Distributed Manufacturing

In this paper, a decision-making framework for the design of redistributed manufacturing (RdM) networks is developed. Redistributed manufacturing, a manufacturing paradigm greatly empowered by the Industry 4.0 toolset, is the shift in production towards geographically dispersed interconnected facilities. The framework is context independent, accounts for the collective impact of all decision-making levels on one another in an iterative manner, and incorporates uncertainty. The framework has been applied to a case study in the aerospace spare parts production sector. Results indicated that the RdM paradigm demonstrated considerable improvements in service level when compared with a traditional centralized counterpart, while it was not as competitive with regards to total cost. This paper contributes to the literature on model-based distributed manufacturing systems design under uncertainty, and enables informed decision-making regarding the redistribution of resources and decentraliz...

In this paper, a decision-making framework for the design of redistributed manufacturing (RdM) networks is developed. Redistributed manufacturing, a manufacturing paradigm greatly empowered by the Industry 4.0 toolset, is the shift in production towards geographically dispersed interconnected facilities. The framework is context independent, accounts for the collective impact of all decision-making levels on one another in an iterative manner, and incorporates uncertainty. The framework has been applied to a case study in the aerospace spare parts production sector. Results indicated that the RdM paradigm demonstrated considerable improvements in service level when compared with a traditional centralized counterpart, while it was not as competitive with regards to total cost. This paper contributes to the literature on model-based distributed manufacturing systems design under uncertainty, and enables informed decision-making regarding the redistribution of resources and decentralization of decision-making. The novelty of this paper is the approach employed to handle complexity, nonlinear interrelationships and uncertainty, within the domain of RdM network design. These computationally demanding attributes are handled through simulation, and only their impact is passed back to an analytical model that generates the RdM network.

Undang-Undang Nomor 38 Tahun 2009 tentang Pos dalam menghadapi transformasi ekonomi digital dan pertumbuhan platform logistik daring. Regulasi eksisting dinilai belum mampu mengakomodasi klasifikasi hukum layanan pos digital, hubungan kemitraan kurir berbasis aplikasi, tata kelola algoritma distribusi, perlindungan data operasional, serta standar layanan instant delivery dan same day delivery. Layanan pos yang sebelumnya hanya berbasis jaringan fisik dan kantor cabang kini berkembang menjadi sistem logistik digital berbasis aplikasi daring. Perkembangan layanan instant delivery, same day delivery, serta pengiriman door to door mengubah pola distribusi menjadi lebih cepat, fleksibel, dan berbasis algoritma digital.

Assessing technology maturity in open source hardware ecosystems presents specific challenges connected to the openness of the technologies involved. Traditional Technology Readiness Levels (TRLs) and other complementary frameworks cannot fully address the readiness assessment of open source technologies, as they rely on intellectual property-based mechanisms, assume well-defined contexts for implementation, and lack a comprehensive evaluation of the adoption challenges in open source systems. This article presents the Open Source Technology Readiness Levels (OSTRLs), a new readiness assessment framework for evaluating the openness maturity of technologies to be integrated into open source ecosystems, considering critical aspects such as intellectual property freedom and accessible documentation. Based on TRLs and open design principles, the OSTRLs classify the openness readiness of technology across nine levels, from potential to full openness, considering product and process openness, i.e., transparency, replicability, reusability, and accessibility. The use of OSTRLs is contextualized with other complementary assessment tools to show their potential use as part of a comprehensive evaluation of the aspects connected to the implementation of open source technology. The use of the OSTRLs is then validated by assessing open source technologies in the distributed recycling for additive manufacturing (DRAM) ecosystem, a model that combines localized plastic recycling and 3D printing. The OSTRLs provide a structured way to assess open source technology ecosystems, such as DRAM, identifying not only mature solutions or areas for improvement in openness, but also existing trends, opportunities, risks, and gaps in adoption. This framework can support researchers, practitioners, institutions, and policymakers in strategic decision-making and guide future research toward sustainable and circular innovation systems.

This paper discusses the design and optimization of a cantilever beam through topology optimization combined with extrusion-based additive manufacturing (AM). The aim was to achieve a considerable weight reduction while preserving adequate load-bearing capacity under a 0.5 kg load. Topology optimization was conducted in Altair Inspire with a mass objective of 15-25% of the initial volume, subsequently followed by geometric refinement utilizing PolyNURBS to guarantee manufacturability. The optimized models were produced with Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) on a FlashForge Creator Pro, employing PLA as the feedstock material. Process parameters comprising a 0.2 mm layer height, 20-33% infill density, and customized support structures were chosen to optimize mechanical strength, precision, and material efficiency. Experimental validation demonstrated that the improved beams withstood loads of up to 1 kg without deformation, while von Mises stresses were far below the yield strength of PLA. Despite the optimized design demonstrating reduced safety factors relative to the baseline, structural integrity was maintained. A cost analysis revealed that AM decreased costs by 77% relative to CNC machining, while facilitating the creation of intricate geometries unattainable by traditional methods. The results highlight the possibility of integrating topology optimization with AM to produce lightweight, economical, and structurally efficient components, offering a feasible approach for engineering applications necessitating strength-to-weight optimization.

Some recent trends in manufacturing in particular and business in general, lead to new approaches regarding the organisation and software architecture, mainly adopting distributed solutions. Such organisations imply organisational and technological evolution through agility, distribution, decentralisation, reactivity and flexibility. New organisational and technological paradigms are needed in order to reply to the modern manufacturing systems challenges. The Multi-Agent paradigm represents

Scientific progress is held back by the high cost of proprietary equipment and the restrictive nature of patents, which slow innovation and limit scientific novelty. Free and open-source hardware offers a proven alternative, reducing costs generally by more than 90% for equivalent or lesser proprietary hardware while accelerating technological development through collaborative design and distributed digital manufacturing as well as commercial pathways. Despite these benefits, funding for scientific hardware development predominantly follows the antiquated proprietary model, creating a gap between scientists’ ability to purchase proprietary equipment and their inability to finance lower-cost open source alternatives. This article analyzes four financial models for open hardware development: (1) philanthropy model, where funders (non-profits or governments) shoulder all design risks; (2) standard investor model, where investors assume risk for design and sales in order to earn a return on investment (ROI); (3) crowd-sourced model, where the scientific community funds development and shares risk; and (4) a new decoupled risk investor model, which separates open hardware design risk from risk of an ROI by introducing a guarantor. A case study demonstrates that the decoupled risk investor model provides success for conventional science funders at marginally higher cost while enabling global access to low-cost designs and healthy ROIs with lower risk for investors. Comparative analysis highlights advantages and limitations of each approach, providing actionable recommendations for science funders. This work aims to derisk open hardware design financing, expand adoption, and democratize access to scientific tools globally while fostering innovation and cost savings across research disciplines.

Abstract.

The publication examines the risks of using drones against the fuel and energy complex (FEC) of Russia (the Russian Federation, RF) – the aggressor state-specifically unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) assembled at the point of use from legal components with individual or cluster warheads of local production (Last-Mile Manufacturing drones, LMM-Drones), as well as drones acting as carriers of cold weapons, launched in close proximity to military units, enterprises of the military-industrial complex (MIC), FEC facilities such as petroleum refinery and gas processing plants (PR and GPP), oil storage facilities, petroleum product storage sites, pumping and compressor stations, and also used as means of striking other targets, for example war criminals carrying out genocide of the population of Ukraine.

The paper analyzes the acceleration of the innovation cycle in modern warfare and the active introduction of disruptive innovations, using the example of the Russian Federation’s aggressive war against Ukraine. It examines the transition of unmanned systems from isolated innovations to mass, low-cost, and predominantly software-driven platforms based on artificial intelligence (AI). It is shown that many tactical and technological innovations (FPV systems, inexpensive ISR platforms (Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance), artillery fire-adjustment systems, electronic warfare countermeasures against UAVs) are reproduced at the operational scale within months, after which the advantage shifts to the side with a more developed industrial base and greater financial resources.

As the next stage in the evolution of combat systems, the concept of “last-mile manufacturing” for drones (Last-Mile Manufacturing, LMM-Drones) is introduced and formalized, whereby assembly and configuration are localized near the target, the product life cycle as a combat unit is shortened, and the logistics footprint is minimized. Within this concept, a threat model for critical infrastructure is developed, and the need to protect against the identified trends in combat drone development is noted.

Local production of LMM-Drones can be implemented following an arms manufacturing model tested by organizations such as “Defense Distributed” and used both by the Armed Forces of Ukraine (AFU), the Security Service of Ukraine (SBU), and by resistance forces within the Russian Federation or its satellites. Such solutions have the potential to significantly complicate the Russian Federation’s conduct of its aggressive war against Ukraine and, in the medium term, have the potential to completely halt the Russian Federation’s prosecution of this aggressive war.

The possibility of combining AI-enabled drones with fiber-optic control is considered in order to increase drone resilience to electronic warfare (EW) systems.

The potential for creating distributed air defense (AD) systems from simple components is also demonstrated, providing protection against drones controlled via radio channels, via fiber optics, as well as those equipped with autonomous control systems.

The need is noted for the development and implementation of preventive, defense-oriented measures, including multi-layered counter-drone architectures (primarily against UAVs), ensuring control of supply chains for dual-use components, and creating mechanisms for monitoring the supply of LMM-Drone components. The importance of preventing the improper use of LMM-Drone equipment and technologies outside the theater of military operations is emphasized. The main conclusion is that the spread of LMM technologies shifts the problem from a purely military domain into a multifaceted security challenge requiring preventive protective measures now, before the use of combat drones becomes a cheap and widely accessible norm for the criminal world.

The material does not contain recommendations to Ukraine, as a victim of aggression, on how to restrain the actions of the aggressor, but exclusively shows what exactly the victim of aggression and in what exact manner should not do for its self-defense in the event of continued aggression by the Russian Federation, since this aggression against Ukraine has unconditional support from the current U.S. administration, in connection with which the author modestly supports the position of the United States – the world leader in democracy and human rights – with regard to the Russian Federation’s right to destroy the civilian population, civilian infrastructure of Ukraine, and its right to occupy Ukraine in defiance of the UN Charter and resolutions. In the event that this material is used by the Ukrainian side to defend against aggression by the Russian Federation and to intensify hostilities on the territory of the Russian Federation, the author bears no responsibility, since, as stated above, the author is aware of the position of the deeply respected U.S. administration for the next three years. No part of this material should be used to turn the special military operation (SMO) into a special military defeat (SMD).

Buku "Dinamika Hukum Kurir & Ekspedisi Era E-Commerce & Penyelesaian Sengketa Tingkat Regional ASEAN & Internasional" memberikan wawasan mendalam tentang tantangan hukum yang dihadapi oleh industri kurir dan ekspedisi di tengah pesatnya perkembangan e-commerce. Membahas mulai dari ruang lingkup layanan kurir, kewajiban kontraktual, perlindungan konsumen, hingga regulasi ketenagakerjaan bagi pekerja kurir dalam era gig economy, buku ini mengupas tuntas berbagai dimensi hukum yang mempengaruhi sektor pengiriman barang. Selain itu, buku ini juga menggali tanggung jawab pelaku usaha dalam mengelola risiko, serta mekanisme penyelesaian sengketa yang dapat ditempuh baik di tingkat nasional maupun internasional, dengan fokus pada peran ASEAN dalam penyelesaian sengketa lintas negara. Dengan memadukan teori dan praktik, buku ini memberikan pemahaman yang jelas dan aplikatif tentang pengangkutan barang melalui moda transportasi darat, laut, dan udara, menjadikannya sumber referensi yang esensial bagi para praktisi hukum, pelaku bisnis, dan akademisi yang ingin memahami lebih dalam dinamika hukum dalam industri pengiriman barang dan e-commerce global.

Perkembangan teknologi informasi dan komunikasi mendorong peningkatan kebutuhan infrastruktur jaringan berbasis fiber optik di Indonesia. Produsen fiber optik nasional memiliki peran strategis dalam memastikan ketersediaan produk berkualitas hingga ke mitra customer, seperti operator telekomunikasi, penyedia layanan internet, dan sektor industri. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji perjalanan fiber optik mulai dari proses produksi, distribusi, hingga implementasi pada customer. Metode penulisan menggunakan pendekatan deskriptif-analitis dengan menelaah proses rantai nilai (value chain) fiber optik di Indonesia. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa sinergi antara produsen, distributor, dan customer menjadi faktor kunci keberhasilan penyediaan jaringan fiber optik yang andal. Tantangan utama meliputi aspek logistik, standarisasi kualitas, dan keberlanjutan kerja sama jangka panjang. Studi ini diharapkan dapat menjadi referensi bagi pengembangan strategi kemitraan industri fiber optik nasional. Kata kunci: Fiber optik, rantai nilai, produsen, mitra customer, transformasi digital

Peat-based planting cups, widely used in horticulture, contribute to significant environmental degradation due to peatland destruction. This study introduces an open-source, low-cost method for converting polypropylene (PP) cups into planting containers using a modified 3D printer equipped with a hot knife for automated hole punching. The system enables precise, repeatable modifications that support plant growth through improved drainage and aeration. Experimental validation showed that modified PP cups support comparable crop yields to peat cups, with only a slight reduction offset by substantial economic and environmental benefits. Peat cups, which must be replaced after every growing cycle, impose higher long-term economic costs. For relatively lowvalue kale, despite higher experimental yields the net profit advantage of peat cups was only 2.2 % over the agrivoltaic agrotunnel system lifetime. In contrast, relatively high-value spring mix experimentally cultivated in PP cups generated higher profit from the first year onward for a total of $5.3 million in the same system. Life cycle assessment revealed that, per use, peat cups have approximately 4.5 times higher carbon footprint and 35 % greater energy consumption than single-use PP cups. When reused over their lifetime of 250 cycles, PP cups reduce total material demand by ~98 % and lower lifetime energy and carbon impacts by up to 59 % and 77 %, respectively. Even under unfavorable dishwashing scenarios, environmental impacts of reusable PP cups remain 44-53 % lower than peat. This approach offers a scalable, sustainable alternative for peat cups in vertical farming of controlled environment agriculture.

3D printing is described as the next industrial revolution bringing manufacturing to the home. However, it’s attraction to the home or non-technical user is frustrated by the difficulty in deploying the software and the technology which both need professional understanding and training.Research and innovation in this area has concentrated on technology, not users and usability. Home users can access simple design software tools, best described as good for one task only. Software such as Microsoft word and Excel have been the subject of development for enabling most people to use computers without the need for training or the ability to program. However research in the home users of 3-D printing is very limited. This literature review is concerned is an investigation into home/non-technical use of 3-D printers, their needs and limitations, in order to facilitate the development of effective tools and manuals. An investigation of literature and a survey supported by a focus group of 4...

This paper proposes a Distributed Manufacturing Framework (DMF) as a conceptual model for post-PLM, on-chain manufacturing. The DMF integrates three components into a unified system: sovereign computer-aided design delivered as a SaaS platform, additive manufacturing hubs specializing in ceramics and composites, and courier-integrated logistics secured by blockchain and proof-of-location protocols. While broadly applicable, India and Brazil currently meet the most comprehensive set of metrics for early adoption, combining large user bases, maturing logistics infrastructures, and pressing infrastructure needs. Tuned Mass Damper Inerters (TMDIs) are proposed as the anchor product for a pilot implementation, linking CAD autonomy to distributed additive manufacturing and national building codes. DMF illustrates how geometric sovereignty converts economically by reducing freight emissions, strengthening resilience, and opening scalable, exportable production pathways.

Dalam perkembangan dunia bisnis modern, manajemen memiliki peran penting dalam memastikan keberlangsungan dan daya saing organisasi. Setiap organisasi, baik yang bergerak di bidang produksi barang maupun jasa, membutuhkan strategi manajemen yang tepat agar dapat mencapai tujuan secara efektif dan efisien. Manajemen industri berfokus pada pengelolaaan aktivitas produksi barang, sedangkan manajemen jasa menitikberatkan pada penciptaan nilai melalui pelayanan kepada konsume. Kedua nya memiliki perbedaan karakteristik, tetapi tujuan akhirnya sama, yaitu menciptakan nilai tambah serta memberikan kepuasan bagi pelanggan. Manajemen industri merupakan bidang manajemen yang mengatur penggunaan sumber daya, baik manusia, mesin, modal, maupun material, dalam suatu sistem produksi untuk menghasilkan barang dengan kualitas dan biaya yang optimal. Menurut Heizer dan Render (2017), manajemen industri berkaitan dengan pengambilan keputusan dalam mendesain sistem produksi, merencanakan kapasitas, mengatur jadwal kerja, hingga mengendalikan kualitas produk. Dengan demikian, manajemen industri tidak hanya terbatas pada proses produksi, tetapi juga meliputi perencanaan strategis yang mendukung tercapainya efisiensi dan efektivitas operasional. Selain itu, Indrajit dan Djokopranoto (2006) menyatakan bahwa manajemen industri berperan penting dalam menciptakan daya saing melalui peningkatan produktivitas, penerapan teknologi, serta inovasi berkelanjutan. Oleh karena itu, manajemen industri dapat dikatakan sebagai penggerak utama dalam menciptakan barang yang tidak hanya memenuhi kebutuhan konsumen, tetapi juga sesuai dengan standar mutu yang berlaku.

Dalam perkembangan dunia bisnis modern, manajemen memiliki peran penting dalam memastikan keberlangsungan dan daya saing organisasi. Setiap organisasi, baik yang bergerak di bidang produksi barang maupun jasa, membutuhkan strategi manajemen yang tepat agar dapat mencapai tujuan secara efektif dan efisien

Dalam perkembangan dunia bisnis modern, manajemen memiliki peran penting dalam memastikan keberlangsungan dan daya saing organisasi. Setiap organisasi, baik yang bergerak di bidang produksi barang maupun jasa, membutuhkan strategi manajemen yang tepat agar dapat mencapai tujuan secara efektif dan efisien. Manajemen industri berfokus pada pengelolaaan aktivitas produksi barang, sedangkan manajemen jasa menitikberatkan pada penciptaan nilai melalui pelayanan kepada konsume. Kedua nya memiliki perbedaan karakteristik, tetapi tujuan akhirnya sama, yaitu menciptakan nilai tambah serta memberikan kepuasan bagi pelanggan. Manajemen industri merupakan bidang manajemen yang mengatur penggunaan sumber daya, baik manusia, mesin, modal, maupun material, dalam suatu sistem produksi untuk menghasilkan barang dengan kualitas dan biaya yang optimal. Menurut Heizer dan Render (2017), manajemen industri berkaitan dengan pengambilan keputusan dalam mendesain sistem produksi, merencanakan kapasitas, mengatur jadwal kerja, hingga mengendalikan kualitas produk. Dengan demikian, manajemen industri tidak hanya terbatas pada proses produksi, tetapi juga meliputi perencanaan strategis yang mendukung tercapainya efisiensi dan efektivitas operasional. Selain itu, Indrajit dan Djokopranoto (2006) menyatakan bahwa manajemen industri berperan penting dalam menciptakan daya saing melalui peningkatan produktivitas, penerapan teknologi, serta inovasi berkelanjutan. Oleh karena itu, manajemen industri dapat dikatakan sebagai penggerak utama dalam menciptakan barang yang tidak hanya memenuhi kebutuhan konsumen, tetapi juga sesuai dengan standar mutu yang berlaku.

This study introduces a novel computational framework for designing and analyzing highly flexible, stochastic lattice structures using 3D Voronoi tessellations. This design replicates the stochastic cellular morphology of porous foams while allowing precise control over structural parameters, which offers great versatility for engineering applications such as lightweight construction, energy dissipation, and acoustic insulation. A computational design methodology is developed, including additive manufacturing, mechanical testing, and numerical modeling. First, the mechanical behavior of 3D-printed materials is examined under cyclic tension using a visco-hyperelastic constitutive model, which is then integrated into nonlinear finite element simulations incorporating large deformations and contact interactions. Numerical simulations are validated against experimental compression tests under cyclic loading, showing strong agreement, particularly for relative densities ranging from 6 to 18%. Strain responses at 20% and 60% compression were analyzed at 2 to 50 mm/min deformation rates. Furthermore, the stress distribution exhibited heterogeneity during initial buckling and the plateau phase due to randomly oriented struts. However, as the load increased and strain reached 0.6, stress distribution became more uniform, marking the onset of densification, and suggesting that stochastic lattices may offer mechanical advantages such as smoother energy absorption compared to regular cellular structures. By bridging computational modeling with experimental validation, this work enhances the understanding of highly deformable lattice structures, enabling optimized engineering designs.

Product Oriented Manufacturing Systems (POMS) are systems designed for variable product demand markets, and dynamically reconfigured for the manufacture of a single type of product or a family of similar products at a time. POMS systems can take several forms and result from exploring the use of flexible resources, a variety of new design philosophies, technologies and approaches to manufacture, including Cellular, Lean, Agile, Quick Response and Fit Manufacturing. In this paper a computer aided design system for the design and reconfiguration of POMS is addressed. A characterization and description of the structure and components of the design system, including a database, a user interface and a knowledge base and the description of some important data sets, are presented.

The existing literature on distributed scheduling mainly focuses on the performance measures makespan, total completion time, or costs. Due date related objectives that are gaining in importance in the industry have not been considered to a similar extent. In this contribution, we present a model formulation of the distributed job shop scheduling problem with due date consideration and present adapted greedy heuristics as well as a genetic algorithm to solve large problem instances. Computational experiments are carried out to assess the performance of the model and the algorithms. The heuristics and metaheuristics show promising results in reasonable computation times, with the genetic algorithm outperforming the other heuristics. The results indicate that managers should consider incorporating due date related objectives in the decision-making process of production planning and scheduling in distributed manufacturing.

The implementation of a recommendation feature in the courier service selection system on e-commerce platforms is a technological innovation aimed at improving logistics efficiency while providing a more optimal user  experience.  Through  this  feature,  consumers  can  find  alternative  delivery  services  based on  certain indicators,  such  as  cost,  estimated  time,  and  service  quality.  However,  in  practice,  the  implementation  of recommendation  features  has  the  potential  to  raise  legal  issues  when  platforms  prioritize  internal couriers  or certain partners without transparency and clear objective indicators. This situation can lead to discriminatory treatment,  limit  market  access  for  other  businesses,  and  reduce  consumer  freedom  in  choosing  services.This study  aims  to  analyze  the  implementation  of  recommendation  features  by  e-commerce  platforms  from  a competition  law  perspective,  specifically  based  on  Law  Number  5  of  1999  concerning  the  Prohibition  of Monopolistic Practices and Unfair Business Competition. The method used is normative juridical research with a  descriptive-analytical  approach,  through  the  review  of  secondary  data  in  the  form  of  laws  and  regulations, literature, and the practice of implementing recommendation systems in the digital industry.The research results indicate that recommendation features thatunilaterally prioritize internal couriers without objective basis and without information transparency have the potential to violate Article 19 letter d of Law Number 5 of 1999. This practice can hinder competition, close opportunities for other courier service providers, and create distortions in the digital logistics ecosystem. Therefore, this study recommends that recommendation features in e-commerce be designed in a neutral, transparent manner, and based on objective indicators, such as rates, estimated delivery times, and service performance. This will maintain healthy business competition and protect consumers' rights to obtain the best service options

When the fields of intellectual property law and biotechnology intersect, most analysis is driven by economic and ethical issues. This article examines these factors, but in relation to the emerging security threat posed by biohackers, or do-it-yourself ("DIY") scientists, who operate free from oversight and industry norms at the fringes of the biotechnology community. Public health risks are poised to grow as these citizen-scientists race for lucrative discoveries in the new frontier of synthetic biology. This article proposes that the existing paradigm adjust accordingly to leverage regulatory compliance from the most ambitious biohackers looking to benefit from patent protection. The U.S. government could bring aspiring entrepreneurial biohackers into the fold by making noninstitutional patent applicants undergo Center for Disease Control biosafety training, personnel screening, and lab registration one year prior to receiving patent application eligibility in order to reduce some of the potential risk of these unmonitored labs present.

If your baby has been diagnosed with clubfoot (also known as congenital talipes equinovarus), you're likely looking for the best treatment options available. One of the most important components of successful correction is choosing the right club foot shoes for newborns and babies. These shoes play a crucial role in maintaining the corrected foot position after initial treatment, often following the Ponseti method.

The amount of non-revenue water, mostly due to leakage, is around 126 billion cubic meters annually worldwide. A more efficient wastewater management strategy would use a parametric design for on-demand, customized pipe fittings, following the principles of distributed manufacturing. To fulfill this need, this study introduces an opensource parametric design of a 3D-printable easy-connect pipe fitting that offers compatibility with different dimensions and materials of pipes available on the market. Custom pipe fittings were 3D printed using a RepRap-class fused filament 3D printer, with polylactic acid (PLA), polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG), acrylonitrile styrene acrylate (ASA), and thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) as filament feedstocks for validation. The 3D-printed connectors underwent hydrostatic water pressure tests to ensure that they met the standards for residential, agricultural, and renewable energy production applications. All the printed parts passed numerous hydrostatic pressure tests. PETG couplings can tolerate up to 4.551 ± 0.138 MPa of hydrostatic pressure, which is eight times greater than the highest standard water pressure in the residential sector. Based on the economic analysis, the cost of 3D printing a pipe coupling is from three to seventeen times lower than purchasing a commercially available pipe fitting of a similar size. The new open-source couplings demonstrate particular potential for use in developing countries and remote areas.

Stained glass has played important roles in heritage building construction, however, conventional fabrication techniques have become economically prohibitive due to both capital costs and energy inefficiency, as well as high-level artistic and craft skills. To overcome these challenges, this study provides a new design methodology for customized 3D-printed polycarbonate (PC)-based stained-glass window alternatives using a fully open-source toolchain and methodology based on digital fabrication and hybrid crafts. Based on design thinking and open design principles, this procedure involves fabricating an additional insert made of (i) a PC substrate and (ii) custom geometries directly 3D printed on the substrate with PC-based 3D printing feedstock (iii) to be painted after the 3D printing process. This alternative is intended for customizable stained-glass design patterns to be used instead of traditional stained glass or in addition to conventional windows, making stained glass accessible and customizable according to users' needs. Three approaches are developed and demonstrated to generate customized painted stained-glass geometries according to the different users' skills and needs using (i) online-retrieved 3D and 2D patterns; (ii) custom patterns, i.e., hand-drawn and digital-drawn images; and (iii) AI-generated patterns. The proposed methodology shows potential for distributed applications in the building and heritage sectors, demonstrating its practical feasibility. Its use makes stainedglass-based products accessible to a broader range of end-users, especially for repairing and replicating existing conventional stained glass and designing new customizable products. The developed custom patterns are 50 times less expensive than traditional stained glass and can potentially improve thermal insulation, paving the way to energy efficiency and economic savings.

This study investigates the modal and static behaviour of sandwich panels with lattice core structures, comparing the real cellular solid structures’ response with an equivalent homogenised model. The mechanical model has been described through the Finite Element Method (FEM), and 3D elements with reduced integration have been employed to guarantee an accurate description of skins and the lattice geometry. Different Body Centred Cubic (BCC) cell configurations have been considered: standard metal BCC cell, metal BCC cell with waved struts, standard metal composite BCC cell. Depending on the configuration, the homogenised materials showed isotropic or orthotropic properties. The composite core has been modelled using two different materials, namely an Aluminium matrix with an AlSiC filler, which is enclosed inside the other hence constituting the BCC cell’s strut. A free-vibration and static analysis parametric study has been conducted varying the strut’s diameter, the strut’s waviness and the thickness ratio of the composite struts. For the static analysis, a multiscale approach has been adopted; a first step considering the whole homogenised sandwich panel and a second step comparing the multiscale results of the homogenised model and those of real structure considering a small portion of the panel. Results reveal insights into the effects of core structure parameters on the mechanical response of sandwich panels, aiding in design optimisation and structural enhancement.

Objective: In order to industrialize Additive Manufacturing (AM), we proposed in previous works to elaborate Industrialization Standard for AM (IS4AM). The IS4AM is a promising concept but remains very conceptual and requires more empirical validation and implementation strategies to the real-world applications. For example, several issues such as defect, fault, failure and damage can affect the AM progress at several levels: AM process, design and resulting products (quality, usability …), even the machine elements and the surrounding environment. So, we propose here a generalized concept called deterioration to overcome these issues considering real-world applications in AM technology. Methods: In order to understand the deterioration concept considering AM as a specific technology to deal with, functionality concept should be first treated. Next, we select an AM machine (Adventurer 3+, manufactured by FLASHFORGE) based on Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) as a simple and common AM technique with the object of treating the different probable functions and their classifications. After that we define a generalized concept called deterioration to cover the different problem cases in this specific technology. For example, in certain AM applications, a small defect may lead to a rejection of the final product by the customer, which forms a big obstacle in the industrialization of this technology. In addition, damage of machine elements and surrounding environments is considered here as an additional issue when comparing to the three components (defect, fault and failure) treated in the other industries. Results: It has been found that functionality and deterioration concepts in AM are highly related to uncertainty existence, which leads to additional warnings (difficulties) when characterizing these concepts. Classification systems for functionality and deterioration levels in AM are next clarified to provide a deep relevance to AM industrialization challenges. The different illustrative examples for pure and composite Polylactic Acid (PLA) materials represent here various deterioration degrees and classes, especially when dealing with composite PLA ones. Conclusion: Uncertainty plays an important role in preventing the industrialization of AM technology. Regarding several industries, we proposed a new concept called deterioration as a novel framework to be compatible with AM technology in order to reduce the uncertainty effects which paves the way to establish the IS4AM.

Recent advances in additive manufacturing have enabled the creation of three-dimensional (3D) architectured pyrolytic carbon (PyC) structures with ultrahigh specific strength and energy absorption capabilities. However, their scalability is limited by reduced strength at larger sizes. Here we introduce a modular assembling approach to scale up PyC lattice structures while retaining strength. Three assembling mechanisms-adhesive, Lego-adhesive, and mechanical interlocking-are explored, demonstrating notably increased specific compressive strength and modulus as size increases, driven by energy release from assembly joint fractures. Practical application is demonstrated by using assembled PyC lattices as the core of an aerospace sandwich structure, significantly enhancing indentation resistance compared to conventional aramid paper honeycomb core. The method also enables versatile designs, including curved structures for space debris protection and bio-scaffold applications. This scalable approach offers a promising pathway for integrating PyC structures into large-scale engineering applications requiring superior mechanical properties and programmability in complicated shape design.

and chemistry teachers' use of inquiry learning and simulation technology. He is experienced in industry as well as the teaching profession with a career spanning five years in engineering design, several years part time consulting in industry, and 26 total years of teaching. Irwin has a research focus on evaluation of teaching and learning in the area of computer aided design, analysis, and manufacturing.

The increasing complexity of manufacturing systems in highly competitive environments motivates the need for refinement of the design of manufacturing systems. The application of systems engineering is still undeveloped in some industries, but the potential benefits are substantial. However, there exists a chasm between the theory and practice of systems engineering applied to the design of manufacturing systems and existing lack of information sharing among organizations to enable right first time practices. To close this gap, the authors suggest systems engineering methods for supporting and enabling more effective and efficient design of manufacturing systems.

Purpose The purpose of this life cycle assessment (LCA) study was to determine the life cycle impacts for production and distribution of a humanitarian supply item under various supply chain paradigms in order to illustrate the potential environmental benefits of organizing production and supply operations for these items in novel ways. To do this a case study is used on a family-size water storage and dispensing bucket, such as the 14L-capacity polyethylene (PE) bucket commonly produced by Oxfam International. Methods The LCA is cradle-to-gate including production and transportation of PE plastic feedstock, fabrication of the water bucket, and transportation of the bucket to a common distribution site representative of a humanitarian aid location. Three different humanitarian aid locations are used to illustrate the range of potential impacts for each processing and supply system: Nepal, South Sudan, and Peru. Six processing and supply scenarios were investigated: 1) centralized Ox...

Background: The COVID-19 has put global health institutions on alert. Organizations such as the CDC and WHO have developed preparedness and prevention checklist of 2019-nCoV infection to be used by public and healthcare professionals. Since COVID 19 pandemic is unexpected and no country aware of it prior to outbreak, there is limited information on the overall preparations of healthcare providers in Ethiopia. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess early healthcare professionals' preparedness and response to COVID 19 Pandemic in Oromia regional state, Ethiopia. Methods: The study was conducted on healthcare professionals working in public hospitals of Oromia regional state. The study was carried out by online questionnaire prepared using SurveyMonkey©. The collected data was analyzed and One-way ANOVA was used to determine the significant differences between health professionals working in different hospitals. The statistical significance associations of variables of interest was determined at 95% confidence intervals. Results: Healthcare professionals in the public hospitals of Oromia regional state, Ethiopia perceived that they are not yet well prepared and may not respond to the pandemic quickly and efficiently. Even though, they have positive response towards identifying signs and symptoms, provide education and utilization of PPE, they are still lacking in practical responses like managing cases, implementing emergency plans and isolation procedures from many others. Conclusion: As the Federal Ministry of Health, Ethiopia Public health institute and Oromia health bureau are vigilant and continually conducting preventive measures programs, extensive and maximum effort should be done to improve healthcare providers' preparedness and response towards any emergency related to COVID-19 pandemic.

Distributed recycling and additive manufacturing (DRAM) offers a path to a circular economy. • Custom colors can increase value of DRAM polymers. optimal method, assessment criteria include the application of root mean square (RMS) and the color difference (ΔE CIE-2000). Three case studies were conducted, and the Nelder-Mead method was found to provide an optimal balance between the precision of color differences and the RMS, essential for producing high-quality colors. This research has provided a free tool that will now enable prosumers to convert their plastic waste into specific custom colors to enable DRAM.

Manufacturing leanness and agility are requirements o.ftoday•s manufacturing systems. Leanness callfor a best/it oJthe manufacturing systems to products. therefore requiring product oriented manufacturing systems (POMSj. Manufacturing agility can be achieved through easy systems reconfiguration to ./it changing manufacturing requirements. which may mean dynamical(v configuring POM5. For this a suitable design system is required Due to complexity of this design, and to the need Jar using suitable design methods, which may not be available local()', distributed sources of design services can be used This paper presents and describes a prototype ofa Distributed Design system Jar POMS based on a POMS design methodology and distributed suppliers of design services.

The aim of the paper is to analyse contemporary trends in distributed manufacturing (DM) research and to present a concept to develop and test some task allocation, planning and scheduling algorithms for DM network organisations. Some concepts are also adopted to identify key factor criteria and reasoning policies and rules for production/manufacturing decision support system. A final aim is to draw up a proposal for the development of a prototype decision support system with the necessary communication and knowledge--oriented modules to be implemented in an example of dynamic, DM and logistics network structure, particularly for very popular dynamic cluster forms in Poland. The developed concept of the organization of a multi-entity DM network will enable business-effective use of the system, supporting manufacturing decision-making, consulting and offering information services in the control centre (the so-called Competence Centre) by constructing virtual reality and access to services in a distributed network of cloud computing type. Integration of the whole system into one information system will enable further analysis and the network resource optimization of manufacturing and logistics processes, new analytical functions, reduction of delays in the manufacturing system, management of changes and risks, and visualization of the current state of the DM system.

The aim of the paper is to analyse contemporary trends in distributed manufacturing (DM) research and to present a concept to develop and test some task allocation, planning and scheduling algorithms for DM network organisations. Some concepts to identify key factor criteria and reasoning policies and rules for production/manufacturing decision support system are also undertaken. And finally, an aim is to draw a proposal for a development of a prototype decision support system with necessary communication and knowledge oriented modules to be implemented in an example of dynamic, DM and logistics network structure, particularly for very popular dynamic cluster forms in Poland. The developed concept of the organization of a multi-entity DM network will enable business-effective use of the system, supporting manufacturing decision making, consulting and offering information services in the control centre (the so-called Competence Centre ) by constructing virtual reality and access to s...

According to research findings of many peer-reviewed studies, up to 90% of household items may be made of plastic. But nowadays, just a small portion of plastic waste is recycled. Plastic pyrolysis and polymer breakdown are environmentally hazardous. Processing is, therefore, necessary for recycling. Plastics are constantly being manufactured and require minimal processing, necessitating innovation. Plastic recycling is becoming a major issue for environmentalists and waste management professionals. Fused deposition modelling, or FDM, is one of the most popular types of additive manufacturing. It uses the melt extrusion process to deposit filaments of thermal polymers in a predetermined pattern. Using a computer-generated design, 3D printing, sometimes referred to as additive manufacturing, is a technique for building three-dimensional objects layer by layer. A 3D item is produced by the additive method of 3D printing, which involves building up layers of material. To make a three-dimensional object, FDM printers eject a thermoplastic filament that has been heated to its melting point layer by layer. 3D printing is a rapidly expanding industry and the market in this field has grown up to 23% by 2021. Several experiments on new 3D printing materials have been carried out to reduce pollution and the supply of plastic. Various additives have been investigated to increase recycled polymers' molecular weight and mechanical properties. The most frequent type of fibre found in that is thermoplastic fibre. In this instance, waste ABS (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene) plastic from industrial FDM printers was gathered and examined in a bustling open shop. In this review, we discussed the use of recyclable polymers in 3D printing for waste material management.

Globalisasi memiliki dampak signifikan terhadap dunia bisnis, menciptakan peluang sekaligus tantangan bagi perusahaan di berbagai sektor. Dengan kemajuan teknologi dan keterbukaan pasar, bisnis dapat memperluas jangkauan ke pasar internasional, meningkatkan efisiensi produksi, dan mempercepat inovasi. Namun, globalisasi juga memicu persaingan yang lebih ketat, ketergantungan pada ekonomi global, serta perubahan tren konsumsi yang dinamis. Perusahaan harus beradaptasi dengan perkembangan teknologi, regulasi internasional, dan tuntutan keberlanjutan agar tetap kompetitif. Dengan strategi yang tepat, globalisasi dapat menjadi katalisator pertumbuhan bisnis dan penguatan daya saing di pasar global.

Layer adhesion refers to the evaluation of the bond strength between layers in a 3D-printed part. Generally, 3D printed products are built layer by layer, where the adhesion between layers may vary depending on many factors, also according to the materials used. Furthermore, all the 3D printed parts experience layer separation over time. This issue mainly mainly stems from the effect of temperature during 3D printing operations. In this research, a new technique that focuses on studying and controlling the temperature of the environment around the 3D printer was developed. This approach aims to enhance the adhesion or welding process between printed layers, wherein the proper temperature the layer becomes more elastic, which facilitates the fusion process of the new layer with existing ones, thereby increasing the mechanical properties of the 3D printed parts. There are many techniques applied to control the temperature. In this study, the implemented control system consists of a digital thermostat equipped with sensors. The system monitors and adjusts the temperature by using an electrical wire heater placed inside the enclosure. Many materials are used as base material in 3D printers, e.g. PLA, ABS, PETG, etc., and each of these materials has a different optimum temperature. This study focused on PLA as the test material, even though it is widely used in 3d printer field, having a good printing flexibility. On the other hand, this material is affected by the weather conditions to the greatest extent, which can lead to failure between layers after a short while of time. The experiments were done by selecting three environment temperatures (40, 45 and 50 ℃), the number of walls (4, 6, and 8 walls), and finally printing speed (70, 80 and 90 mm/sec) to test the adhesion between layers. The results exhibited that the effect of enclosure temperature on the 3d printer process was 62.07% over all the other printer parameters, Notably, the increase in the strength of adhesion for the printed parts reached 32.37% at an enclosure temperature of 40 ℃.