Criminal Procedure

Пріоритет прав людини у кримінальному провадженні: межі втручання, ефективні засоби захисту : матеріали круглого столу, м. Харків, 28 квіт. 2026 р. : електрон. наук. вид.; НДІ вивч. проблем злочинності ім. акад. В. В. Сташиса НАПрН України, Від. дослідж. проблем кримін. процесу та судоустрою. Харків : Право, 2026.

Este livro explora a complexa intersecção entre o Direito, as Neurociências e a Psicologia do Testemunho, focando na busca por uma prestação jurisdicional cada vez mais precisa e científica. A obra apresenta uma análise detalhada dos conhecimentos e crenças da magistratura brasileira sobre a prova dependente da memória, destacando o papel fundamental de juízes e tribunais na implementação de novas diretrizes, como a Resolução CNJ 484/2022 e os recentes precedentes do STJ. Ao abordar temas como a natureza reconstrutiva das lembranças e os fatores que influenciam o reconhecimento de pessoas, o texto oferece ferramentas valiosas para o aprimoramento do Sistema de Justiça Criminal e a salvaguarda dos direitos fundamentais.

U radu se utvrđuje u čemu se sastoji pogrešna primjena materijalnog prava. S obzirom na oskudnost teorijske razrade pogrešne primjene materijalnog prava u hrvatskoj teorijskopravnoj literaturi, unatoč općepoznatoj važnosti toga žalbenog razloga u (hrvatskom) zakonodavstvu i (hrvatskoj) znanosti kaznenog, građanskog i upravnog postupovnog prava, osnovni je cilj istraživanja ukazati na nezadovoljavajuće stanje hrvatske teorije prava i izgraditi razrađenu teorijskopravnu tipologiju grešaka u primjeni materijalnog prava koja je primjenljiva na različite pravne postupke.
U prvom stadiju analizira se postojeće tipologije pogrešne primjene materijalnog prava u hrvatskim doktrinarnim djelima iz građanskog, kaznenog i upravnog postupka te se izlaže sintetizirana tipologija pogrešne primjene materijalnog prava za svaki od analiziranih postupaka. U drugom stadiju istraživanja, na temelju sinteze prethodno rekonstruiranih doktrinarnih tipologija i klasifikacije utvrđenih grešaka, konstruira se opća teorijskopravna tipologija grešaka u primjeni materijalnog prava koja je primjenljiva na različite pravne postupke. Greške u primjeni materijalnog prava dijele se na greške u utvrđivanju norme, rodnom i pojedinačnom podvođenju utvrđenog činjeničnog stanja pod doseg primjene utvrđene norme i određivanju pravne posljedice. Za svaku od tih grešaka utvrđuju se specifični razlozi koji do njih dovode. Pojmovni okvir koji koristimo za tumačenje relevantne doktrinarne literature i pravljenje sinteza utvrđenih vrsta grešaka u primjeni materijalnog prava u prvom stadiju i konstruiranje opće teorijskopravne tipologije u drugom stadiju, teorije su izvora prava, pravne norme, pravnog tumačenja i pravnog rasuđivanja, kako su one izložene u djelima Riccarda Guastinija.
Tipologija bi trebala pomoći hrvatskim pravnim znanstvenicima u boljem opisivanju i usustavljivanju pravnog uređenja žalbenog razloga pogrešne primjene materijalnog prava i provođenju preciznijih analiza slučajeva pogrešne primjene materijalnog prava u hrvatskoj sudskoj i upravnoj praksi te hrvatskim pravnim praktičarima u jasnijem prepoznavanju različitih slučajeva pogrešne primjene materijalnog prava u postupcima (sudske i upravne) primjene prava.

Comentário ao artigo 88.º n.º 1 da LGT 1Gabriel Balão SD 2O artigo 88.º consagra como princípio a obrigatoriedade de entrevista prévia do trabalhador antes da aplicação de qualquer sanção disciplinar. Trata-se de uma concretização do direito de defesa e do contraditório, pilares da justiça laboral. Contudo, o legislador introduz uma dupla excepção: a admoestação oral e a admoestação registada, casos em que a lei dispensa a realização da entrevista prévia. Esta excepção, todavia, merece análise crítica:

Penelitian ini mengkaji sistem pembuktian dalam perkara pembunuhan berencana dengan menggunakan racun sianida di Indonesia, dengan studi kasus Jessica Kumala Wongso. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk memahami penerapan sistem pembuktian dalam hukum acara pidana Indonesia serta bagaimana hakim menilai alat bukti dalam memutuskan perkara tersebut. Metode yang digunakan adalah penelitian hukum normatif melalui analisis undang-undang, putusan pengadilan, serta kajian literatur dari buku dan jurnal hukum. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sistem pembuktian di Indonesia menggunakan pendekatan negatif sesuai dengan undang-undang, yakni hakim harus memiliki minimal dua alat bukti yang sah dan keyakinan atas kesalahan terdakwa sebelum menjatuhkan putusan. Dalam kasus kopi sianida, alat bukti yang digunakan mencakup rekaman CCTV, keterangan saksi, keterangan ahli, hasil pemeriksaan laboratorium forensik, dan fakta-fakta persidangan. Berdasarkan bukti-bukti tersebut, hakim menyatakan terdakwa terbukti melakukan pembunuhan berencana. Namun, penggunaan bukti tidak langsung dalam kasus ini menimbulkan perdebatan di masyarakat terkait kepastian hukum dan keadilan dalam proses pembuktian pidana di Indonesia. Kata Kunci: Sistem pembuktian 1 , pembunuhan berencana 2 , sianida 3 , alat bukti 4 , hukum acara pidana 5

Özet Bu çalışma, ceza muhakemesi hukukunda uzaktan adli bilişim soruşturmalarının artan önemini, dijital delillerin elde edilmesi ve değerlendirilmesi bağlamında genel bir bakış sunmaktadır. Dijitalleşme ile birlikte suçların siber ortama taşınması, klasik soruşturma yöntemlerini yetersiz kılmış ve uzaktan veri elde etme tekniklerinin ceza adalet sistemine entegrasyonunu zorunlu hale getirmiştir. Araştırma, nitel yöntem kapsamında doktrinel ve karşılaştırmalı hukuk analizi ile yürütülmüştür. Türk hukukunda dijital delil elde etme süreçlerinin temelini oluşturan Ceza Muhakemesi Kanunu’nun 134. maddesi incelenmiş, uzaktan arama ve hukuka uygun müdahale yöntemleri genel çerçevede ele alınmıştır. Bulgular, dijital delillerin ispat gücünün yalnızca içeriklerine değil; elde edilme, korunma ve analiz süreçlerinin hukuka uygunluğuna bağlı olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Bu bağlamda gerçeklik (authenticity), bütünlük (integrity), güvenilirlik (reliability) ve doğrulanabilirlik (verifiability) kriterlerinin sağlanması zorunludur. Ayrıca zincirleme muhafaza süreçlerinin eksiksiz yürütülmesi ve teknik standartların uygulanması, delilin mahkeme nezdindeki değerini doğrudan etkilemektedir. Teknik açıdan ise geleneksel yöntemlerin sınırlılıkları ele alınarak, güvenilir donanım temelli yaklaşımların delil değerini artırma potansiyeli incelenmektedir. Sonuç olarak, uzaktan adli bilişim soruşturmalarının etkinliği, güçlü bir hukuki çerçeve ve güvenilir bir teknolojik altyapının birlikte oluşturulmasına bağlıdır. Anahtar kelimeler: Algoritmik Adalet, Uzaktan Adli Bilişim, Uzaktan Adli Soruşturma, Uzaktan Adli Telekomünikasyon Gözetimi, Dijital Delil. Abstract This study provides an overview of the increasing importance of remote digital forensic investigations in criminal procedural law, particularly in the context of obtaining and evaluating digital evidence. The shift of crimes to the cyber realm due to digitalization has rendered classical investigative methods inadequate, necessitating the integration of remote data acquisition techniques into the criminal justice system. The research was conducted using qualitative methods, employing doctrinal and comparative legal analysis. Article 134 of the Turkish Code of Criminal Procedure, which forms the basis of digital evidence acquisition processes in Turkish law, was examined, and remote search and lawful intervention methods were discussed in general terms. The findings reveal that the probative value of digital evidence depends not only on its content but also on the legality of its acquisition, preservation, and analysis processes. In this context, the criteria of authenticity, integrity, reliability, and verifiability must be met. Furthermore, the complete execution of chain preservation processes and the application of technical standards directly affect the value of the evidence before the court. From a technical perspective, the limitations of traditional methods are addressed, and the potential of reliable hardware-based approaches to enhance evidentiary value is examined. Ultimately, the effectiveness of remote digital forensics investigations depends on the simultaneous establishment of a strong legal framework and a reliable technological infrastructure.. Keywords: Algorithmic Justice, Remote Computing Forensics, Remote Forensic Investigation, Remote Forensic Telecommunications Surveillance, Digital Evidence.

The present study examines the concept, function, classification, and legal limitations of evidence within criminal procedure law, with a particular emphasis on its indispensable role in the attainment of material truth. Criminal procedure law, as a fundamental branch of public law, is structured around the objective of determining whether a criminal act has occurred, identifying the perpetrator, and ensuring that justice is administered in accordance with the rule of law. Within this framework, evidence constitutes the central instrument through which the abstract norms of criminal law are concretized and applied to specific cases. Accordingly, this study aims to provide a comprehensive and systematic analysis of evidence in criminal procedure, addressing both its theoretical foundations and practical implications. The background of the study is grounded in the recognition that the concept of evidence has undergone significant transformation due to advancements in forensic sciences and digital technologies. While traditional approaches to evidence relied heavily on testimonial and physical proof, contemporary criminal procedure increasingly incorporates scientific and technological methods, such as DNA analysis, digital forensics, and advanced modeling techniques. This transformation necessitates a reevaluation of classical doctrines of proof, evidentiary standards, and procedural safeguards. The study, therefore, situates itself at the intersection of traditional legal theory and modern scientific developments, aiming to bridge the gap between doctrinal analysis and practical application. The primary objective of this research is to present a general overview of evidence in criminal procedure law while simultaneously exploring the principles governing its collection, evaluation, and admissibility. In doing so, the study seeks to clarify the conceptual framework of evidence, identify its essential characteristics, and examine the methods through which evidence contributes to the establishment of material truth. Furthermore, the study aims to analyze the legal restrictions imposed on evidence, particularly in relation to unlawfully obtained evidence, and to assess the implications of these restrictions for the protection of fundamental rights and the integrity of the judicial process. Methodologically, the study adopts a doctrinal and analytical approach. It is based on a comprehensive examination of statutory provisions, particularly the Turkish Criminal Procedure Code (CMK), as well as relevant constitutional norms and judicial decisions. In addition to legal texts, the study draws upon academic literature and interdisciplinary sources from forensic sciences, thereby integrating legal analysis with scientific perspectives. The methodological framework also incorporates a systematic classification of evidence, enabling a structured understanding of its various forms and functions. This approach allows for a detailed exploration of both the normative and practical dimensions of evidence in criminal procedure. The findings of the study reveal that evidence serves multiple and interconnected functions within the criminal justice system. First and foremost, evidence is the primary means through which material truth is established. Without evidence, neither the initiation of an investigation nor the rendering of a judicial decision is possible. The study emphasizes that evidence must be obtained in accordance with legal procedures and must possess certain essential characteristics, such as relevance, reliability, and legality. Evidence that fails to meet these criteria cannot be considered valid and must be excluded from the judicial process. The study further identifies the essential characteristics that evidence must possess in order to be admissible and effective. These include logical consistency, factual accuracy, and a direct connection to the event in question. Additionally, the principle of “adversarial examination” requires that evidence be presented and discussed before the court, ensuring transparency and fairness in the judicial process. The judge’s decision must be based solely on evidence that has been lawfully obtained and subjected to adversarial scrutiny, in accordance with the principle of free evaluation of evidence. A central finding of the study is the critical importance of the prohibition of unlawfully obtained evidence. The principle that evidence must be obtained in accordance with the law is a cornerstone of criminal procedure and is closely linked to the protection of fundamental rights and freedoms. The study examines various forms of evidentiary prohibitions, including violations of procedural rules during evidence collection, coercion or deception in obtaining statements, and the use of unauthorized investigative methods. It also distinguishes between absolute and relative prohibitions, emphasizing that unlawfully obtained evidence must generally be excluded from the judicial process. This exclusionary rule serves not only to protect individual rights but also to uphold the legitimacy and credibility of the justice system. In addition, the study highlights the growing role of forensic sciences in the collection and evaluation of evidence. Disciplines such as forensic medicine, forensic genetics, toxicology, psychology, and digital forensics play a crucial role in modern criminal investigations. Among these, digital forensics (adli bilişim) emerges as a particularly significant field, given the increasing prevalence of digital data in criminal activities. Digital evidence, including data from electronic devices and networks, requires specialized methods for collection, preservation, and analysis. The study underscores that the integration of forensic sciences into criminal procedure enhances both the accuracy and efficiency of the evidentiary process. In conclusion, the study demonstrates that evidence is the cornerstone of criminal procedure law and plays a decisive role in the realization of justice. The effective functioning of the criminal justice system depends on the proper collection, evaluation, and admissibility of evidence. At the same time, the study highlights the need to balance the pursuit of material truth with the protection of fundamental rights, particularly in relation to unlawfully obtained evidence. As technological advancements continue to reshape the nature of evidence, criminal procedure law must adapt accordingly, incorporating new methods and standards while preserving its core principles. Ultimately, the study contributes to a deeper understanding of evidence in criminal procedure and provides a comprehensive framework for its analysis in both theoretical and practical contexts. Keywords: Criminal Procedure Law, Evidence Theory, Material Truth, Admissibility of Evidence, Exclusionary Rule, Forensic Sciences, Digital Forensics.

Абсентеїзм адвоката: теорія, законодавство та прецедентна практика.
У статті розглядаються деякі процесуально правові аспекти абсентеїзму за професійною ознакою окремого суб’єкта − адвоката. Проаналізовані рішення Комітету з прав людини ООН, Європейського суду з прав людини, законодавча практика врегулювання абсентеїзму при наданні юридичної допомоги в країнах Європи, а також виявлено універсальні ознаки абсентеїзму в адвокатській діяльності. В дослідженні  увагу акцентовано на неприбутті адвоката в судове засідання та для участі в слідчих діях як найбільш поширену форму абсентеїзму.
Ключові слова: абсентеїзм, адвокат, Європейський суд з прав людини, судовий прецедент, адвокатська діяльність.

Overchuk S. V. Advocate Absenteeism: Theory, Legislation, and Case Law

The article examines certain procedural legal aspects of absenteeism specific to a particular professional subject — the advocate. The study analyzes the decisions of the UN Human Rights Committee and the European Court of Human Rights, as well as the legislative practice of regulating absenteeism during the provision of legal aid in European countries. Furthermore, it identifies the universal characteristics of absenteeism in legal practice. The research specifically focuses on the advocate's failure to appear at court hearings and participate in investigative actions as the most common form of absenteeism.

Keywords: absenteeism, advocate (attorney), European Court of Human Rights, judicial precedent (case law), legal practice (advocacy).

Criminal procedure law entails a frame work of laws and rules that govern the administration of justice in cases involving individuals accused of committing crimes. The procedure begins with the initial investigation of the crime and concluded with either unconditional release of the accused by the virtual of the acquittal or by imposition of sterm of punishment pursuant to conviction for the crime.

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I film giudiziari-processuali, quelli ambientati in tutto o in parte in un'aula di tribunale, hanno sempre affascinato sia i cineasti che il pubblico, poiché offrono un contesto in cui gli eventi possono essere rappresentati con grande potenziale drammatico, ma anche con una perturbante ambiguità. Le aule di tribunale sono il luogo di un acceso dibattito verbale tra due parti contrapposte, dove si decide sulla vita e sulla morte di esseri umani e, più in generale, dove "si fa giustizia" attraverso l'applicazione della legge. Spesso dominati dall'immaginario offerto dai film americani, i drammi giudiziari mettono in scena conflitti su una varietà di questioni, dai diritti civili ai problemi ecologici e politici, e coinvolgono personaggi tipici, come avvocati, giudici e giurati, in competizione tra loro - con gli stessi spettatori spesso coinvolti come testimoni e persino come membri della giuria.