Electronics and Communications Engineering

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is a multi-carrier modulation technique which divides the available spectrum into many carriers. OFDM uses the spectrum efficiently compared to FDMA by spacing the channels much closer together and making all carriers orthogonal to one another, to prevent interference between the closely spaced carriers. The main advantage of OFDM is their robustness to channel fading in wireless environment. The principles of OFDM modulation have been around since 1960s. However, recently the attention toward OFDM has grown dramatically in the field of wireless and wired communication systems. In parallel, Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) is also emerging as a fundamental paradigm in the implementation of these standards. This is due to their increased capabilities (speed and resources). The objective of this project is to design and implement OFDM transmitter and receiver on FPGA hardware. This project concentrates on developing Fast Fourier Tr...

Fast Fourier transform (FFT) has become ubiquitous in many engineering applications. Efficient algorithms are being designed to improve the architecture of FFT. Among the different proposed algorithms, split-radix FFT has shown considerable improvement in terms of reducing hardware complexity of the architecture compared to radix-2 and radix-4 FFT algorithms.

Technical Laboratory Report:

Automatic Light Sensing and Voltage Divider Circuit

Khanverdi Chalabiyev, Emin Rahimov,Ruslan Qasimov, Vasif Sarifzade, Kamran Aliquliyev

Verified by: Physics Teacher Azerbaijan

Telman Askeraliyev (Fizika Muellimi,

Azerbaijan, Baku)

Apparatus for and method of sensing brain waves at a
position remote from a subject whereby electromag
netic signals of different frequencies are simulta
neously transmitted to the brain of the subject in
which the signals interfere with one another to yield a
waveform which is modulated by the subject's brain
waves. The interference waveform which is represen
tative of the brain wave activity is re-transmitted by
the brain to a receiver where it is demodulated and
amplified. The demodulated waveform is then dis
played for visual viewing and routed to a computer for
further processing and analysis. The demodulated
waveform also can be used to produce a compensating
signal which is transmitted back to the brain to effect
a desired change in electrical activity therein.

The interaction between filler and matrix materials in a composite structure significantly influences the effective performance of electronic devices employed in capacitive and resistive applications. In this study, a theoretical model is proposed to describe filler-matrix interactions as a function of geometric factors, considering filler alignment along both electrode and non-electrode directions. The effective capacitance and resistance of the composite are examined with respect to filler shape, and orientation. Geometric parameters, including filler length and cross-sectional area, are shown to strongly affect the overall dielectric response and conductive properties of the composite. Inclusions aligned along the electrode direction enhance capacitance while reducing resistance, with spherical fillers exhibiting a greater effect than cubic fillers due to their geometry. The proposed model is benchmarked against classical effective medium theories, demonstrating that filler orientation can be used to tune dielectric and conductivity response. Electrical parameters can be tailored by varying filler geometry and alignment within the matrix. This new model provides a foundation for designing advanced composite materials, where filler orientation can be precisely controlled using modern fabrication approaches such as 3D printing, enabling improved performance in electrical and electronic device applications.

Due to the enhanced digital media on the web, information security and privacy protection issue have attracted the eye of information communication. Information hiding has become a subject of sizable importance. Currently each day there's very big drawback of information hacking into the networking space. There is variety of techniques offered within the trade to overcome this drawback. So, information hiding within the encrypted image is one in all the solutions, however the matter is that the original cover can't be losslessly recovered by this system. That's why recently; additional and additional attention is paid to reversible information concealing in encrypted pictures however this technique drawback low hardiness. A completely unique technique is planned by reserving for embedding information before encoding of the image takes place with the offered algorithmic rule. Currently the authentic person will hide the information simply on the image to produce authentication. The transmission and exchange of image additionally desires a high security .This is the review paper regarding this reversible information hiding algorithms obtainable. As a result, because of histogram enlargement and bar graph shifting embedded message and also the host image may be recovered dead. The embedding rate is enhanced and PSNR magnitude relation using novel technique.

By changing the lifestyle and increasing the cancer incidence, accurate diagnosis becomes a significant medical action. Today, DNA microarray is widely used in cancer diagnosis and screening since it is able to measure gene expression levels. Analyzing them by using common statistical methods is not suitable because of the high gene expression data dimensions. So, this study aims to use new techniques to diagnose acute myeloid leukemia. In this study, the leukemia microarray gene data, contenting 22283 genes, was extracted from the Gene Expression Omnibus repository. Initial preprocessing was applied by using a normalization test and principal component analysis in Python. Then DNNs neural network designed and implemented to the data and finally results cross-validated by classifiers. The normalization test was significant (P>0.05) and the results show the PCA gene segregation potential and independence of cancer and healthy cells. The results accuracy for single-layer neural network and DNNs deep learning network with three hidden layers are 63.33 and 96.67, respectively. Using new methods such as deep learning can improve diagnosis accuracy and performance compared to the old methods. It is recommended to use these methods in cancer diagnosis and effective gene selection in various types of cancer.

The unique features of Communication Based Train Control (CBTC) systems with Moving Block (MB) capability makes them uniquely suited for application ‘on top’ of existing Mass Transit or Metro systems, which permits an increase capacity in these systems. This paper defines and describes the features of modern CBTC Moving Block systems such as the Bombardier* CITYFLO* 450 or CITYFLO 650 solutions that make them suited for ‘overlay’ application ‘on top’ of the existing systems and gives an example of such an application in a main European Metro. Note: *Trademark (s) of Bombardier Inc. or its subsidiaries.

Article history: Received 7 March 2019 Received in revised form 5 May 2019 Accepted 21 May 2019 Available online 10 June 2019 Grass cutter machines have become very prevalent currently. Most of the times, grass cutter machines are used for soft grass cutting. In a time where technology is integrating with environmental sentience, consumers are considering for ways to provide to the relief of their own carbon footprints. Pollution is man-made and can be seen in our own daily lives, more precisely in our own homes. Herein, we recommend a model of the automatic grass cutting machine powered through battery. Automatic grass cutting machine is a machine which is going to accomplish the grass cutting operation on its own. This model reduces both environment and noise pollution. As world is moving towards automation, conventional systems are transformed into automated systems. So, having an automated grass cutter is need of the hour. In this project a conventional push grass cutter is modi...

A Power quality problem is an occurrence manifested as a nonstandard voltage, current or frequency that results in a failure or a mis-operation of end user equipments. The issue of power quality is going to take newer dimensions. In developing countries like India, where the variation of power frequency and many such other determinants of power quality are themselves a serious question, it is very vital to take positive steps in this direction. This present work describes the techniques of correcting the supply voltage sag, swell and interruption in a distributed system. At present, a wide range of very flexible controllers, which capitalize on newly available power electronics components, are emerging for custom power applications. Power electronic-based equipment aimed at enhancing the reliability and quality of power flows in low voltage distribution networks. Among these, the distribution static compensator and the dynamic voltage restorer are most effective devices, both of them based on the VSC principle. A DVR injects a voltage in series with the system voltage and a D-STATCOM injects a current into the system to correct the voltage sag, swell and interruption. The reliability and robustness of the control scheme in the system response to the voltage disturbances due to system faults or load variations is obviously proved in the simulation results.

This book is designed to serve as a comprehensive introduction to optics and fiber optic communication systems for undergraduate students of Electronic Science and related engineering disciplines. Its content is carefully structured to align with the T.Y.B.Sc. curriculum prescribed under the CBCS pattern by Savitribai Phule Pune University for the course Optics and Fiber Optic Communication, ensuring that students acquire both theoretical understanding and practical insight into modern optical communication technologies
The early chapters provide a broad overview of optics and optical fiber communication, beginning with the historical development of fiber optic systems and progressing through the physical construction of fibres, cables, connectors, splicing techniques, and fabrication methods. Fundamental concepts such as light propagation in fibers, numerical aperture, acceptance angle, fiber classifications, and their technical specifications are explained to establish a strong conceptual foundation, reflecting the learning objectives outlined in the syllabus
Subsequent chapters address transmission characteristics that govern system performance, including attenuation mechanisms, scattering and bending losses, dispersion phenomena, and pulse broadening effects. Specialized fiber types such as dispersion-shifted and dispersion-flattened fibers, along with standard measurement techniques for optical parameters like loss and dispersion, are discussed to equip students with the analytical tools needed to evaluate real communication links

The book then turns to active and passive optoelectronic devices used in fiber optic systems. Detailed treatments of optical sources—both coherent and non-coherent—cover LEDs and laser diodes, their modulation capabilities, and operating characteristics, while chapters on photodetectors explore PIN and avalanche photodiodes along with noise analysis. These topics collectively highlight the practical design considerations involved in transmitter and receiver subsystems, as required by the curriculum
The final section introduces optical networking concepts, including architectures of optical transport networks, common network topologies, and the principles of synchronous transport systems such as SONET and SDH. By linking device-level understanding with system-level integration, the book aims to prepare students to analyze and assemble fiber optic network components for diverse communication scenarios, consistent with the stated course outcomes
Throughout the text, concepts are reinforced through illustrative diagrams, worked examples, and end-of-chapter review questions to encourage critical thinking and practical application. The authors hope that this book will function not only as a course companion for examinations but also as a lasting reference for students who wish to pursue advanced studies or professional careers in optical communications and photonic networking.

In an age where time is the best central factor, air travel is the most favored methods for transport. Airports and airlines are the developing worldwide organizations giving air services. The misfortune and mixing of luggage are the most horrendous experience faced by several travelers consistently. Very little is done in this field to assist the travelers with the issues of bag mixing and loss. To help the explorers we have built up the idea of a smart bag. The bag works on the Wi-Fi technology (NodeMCU ESP-8266) interfaced with a controlling unit GPS module, MPU-9250, ultrasonic sensors, power bank, solar cell and so on. The bag can be handily followed for its location by the assistance of GPS technology and MPU 9250 to learn the position and movement of the owner. The smart phone of the traveler controls it and the Wi-Fi technology helps in digital locking, location tracking and identifications along with numerous other exceptionally designed features.

This paper reports two efficient quadtree-based algorithms for variable-size block matching (VSBM) motion estimation. The schemes allow the dimensions of blocks to adapt to local activity within the image, and the total number of blocks in any frame can be varied while still accurately representing true motion. This permits adaptive bit allocation between the representation of displacement and residual data, and also the variation of the overall bit-rate on a frame-by-frame basis. The first algorithm computes the optimal selection of variable-sized blocks to provide the best-achievable prediction error under the fixed number of blocks for a quadtree-based VSBM technique. The algorithm employs an efficient dynamic programming technique utilizing the special structure of a quadtree. Although this algorithm is computationally intensive, it does provide a yardstick by which the performance of other more practical VSBM techniques can be measured. The second algorithm adopts a heuristic w...

VLSI implementation of arithmetic functions are of high demand considering the rise in hardware realization of image and digital signal processing modules for various autonomous applications. The hardware implementation offers faster results and desirable outcome, but expecting the same design metrics in the form of power, footprint and delay on a tiny decision-making edge devices with limited resources needs design improvisation. Approximate computing promises to support the required hardware metrics in error resilient applications where the inexact output is not deviated much from the expected one, and decision made remains unchanged. Multiplier design blocks are heavily used in the multimedia functional chip, and introducing approximation in these blocks effectively benefits design metrics and chip cost of the developed system-on-chip (SoC). The proposed work attempts to design and use various sizes of approximate AND-OR re-coded compressors in the multiple reduction stages, along with various fast adders in the final addition stage of multiplier design. Further, design metrics and resources utilized for different multiplier designs were characterized in ASIC and FPGA synthesis flows respectively, along with their error statistics. Designed approximate multipliers were employed in Gaussian smoothing application to evaluate the quality-hardware resource trade-off of approximation. • Hardware → Arithmetic and datapath circuits; Combinational circuits; Application specific integrated circuits.

We have implemented in Spartan-3E FPGA an 8bit microcontroller using PicoBlaze sources from Xilinx. A simple multiplier algorithm has been implemented in the memory of the microcontroller and then the whole circuit has been tested. Other implementations of the same algorithm in FPGA, without using PicoBlaze, have been compared with the first case. Although the hardware of the microcontroller uses some of the FPGA resources, they are relatively constant and only few memory locations are need for the implementation of the algorithm, less than any other solution discussed in this paper.

The microstrip patch antenna is commonly used for its small size and low cost of fabrication, but its narrow bandwidth makes it inappropriate for broadband applications, thus array of microstrip patch antenna which depends upon on log periodic techniques is used for making broadband antenna. Such kind of antenna posses the wideband characteristic in comparison with the microstrip antenna. In the present paper a broadband antenna is designed using the log periodic microstrip patch array in HFSS 10. Here Peak directivity is achieved as 4.4 to 7.5 in the range of 13.9 to 30 Ghz.The return loss is obtained as below -10db within the range of 13 to 30 Ghz.Hence broadband characteristics is achieved.

In this epoch of digitization and modern world, we have aids to facilitate communication through different ways. But due to the pandemic lashed re-ality that we are facing presently, we can very well socialize effectively without meeting them physically and maintain distant socializing. With all the virtual meeting applications, we manage to establish connections just giving the feel of meeting having them under the same roof. Though this epidemic shattered many lives but still is a golden opportunity to keep the development process going amid the lockdown blues. This has paved the way for positive changes for greater society. The proposed ComTriD device serves the main purpose of 3D magnification. This can be used in two ways -3D video calling and security purposes. The usage of ComTriD is facilitated through dual phases as ComTriD for 3D video calling and for security purpose When we can't physically be in touch, our new sparky idea introduces a unique way for active mental connectivity, staying aware of the existence in all degrees. It delivers the feeling of presence as if we are right there next to each other achieved effectively through the device -ComTriD.

Now a days demand for the healthy blood is increasing very rapidly as the hospitals are increasing and the peoples are getting affected to the deceases frequently, providentialy the mood of the people are also changing, compared to the older days we are able to many number of donors, Many peoples are coming forward to donate the blood and we are able to see the lot of blood donation camps are conducting across the globe, many number of blood banks are opened, few of them are associated with the hospitals, few of them are charity based also many multi-national companies are entered in to the blood bank business.In this project we are presenting on SMS based automated blood bank, which connects donors and patients through SMS, Donors need to register with the bank via SMS and his/her blood will be check by nearest hospital, all the verified donors details are shared the people who requesting the particular group of blood, we are using ARM7 HDMI LPC2148 controller along with SIM 800 GS...

Genotoxicity that refers to any deleterious change i the genetic material regardless of the mechanism by which the change is induced. Genotoxic impurities have also b een defined as an impurity that has been demonstrat ed to be genotoxic in an appropriate genotoxicity test model . A potential genotoxic impurity (PGI) has been def in d as an impurity that shows structural alerts for genotoxic ity but that has not been tested in an experimental [3-7].

The age of electrically‐based devices has been with us for more than six decades. With more and more electrical devices being packed into smaller and smaller spaces, the limits of physical space will prevent further expansion in the direction the microelectronics industry is currently going. Also, volatile memory, which does not retain information upon being powered off, is significantly hindering ultrafast computing speeds. However, a new breed of electronics, dubbed “spintronics,” may change all of that.

Antenna is a device with signal processing capability combining multiple antenna elements to optimize its radiation and reception patterns as per designed specifications. Smart antennas basically comprise of two functionalities, i.e., Direction of Arrival and Beamforming. This paper explains the estimation of Direction of Arrival using Bartlett method and a novel approach called MUltiple Signal Classification which takes advantage of orthogonal property and performs subspace computation. With a comparative study of both the algorithms, we shall prove the advantages of MUltiple Signal Classification over the Bartlett method with the aid of MATLAB.

Advancements in image and video processing are growing over the years for industrial robots, autonomous vehicles, cryptography, surveillance, medical imaging and computer-human interaction applications. One of the major challenges in real-time image and video processing is the execution of complex functions and high computational tasks. To overcome this issue, a hardware acceleration of different filter algorithms for both image and video processing is implemented on Xilinx Zynq®-7000 System on-Chip (SoC) device consists of Dual-core Cortex™-A9 processors which provides computing ability to perform with the help of software libraries using Vivado® High-Level Synthesis (HLS). The acceleration of object detection algorithms include Sobel-Feldman filter, posterize and threshold filter algorithms implemented with 1920 x 1080 image resolutions for real-time object detection. The implementation results exhibit effective resource utilization such as 45.6% of logic cells, 51% of Look-up tab...

I am designing a 16 bit quaternary adder. Outline of the parallel rationale circuits is restricted by the necessity of the interconnections. A conceivable arrangement could be touched base at by utilizing a bigger arrangement of signs over the same chip region. Quaternary outlines are picking up significance from that point of view. It shows numerous esteemed full viper circuits, actualized in quaternary rationale. This is planned by utilizing one hot encoding and barrel shifter to accomplished Optimization in zone, speed and power will be accomplished by CMOS quaternary rationale. Sum and convey are handled in two separate squares, controlled by code generator unit. The circuit level execution of the different esteemed rationale administrators: legitimate aggregate, consistent item, level-up, level-down and level transformations are exhibited. Plan check will be done by Tanner Tools.

Heart disease is one of the most serious health threat growing among worldwide, for which mortality rate around the world is very high. Early detection of heart disease could save many lives, accurate detection of heart disease is crucial among the health care persons through regular clinical data and its analysis. Artificial intelligence is the effective solution for decision making and accurate heart disease predictions. Medical industry showing enormous development in using information technology, in which artificial intelligence play major role. In the proposed work, deep learning based approach on heart disease is done on Cleveland dataset. However existing studies are handled in Machine learning technique. The proposed work detects heart disease based in Convolutional Neural Networks. Experimental results shows our proposed work achieves high level of accuracy in prediction of heart disease.

In an era where engineering challenges are increasingly complex and interdisciplinary, technical mastery alone is no longer enough. The Soft Skills Edge is a practical and forward-looking guide designed to help engineers and professionals cultivate the human-centered capabilities that elevate careers and strengthen organizations. Drawing on more than four decades of global engineering, leadership, and mentoring experience, this book explores the essential competencies that shape professional excellence, communication, emotional intelligence, teamwork, adaptability, ethics, and leadership presence. Through clear insights and actionable strategies, it equips readers to navigate modern workplace dynamics, collaborate effectively across cultures and disciplines, and build the confidence needed to thrive in evolving technical environments. Whether you are an early-career engineer seeking direction, a mid-career professional aiming to expand your influence, or a leader committed to developing high-performing teams, The Soft Skills Edge offers a roadmap for sustained success.

Today, Alzheimer's Disease (AD), a degenerative neurological disorder, is the most common cause of dementia. Although it can affect anyone, older folks are often the ones who are affected. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is distinguished by a gradual decline in cognitive function, memory loss, atypical behaviour and personality, and difficulties with daily activities. Although the exact cause of AD is still unknown, a combination of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors are thought to be responsible. Several techniques, including machine learning and data analysis, are used in the prediction of Alzheimer's disease (AD), either to identify those who are at risk of contracting the illness or to predict how patients will fair over time. Treatments may be more effective, and patient outcomes may be improved, thanks to early detection and management made possible by AD prediction. There are numerous methods for predicting AD, and they usually include information from the cli...

Wireless Sensor Networks(WSNs) comprise sensor nodes which find applications in a wide variety of fields such as medical, wildlife, security, environment, industry. A network communication is initialized and accomplished with the aid of routing protocols. A routing protocol is a set of rules which govern the routing phenomenon. WSNs protocols for the purpose of routing have been the ubiquitous option of the researchers in the recent years due to their exorbitant scope of improvement. The objective of a routing protocol is to inquest for a relevant route amidst sender and receiver to accomplish successful transmission at the destination .Dissipation of energy and lengthening the duration of the network have always been one of the major points of research gaps. As the nodes in WSNs in are battery operated, so they can only use restricted energy to proceed with the communication and transmission operation. To cope up with this, a number of researchers have come up with developments in ...

Li-Fi stands for Light-Fidelity. Li-Fi technology, proposed by the German physicist-Harald Haas, provides transmission of data through illumination by sending data through an LED light bulb that varies in intensity faster than the human eye can follow. This paper focuses on developing a Li-Fi based system and analyzes its performance with respect to existing technology. Wi-Fi is great for general wireless coverage within buildings, whereas Li-Fi is ideal for high density wireless data coverage in confined area and for relieving radio interference issues. Li-Fi provides better bandwidth, efficiency, availability and security than Wi-Fi and has already achieved blisteringly high speed in the lab. By leveraging the low-cost nature of LEDs and lighting units there are many opportunities to exploit this medium, from public internet access through street lamps to auto-piloted cars that communicate through their headlights. Haas envisions a future where data for laptops, smart phones, and tablets will be transmitted through the light in a room.

Industry and Services Division, Science and Technology Policy Research Institute (STEPRI), Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Accra, Ghana. Box CT 519, Accra-Ghana Agriculture, Medicine and Environment Division, Science and Technology Policy Research Institute (STEPRI), Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Accra, Ghana. Box CT 519, Accra-Ghana Programmes and Implementation Department, Grameen Foundation (GFUSA), No. 21 Asoyi Road, East Legon, Accra-Ghana

This white paper describes the unique challenges associated with high speed digital communication over existing in-building powerlines. The solutions provided by the 14 Mbps HomePlug 1.0 protocol are described and an overview of the 200 Mbps HomePlug AV protocol is given. The latter protocol is optimized for multimedia voice and video services, while also providing high speed data communication.

Major issues in wireless sensors network is reducing network life time and increasing the number of dead nodes. Number of dead node depends on supervision of the energy saving in each sensor's node. Research in this field is to increase network lifetime and also increase the number of alive node. There are many algorithms in wireless sensor network but best is clustering based algorithm. Clustering based algorithm is increase a lot of significance in decreasing the number of dead nodes of each network. This research paper proposed "Energy Sensitive Energy Alert Hierarchical Protocol" (ESEAHP) protocol technique in which every sensor node has energy levels of heterogeneity ordered network which autonomously selects itself as a cluster head.CH based on its initial energy relative to that of other nodes. The network life was increased as compared to increase and decrease in number of alive and dead nodes respectively. Increased throughput due to two type of Nodes heteroge...

The Smart Crop Monitoring System, powered by the Internet of Things (IoT), is a cutting-edge approach to modern agriculture designed to maximize resource efficiency and improve crop management. By integrating advanced technologies such as sensors, IoT devices, cloud computing, and automation, this system enables real-time monitoring and control of crop health and environmental conditions. Key components, such as soil moisture, temperature, humidity, light, pH, and nutrient sensors, collect critical field data. This data is transmitted wirelessly to a cloud platform, where advanced algorithms and machine learning models process and analyze it to generate actionable insights. These insights help optimize resource utilization, enhance crop productivity, and promote sustainable farming practices. Despite its benefits, the system faces challenges like high initial setup costs, data management complexities, and ensuring reliable connectivity in remote areas. Nevertheless, the IoT-enabled Smart Crop Monitoring System represents a major breakthrough in agricultural technology, offering an effective, scalable solution to modern farming challenges.

The digitization of the healthcare sector, driven by the growth of the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT), remote telesurgery, and data-intensive diagnostic imaging, has revealed the limitations of older wireless technologies such as Wi-Fi. This paper offers a comprehensive technical analysis of Private Wireless Networks (PWN), focusing on Private 5G (P5G) and Private LTE, as essential enablers for the next generation of smart hospitals. It explores the shift from contention-based connectivity to deterministic cellular standards (3GPP Releases 16/17), highlighting the roles of Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) and Network Slicing in enabling Ultra-Reliable Low Latency Communications (URLLC). The paper reviews the regulatory spectrum environment by comparing the U.S. CBRS framework with international licensing models and provides a detailed performance comparison with Wi-Fi 6. Through case studies of the Cleveland Clinic, Veterans Affairs, and Region Stockholm, along with an in-depth economic analysis of Total Cost of Ownership (TCO), we demonstrate that although Private 5G involves higher initial costs, it offers superior security, reliability, and operational efficiency for mission-critical healthcare applications.

This paper considers the implementation of smart antenna system under multipath propagation. Here, it is considered different non-coherent signal groups each containing direct and multipath signals. The direction of arrival (DOA) of all the signals in each group is estimated using Minimum Variance Distortionless Response (MVDR) in conjunction with joint approximate diagonalization of eigenmatrices (JADE) algorithm. The generalized steering vectors are first estimated using JADE algorithm, and then the MVDR method is realized to estimate the DOA of each signal. The computation times of JADE-MVDR and JADE-MUSIC algorithms are compared for a single iteration and the results show that JADE -MUSIC has slightly lower runtime. Besides, RMSE performances are compared for different scenarios and JADE-MVDR is found to be more effective. The DOAs obtained are then processed using LMS adaptive beamforming algorithm to steer the main lobes of the radiation pattern toward the signal of interest a...

The system based on the principles of "speed = distance/time". The designed system includes an electro-optical unit, an optical sensor, a dataacquisition & processing unit and LCD display or CRO unit. When a projectile crosses through a laser screens formed by the electro-optical unit, the scattered effect by the flyer produces an increase in the energy falling of the photo-detector, which in turn creates a momentary increase in the output current of the photodetector. For high-speed components, the output noise of the photo-detector increases exponentially with the speed of the projectile whereas the signal amplitude decrease, which reduces the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). The optical sensor is used for amplifying and signal conditioning.

Motion control plays a vital role in industrial automation. Manufacturing plant in industries like chemical, pharmaceutical, plastic and textile, all require motion control. And it may be a flat belt application, flow-control application or mixing of substances. Different types of motors-AC, PMDC, servo or stepper-are used depending upon the application. Of these, PMDC motors are widely used because controlling of a PMDC motor is somewhat easier than other kinds of motors. The treadmills are the walking machines used for exercise. This is a big application where a PMDC motor plays an important role in its operation .These machines are operated using PMDC motors. In this paper, Implementation of the PIC 16F877A microcontroller for speed control of PMDC motor fed by a MOSFET has been investigated. The MOSFET is driven by high frequency PWM signal. Controlling the PWM duty cycle is equivalent to controlling the motor terminal voltage, which in turn directly adjusts the motor speed.

Motion control plays a vital role in industrial automation. Manufacturing plant in industries like chemical, pharmaceutical, plastic and textile, all require motion control. And it may be a flat belt application, flow-control application or mixing of substances. Different types of motors—AC, PMDC, servo or stepper—are used depending upon the application. Of these, PMDC motors are widely used because controlling of a PMDC motor is somewhat easier than other kinds of motors. The treadmills are the walking machines used for exercise. This is a big application where a PMDC motor plays an important role in its operation .These machines are operated using PMDC motors. In this paper, Implementation of the PIC 16F877A microcontroller for speed control of PMDC motor fed by a MOSFET has been investigated. The MOSFET is driven by high frequency PWM signal. Controlling the PWM duty cycle is equivalent to controlling the motor terminal voltage, which in turn directly adjusts the motor speed.

The growth of information technology and Internet networks, combined with nearly daily use and many subscribers, has caused the volume of data stored in communication systems to balloon to enormous proportions. Optical fiber cable is the medium for data transfer because it has a bandwidth far more significant than other transmission methods and can span significantly greater distances. The transmission of information from one location to another can be accomplished via a technique known as fiber-optic communication. This involves passing pulses of light over an optical fiber. Optical fiber performance is affected by many effects, including attenuation, dispersion, scattering, and bending. It is feasible to enhance the performance of optical fibers for communications by utilizing carbon nanotubes and multiple coding technologies. This can be accomplished via integrated optical circuits or by making the cable more advanced and developing it further. Photosynthesis is accomplished by utilizing carbon tubes and the optical property inside them.

This paper aims to present the methods of achieving an optimal encoding in the data communication channels. After a short description of the communication channel and of the data communication channel types, follow briefly a few notions of the data channel enthropy, information, transinformation, with their properties, definitions and mathematical relations connecting them. Chapter 2 presents the concept of optimal code, following a detailed description (using two suggestive examples) of the two main methods used to obtain an optimal code: Shannon-Fano and Huffman.

This paper presents a compact dual-band frequency-reconfigurable monopole antenna for sub-6 GHz wireless applications. Using a single PIN diode, the antenna switches between 2.7 GHz and 3.9 GHz bands, achieving bandwidths of 472 MHz and 1130 MHz, respectively, with peak gains up to 1.65 dB. The demand for smaller devices has driven the development of compact antennas capable of operating across multiple bands. The main benefits of this antenna include its compact size, enhanced bandwidth, and design simplicity, which is achieved by integrating slots into the patch and introducing a tiny slot etched over the ground plane. The antenna is created using an FR4 material with a thickness of 1.6 mm and dimensions of 25×15 mm². The antenna prototype was fabricated and tested to validate its performance. Simulation optimization reveals that the antenna operates with a gain of 0.9-1.65 dB and a bandwidth of (472-1130 MHz). The design also achieves a VSWR of less than 1.3 and a radiation efficiency between 74% and 78%. The performance enhancement of the reconfigurable antenna was fine-tuned utilizing microwave solvers in both computer simulation technology (CST) and advance design system (ADS).

This research work presents the design and development of an automatic fan control system based on human motion detection using a Passive Infrared (PIR) sensor and an Arduino microcontroller. The system turns the fan ON when motion is detected and switches it OFF after a predefined delay when no motion is present. The objective is to reduce electricity wastage in residential and institutional environments while improving convenience. The hardware consists of a PIR sensor, relay module, and Arduino, forming a compact and cost-effective automation solution. Experimental results show accurate motion detection, stable switching performance, and noticeable energy savings. The proposed system is simple, reliable, and suitable for real-world and academic applications.

The paper presents switching power supplies with MC34063 and µA78S40 monolithic switching regulator subsystems and DC-DC step-up converter that can be used in special vehicle applications. General description of MC34063 and µA78S40 operation modes, mathematical design and PSpice under ORCAD simulation of the whole switching power supply, a numerical example and the practical implementation are included. Some practical considerations are also presented.

Cognitive radio which is a buzzword in radio technology world. The main features of this CK having low cost communication, restrict the interference of the unlicensed users, able to fill voids in the wireless spectrum, increase the spectral efficiency, able to make final decision about primary user weather present or not. The advantage is that this technology allows the CR users to co-operate by sharing their information’s for detecting the primary users. However, the accurate detection factor will be compromised if the users experience deep shadowing or fading effect. Hard decision (OR rule and AND-rule) is also performed at fusion centre (FC) in CR. The main motive of this project is to investigate performance of co-operative spectrum sensing scheme which is considered as the key technology in CR. Finally, this study will also show how to promote sensing performance in AWGN and Rayleigh fading channels. The performance of this CR is evaluated in terms of the probability of Pmd and...

So far we have introduced RS-232 Communications in relation to the PC. RS-232 communication is asynchronous. That is a clock signal is not sent with the data. Each word is synchronized using it's start bit, and an internal clock on each side, keeps tabs on the timing.

Abstract: This paper evaluate the effectiveness of software development in Nigeria. The constraint of the effectiveness were examined, the level of acceptability of the locally developed software products were evaluated and Shewa’s model was developed to implement the effectiveness of indigenous software developed to compete with their globally counterpart. The ICT firms that specialized in software development, educational institutions and other major stakeholders, including users of software packages were also covered.