data from the selected text. The research explores how the novel portrays ecological deterioration in Pakistan through images of a polluted urban environment, garbage accumulation, toxic air, and extreme heat. The paper also highlights how these environmental conditions affect the lives of different characters in the novels. The study addresses two research questions: how do both novels depict the physical manifestations of environmental degradation in Pakistan, and do these novels, through the work of David Wallace-Welles, challenge the global narratives of climate urgency? The theoretical framework for this study is grounded in Wallace-Welles' argument that climate catastrophe is a lived reality rather than a distant future threat. The significance of this research lies in its contribution to Pakistani ecocritical studies by foregrounding environmental injustice and climate anxiety within contemporary Pakistani fiction. The findings foreground that Awais Khan presents environmental challenges as an active force shaping social exclusion and human suffering.

Une canicule n'est pas un accident météorologique, c'est le signe du basculement dans une nouvelle réalité climatique. Ce nouvel état de la condition humaine résulte aussi d'une crise existentielle de la démocratie, alertent Stefan C. Aykut et Amy Dahan dans un livre courageux et foisonnant. Jade Lindgaard 1 juin 2026 à 13h04 La vague de chaleur qui vient de s'abattre sur l'Europe est une piqûre de rappel : on n'en a pas fini avec le changement climatique. Même si le sujet du climat a disparu des radars Vous voulez comprendre l'impact de la présidence Trump ? Inscrivez-vous à la « lettre américaine » et recevez notre newsletter chaque mois. politiques, les dérèglements du Système Terre sont en cours et, pour l'instant, faute de réduction suffisante des gaz à effet de serre, semblent irréversibles. Ce chaos climatique est indissociable des menaces existentielles qui pèsent sur les démocraties dans le monde. En 2025, on compte 91 autocraties et 88 démocraties, si bien que, désormais, 72 % de la population mondiale vit sous un régime autoritaire.

This article addresses a persistent gap in global climate governance research: the limited understanding of how diverse forms of societal engagement influence low carbon transformations. While international negotiations have repeatedly fallen short, a wide array of civic, legal, and private initiatives has emerged-from youth activism and climate litigation to transnational partnerships and corporate commitments. Yet these dynamics are often studied in isolation or treated as exogenous to governance models. We propose a two-step analytical framework to conceptualize this evolving landscape. First, we define social drivers as historically embedded processes that enable or constrain decarbonization. Second, we introduce the concept of a global opportunity structure for climate agency to capture how societal actors mobilize and connect action resources across sectors and scales. Drawing on empirical research, we show how isolated actions can accumulate into more durable forms of climate agency, offering a novel lens to assess agency-structure dynamics in planetary governance.

Climate change communication in Italy is preeminently “commonsensical” and pragmatic. Italian mass media represent climate change as an undisputable fact scaled to the everyday domestic and local experience of common people. While the causes of climate change are rarely discussed, its consequences are instead presented in very practical terms (from environmental catastrophes to weather anomalies) and the issue is framed as something linking, embedding, and drawing together multiple social dimensions (the economy, politics, science and technology, and everyday life). Mass media discourse has contradictory effects on public perceptions of the issue. Review of existing studies and use of available social survey data show that the Italian public is largely aware of the seriousness of climate change, but climate change is considered less urgent than other matters of concern related to the economic situation. In developing their environmental awareness, Italian citizens rely mainly on inf...

Decarbonising deep-sea shipping is difficult because vessels operate over long distances with high energy demand and limited refuelling opportunities. Most transition scenarios emphasise alternative fuels and efficiency measures, while nuclear propulsion offers a structurally different pathway by shifting propulsion energy from voyagedependent expenditure to capital-dominated expenditure. This study examines operational implications of this shift using 2023 IMO Data Collection System dataset, covering 17,420 vessels, or about 30% of the global fleet. We compare observed operational speeds with design speeds and model a counterfactual nuclear propulsion scenario in which economic incentive for slow steaming disappears. Results show that the average observed speed is 11.49 knots, far below the design speed of 17.35 knots. Holding transport demand constant, a return to design speed would reduce required fleet capacity by approximately 31%. These findings suggest that nuclear propulsion could enable both operational CO₂ elimination and major productivity gains, representing a regime shift in fleet deployment.

Protection of coastal cultural heritage is among the most urgent global priorities, as these sites face increasing threats from climate change, sea level rise, and human activity. This study emphasises the value of innovative geospatial tools and data ecosystems for timely risk assessment. The role of land administration systems, geospatial documentation of coastal cultural heritage sites, and the adoption of innovative techniques that combine various methodologies is crucial for timely action. The coastal management infrastructure in Greece is presented, outlining the key public authorities and national legislation, as well as the land administration and geospatial ecosystems and the various available geospatial ecosystems. We profile the Hellenic Cadastre and the Hellenic Archaeological Cadastre along with open geospatial resources, and introduce TRIQUETRA Decision Support System (DSS), produced through the EU's Horizon project, and a Digital Twin methodology for hazard identification, quantification, and mitigation. Particular emphasis is given to the role of Digital Twin technology, which acts as a continuously updated virtual replica of coastal cultural heritage sites, integrating heterogeneous geospatial datasets such as cadastral information, photogrammetric 3D models, climate projections, and hazard simulations, allowing for stakeholders to test future scenarios of sea level rise, flooding, and erosion, offering an advanced tool for resilience planning. The approach is validated at the coastal archaeological site of Aegina Kolona, where a UAV-based SfM-MVS survey produced using high-resolution photogrammetric outputs, including a dense point cloud exceeding 60 million points, a 5 cm resolution Digital Surface Model, high-resolution orthomosaics with a ground sampling distance of 1 cm and 2.5 cm, and a textured 3D model using more than 6000 nadir and oblique images. These products provided a geospatial infrastructure for flood risk assessment under extreme rainfall events, following a multi-scale hydrologichydraulic modelling framework. Island-scale simulations using a 5 m Digital Elevation Model (DEM) were coupled with site-scale modelling based on the high-resolution UAVderived DEM, allowing for the nested evaluation of water flow, inundation extents, and velocity patterns. This approach revealed spatially variable flood impacts on individual structures, highlighted the sensitivity of the results to watershed delineation and model resolution, and identified critical intervention windows for temporary protection measures. We conclude that integrating land administration systems, open geospatial data, and Digital Twin technology provides a practical pathway to proactive and efficient management, increasing resilience for coastal heritage against climate change threats.

Artificial intelligence scaling is often discussed as though its primary ceiling is cognition, model architecture, compute efficiency, or investment. This paper tests a more basic possibility: the first ceiling on artificial intelligence may be the physical substrate required to sustain cognition at scale. The Substrate-Limited Intelligence Hypothesis (SLIH) defines an executable pressure index, Ω(𝑡) = 𝐷 𝐼 (𝑡)/𝑆 eff (𝑡), where 𝐷 𝐼 (𝑡) is an intelligence-support demand index and 𝑆 eff (𝑡) is the minimum of firm power, grid capacity, cooling, water or thermal-handling capacity, materials supply, and capital capacity. The present run is explicitly classified as a DEFAULT_SCENARIO_RUN, not empirical validation. All inputs are disclosed as internal assumptions unless marked otherwise. Under the default run, baseline Ω reaches 17.12 by 2045, the AI-boom scenario reaches 28.45, and the infinite-substrate null collapses to approximately 3 × 10-8. Mitigation pathways reduce pressure only slightly under the tested assumptions: nuclear buildout reaches Ω = 16.70, fast nuclear buildout reaches Ω = 16.50, private power reaches Ω = 16.80, and efficiency rebound worsens pressure to Ω = 22.10. The model therefore does not claim that AI cannot scale. It shows that intelligence-support scaling becomes physically constrained whenever demand growth exceeds the growth of the slowest sustaining substrate layer. The paper concludes by making dismissal operational: critics must provide better data, a replacement metric, a replacement substrate model, a rerun condition, a falsification case, or a specific coding error. Rhetorical objection is not a method.