Endemic Plants

Yemen faces serious biodiversity challenges; documenting endemic and near-endemic taxa supports its strategic conservation goals. This study reports and catalogs the endemic and near-endemic plant species in Abyan, emphasizing their life forms, life spans, growth forms, and phytogeography. Vegetation surveys were conducted for two successive spring seasons in 2023 and 2024. The field survey used a timed exploratory meander technique using non-plot sampling to maximize detection of taxa in inaccessible areas of the study site. Eight mountain peaks were selected to reflect the geographic extent of the study region. Fifty-seven endemic and near-endemic taxa, representing 21 plant families, were recorded, of which 23 are endemic and 34 are near-endemic. Aloe serriyensis, Kleinia deflersii, and Stapelia × anemoniflora are endemic to Jabal Al-Arays, located in the Khanfir District of Abyan. The floristic study revealed that Apocynaceae and Asteraceae were the most abundant families. Forty-one genera were recorded, with Aloe being the most species-rich genus. Perennial plants were more abundant than annuals in the study area, reflecting their greater tolerance to arid conditions. Subshrubs represented the dominant growth form, surpassing trees, shrubs, and herbs. Among the five identified life forms, chamaephytes were the most dominant. Phytogeographically, the Sudano-Zambezian chorotype accounts for more taxa than the Saharo-Arabian/Sudano-Zambezian, which is consistent with Yemen's geography and best represents hot desert habitats. Jabal Al-Arays comprises 57.9% of the total recorded taxa, including 13 near-threatened taxa and 1 critically endangered species. Thus, an urgent conservation plan should be implemented in Jabal Al-Arays through habitat protection and grazing control to safeguard endemic taxa under threat. Sustaining mountain biodiversity under increasing anthropogenic pressures and climatic change will require coordinated efforts among scientists, the governmental sector, and local communities, supported by predictive modeling to anticipate future biodiversity loss at high elevations in the coming decades.

Background: Indonesia is rich in biodiversity, particularly in terms of its flora. Papua is a region in eastern Indonesia; its climate and environment make it home to an abundance of endemic plants. The potential of these endemic plants for medicinal use has not yet been extensively studied. Aims: The purpose of this study is to map the distribution of Papua's endemic plants with antioxidant potential, as well as their traditional uses. Methodology: The methods used were a narrative review and a literature review. Results: The results indicate that there are 32 areas in Papua with endemic plants rich in antioxidants, comprising 70 endemic plant species. Conclusion: Papua is rich in antioxidants that have been utilised empirically by communities across various regions of Papua and by Papuan tribes

The present research was conducted at Palanpur, the administrative headquarters of Banaskantha district. This study is the result of 10 months of fieldwork survey in Palanpur taluka, 88 species of weeds were found during this study, which are shown in the check list. Total 28 families, 78 genera and 88 weed species were recorded in present study. Out of these 67 genera and 76 species are dicots and 11 genera and 12 species are monocots. Asteraceae is the dominant family in dicots with 15 species and Poaceae is the dominant family in monocots with 7 species.

Present study is focused on the taxonomic families of plant species found in velachery area Chennai, Tamil Nadu. With the purpose of documenting the plant species, a site visit was conducted in the month of January 2024 to June 2025. This survey was restricted over the nearby regions of velachery lake and 100feet road and partially over the entire campus area of Guru Nanak College. The flowering season of random visible plants were recorded and identified by using standard flora and Plants of the World Online (POWO). The aim was to identify and document the species for further investigation.A total of 50 plant species of belonging to 21 families were recorded. Apocynaceae was noted as most dominant family. and Malvaceae members dominated the area. Phenogram being to design a chart or algorithm for the flowering of plant species for 12 months of a year.Maximum flowering in spring season.

Zingiberaceae plants are well known for their use in ethnomedicine. Curcuma mutabilis Škorničk., M. Sabu & Prasanthk., is an endemic Zingiberaceae species from Western Ghats of Kerala, India. Here, we report for the first time, the anticancer potential of petroleum ether extract from C. mutabilis rhizome (CMRP) and a novel labdane diterpenoid, (E)-14, 15-epoxylabda-8(17), 12-dien-16-al (Cm epoxide) isolated from it. CMRP was found to be a mixture of potent bioactive compounds including Cm epoxide. Both the extract and the compound displayed superior antiproliferative activity against several human cancer cell lines, without any display of cytotoxicity towards normal human cells such as peripheral blood derived lymphocytes and erythrocytes. CMRP treatment resulted in phosphatidylserine externalization, increase in the levels of intracellular ROS, Ca2+, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential as well as fragmentation of genomic DNA. Analyses of transcript profiling and immunostained ...

The Illustrated Flora of Arequipa, Peru, is the first comprehensive visual guide to the wild vascular plants of one of South America's most ecologically diverse regions. Spanning the full environmental gradient from the hyperarid Pacific coast to the high Andean plateaus above 5,000 meters, the Department of Arequipa harbors an extraordinary mosaic of ecosystems – coastal lomas sustained by ocean fog, deep river canyons, xeric shrublands dominated by towering cacti, Polylepis forests, high-altitude wetlands, and vast puna grasslands swept by nightly frost. This authoritative reference documents 1,386 species of wild vascular plants recorded in Arequipa to date, including native, endemic, naturalized, and adventive species. Of these, 1,296 are illustrated with field photographs, the majority of which were taken by the authors during decades of fieldwork across the region's eight provinces. Additional images were sourced from the iNaturalist community, credited throughout. The result is an unprecedented visual resource for a flora that has never before been illustrated at this scale. Each species entry provides a concise morphological description, key identification features, ecological notes including altitudinal range and habitat, and distribution across the provinces of Arequipa. Local Quechua names are included where available. Notes on human uses – culinary, medicinal, and ornamental – accompany relevant entries. Accepted nomenclature follows Plants of the World Online, with synonyms included where they remain in wide use. The flora is organized into two major groups: seed plants (Angiospermae and Gnetopsida, 1,291 species) and ferns and allies (Polypodiopsida and Lycopodiopsida, 95 species). An introductory section covers the region's geography, geology, climate, and vegetation belts, as well as the history of botanical exploration from 18th-century Spanish expeditions to present-day fieldwork. Statistical summaries present the flora by altitudinal zone, family, and origin status. The appendix includes a botanical glossary, a list of genera and their families, a selected bibliography of over 300 taxonomic references, a comprehensive image credits index, and a full index of species. Occurrences are grounded in verified herbarium specimens, field records, and credible published sources. Species of uncertain presence are flagged as doubtful; those expected based on geographic range are indicated accordingly. This transparency makes the flora equally valuable as a scientific reference and as a practical field tool. Despite centuries of exploration, vast areas of Arequipa remain botanically undersampled. New species are described annually. This flora represents a carefully documented snapshot of current knowledge, supported by the authors' continuously updated online database at edgarsplantguide.com. Edgar Heim brings over 30 years of field experience across South America and Southeast Asia, underpinned by a comprehensive database of Peruvian flora built over two decades of systematic documentation. G. Anthony Pauca-Tanco is a professor of botany and plant ecology at the Universidad Católica San Pablo in Arequipa, with extensive published research on the inter-Andean ecosystems of southern Peru. Whether you are a botanist, ecologist, landscape architect, conservation practitioner, nature guide, or a traveler seeking to understand the landscapes of southern Peru, this flora offers an unmatched combination of scientific rigor and visual accessibility.

The assessment of the morphological and taxonomic characteristics of some members of Convolvulaceae family was determined using standard method of analyses. The family is distributed throughout the world, having weed representations and the family is distinguishable by its plicate corolla, axile placentation with few ovules, bicollate vascular bundles and latex, symmetrical corolla, the floral formulae and superior gynoecium. The result obtained showed that Ipomoea batatas presented in table 1 had plant III as the highest plant length of 150 cm, leaf length of 70.3 cm, leaf breadth of 32.2 cm and the flower length of 4.5 cm followed by breadth of by plant I which had the highest value of successive internodes and plant IV had the least value of plant length of 30 cm and leaf breath of 17.7 cm. Ipomoea triloba Presented in table 2 showed plant V to be the highest in plant length (186 cm), in successive internodes (14.82), in leaf length (17.72 cm) and leaf breadth (13.70 cm) whereas plant IV was the least in all the parameters. Ipomoea involucrate presented in table length (450 cm), leave breadth (8.40 cm), leaf length (15.50 cm) and successive internodes whereas plant V showed the least result in leaf breadth (3.01 cm) and plant IV showed least value of plant length (144 cm). Evolvulus alsinoides in table 4 showed plant I as the highest in plant length (45 cm), leaf breadth (9 cm), successive internodes (1.73 cm) and leaf breadth (1.48) whereas plant II showed the least result in plant length (28 cm), leaf length (1.70 cm), leaf breadth (0.94 cm) and flower length (1.34 cm). Ipomoea vegans presented in table 5 showed plant I to be highest in plant length (137 cm), successive internodes (3.60 cm) and leaf length (9.79) whereas plant IV showed the least value in plant length (61 cm), successive internodes (2.82 cm), leaf length (5.12 cm) and leaf breadth (2.26 cm). Generally, the members in Convolvulaceae family have morphological differences or species uniqueness which aids in easy identification of the members.

Urban development is an increasing threat to the integrity of formerly remote protected areas, in some cases resulting in their downgrading, downsizing or degazetting. One-quarter of previously remote protected areas are now within 17 km of a city and thus face the threat of urbanization. Here we describe a case of avoided downgrading, downsizing and degazetting of a protected area in the Mondah forest of Gabon, north of Libreville. Since its creation in 1934 the Forêt Classée de la Mondah has been downsized regularly, losing 40% of its area over 80 years. During this time the forest surrounding the Forêt Classée was subject to usage for urban and peri-urban needs, including agriculture, sand extraction, collection of medicinal plants, ceremonies, and housing construction. In 2010 the area was threatened with further downsizing. The presence of narrowly endemic plant species in the area was suspected, and mapping and evaluation of these species was proposed...

This study aims to provide a comprehensive description of the Flora, biogeography and diversity of the serpentine outcrops of Barberton Greenstone Belt in Mpumalanga, South Africa in order to set conservation priorities for these areas. About 30 large and many smaller serpentine outcrops form part of the Barberton Greenstone Belt and consist of various combinations of serpentinized minerals. Seven outcrops were selected to be studied in detail. A floristic analysis recorded 744 species and subspecies, 319 genera and 94 families. The flora includes 33 taxa endemic to serpentine soils and six taxa, which are hyperaccumulators of nickel. The endemic taxa make up 41 % of the endemics of the Barberton Centre of Endemism. The serpentine flora was found to be different to the surrounding non-serpentine vegetation in terms of numbers of species per family, the ratios of dicotyledons to monocotyledons and familial composition. The Asteraceae and the Anacardiaceae support a higher number of endemics than expected, which suggests genetic pre-adaptation within these families and specifically within the genera Berkheya, Helichrysum and Ozoroa. Most of the endemic taxa exhibit long-range dispersal suggesting gene flow between populations on different outcrops. The endemics represent a mix of neo-endemics and paleoendemics. Non-parametric species richness estimators used to predict the species richness of each site, indicated that five serpentine outcrops have higher species richness than the surrounding non-serpentine areas. Indices of diversity calculated showed similar patterns to those of the species richness estimates. The Barberton Greenstone Belt serpentine outcrops show relatively high plant diversity when compared to some other serpentine outcrops around the world. Beta diversity calculated for each site was not correlated with altitude and weakly correlated with the size of outcrops. Species turnover between outcrops is high and is positively correlated with the geographical distance between outcrops. Diversity at higher taxonomic levels were calculated, and results suggest that genera have some potential for facilitating the ranking of outcrops in terms of biological richness to select sites for conservation planning. Less than 30% of serpentine outcrops are adequately conserved. Species and genus richness and endemism were used to select five outcrops that have high conservation priority. iv To my husband John and my children Alex and Christine v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor Prof. Kevin Balkwill for his constant support, encouragement and motivation throughout the many years of my part-time PhD. Without his knowledge, enthusisasm, guideance and careful editing this thesis would not have been compelted. The National Research Foundation is acknowledged for financial assistance. Mpumalanga Tourism and Parks Agency, SAPPI Forests and Richard Elphick of T.F. Elphick & Sons (Pty) Ltd., Malelane are thanked for permission to collect specimens on their properties. Dr Vivienne Williams is thanked for her assistance with the diversity data analyses and Dr Renee Reddy for her tireless help with acquiring papers, plant identifications and other support. Dr. Mervyn Lötter (of MTPA) is thanked for his assistance with additional species locations and conservationinformation.

A new species of Lamiaceae, Anisomeles tamilnadense, is described from Dindigul, Tamil Nadu, India. This species is closely related to A. indica and A. malabarica. However, several features differ, including the ovate-lanceolate and narrowly crenate leaf margin, coloured spathulate bracts, coloured calyx, <100 banded unpigmented corolla hairs and larger stigma lobes. This distinctive combination of traits allows to describe a new species within the genus, contributing to the better knowledge of the flora of the Indian subcontinent.

Ochlandra travancorica (Bedd.) Benth. ex Gamble is an economically crucial endemic reed of the Western Ghats, India. Mass populations of this reed directly affect global warming reduction through CO 2 fixation in the ecosystem. The floral biology and their impact on floral visitors were analyzed to understand the pollination mechanism of male and female phase flowers of O. travancorica. The bisexual flowers of O. travancorica were protogynous. The stigma started to lose its receptivity before the dehiscence of anthers, and the alien pollen was expected to maintain genetic variations in the reed population. The separate flowering phases of O. travancorica indirectly entail self-incompatibility to ensure genetic diversity among the populations. Based on the breeding experiments conducted, it was concluded that O. travancorica was self-incompatible (no fruit set in autogamy). The highest fruit set (70.4%) was recorded in open pollination, where the flowers were exposed to both wind and insect visits. The statistical differences recorded between the flowering phases and the Visitation Rate Index indicated that the male phase has been reported with higher visitation rate by Apis sp. due to the availability of floral rewards. The analysis of variance (two-way) results have confirmed the differences in insect visitation in both flowering phases. It is the first case of a honey bee pollination system identified in O. travancorica. It provides clear evidence for the hypothesis that it is an adaptive trait of the fruit-setting behaviour of O. travancorica by Apis sp.

Cinnamomum is a member of evergreen aromatic trees and shrubs belonging to Lauraceae. It is reported to have approximately 250 valid species, from tropical and subtropical regions of Southeast Asia, South Asia, East Asia, and Australasia/Oceania. They are economically important trees; leaf extracts are used to treat wounds, fever, intestinal worms, headaches, and menstrual problems and also have higher antimicrobial activity. It was also effective in wound healing treatment. About 49 species have been reported in India, along with 31 endemic species. They are also cultivated as landscape plants due to their enormous economic and medicinal value. Cinnamomum can be characteristically differentiated by its morphological features, including evergreen trees or shrubs, opposite and trinerved or alternate and innerved leaves, paniculate or cymose inflorescences, trimerous flowers, and nine fertile stamens in three whorls. The systematic account of Lauraceae has been notorious due to asynchronous flowering behavior, imperfectly known species, overlapping variation, and parallel evolution of morphological characters. However, limited attempts have been undertaken on the taxonomy and ecology of Cinnamomum in India. This manuscript provides a detailed account of taxonomic description, distributional status, ecology, economic importance, threats, and conservation efforts of nine endemic and threatened species,

The use of species distribution modelling under climate change to anticipate alterations in species' habitats is a concern in ecological conservation. This research aimed to simulate the present suitable habitat distribution of three species that are rare and endemic to Pakistan and to analyse the possible climate change consequences on habitat suitability in the future (2050 and 2070). We projected potentially suitable habitat distributions using two shared socioeconomic pathways scenarios (SSPs 245 and SSPs 585). The potential distribution was modelled with MaxEnt using species presence-only data, and environmental variables. The modelling approach included seven climate-related variables in total. The model was validated using AUC, TSS, and Jackknife. For all species, the AUC score was >0.85. The present distribution of all three species has been significantly impacted by precipitationrelated factors (bio 14, bio 17, and bio 18). The temperature and topographic diversity also impacted the distribution. The potentially suitable habitat for Buxus papillosa and Rydingia limbata is projected to increase (39 % and 44 % respectively) in the 2050s under SSPs 245, and the potentially suitable habitat for Gentiana kurroo is projected to decrease (24%) in 2070s under SSPs 585. All species may expect appropriate habitats to expand or shrink, however, there will probably be a significant loss of native habitats. We recommend designating climate-change-affected places as conservation protection zones based on these results.

Prangos fedtschenkoi (Regel et Schmalh.) Korovin (Apiaceae) is an endemic species for mountainous Middle Asia, which is both a rare and useful plant. Organic extractions from this species are being used in pharmaceutics and cosmetology. In recent years, P. fedtschenkoi distribution area has considerably decreased, presumably, resulting from human activities such as agriculture, construction works, overgrazing and collection from wild for pharmaceutic purposes. Six populations were found in Uzbekistan and their genetic divergence and differentiation were studied with 10 inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers, selected out of 101. Totally 166 amplified ISSR fragments (loci) were revealed, of which 164 were polymorphic. Relatively moderate level of polymorphism was found at population level with polymorphic bands ranging from 27.71% to 47.59%. Mean P = 39.05%, N a =1.40,N e =1.25, S.I. = 0.21, and H e = 0.14 were revealed for all loci across six populations. AMOVA showed higher va...

The use of species distribution modelling under climate change to anticipate alterations in species' habitats is a concern in ecological conservation. This research aimed to simulate the present suitable habitat distribution of three species that are rare and endemic to Pakistan and to analyse the possible climate change consequences on habitat suitability in the future (2050 and 2070). We projected potentially suitable habitat distributions using two shared socioeconomic pathways scenarios (SSPs 245 and SSPs 585). The potential distribution was modelled with MaxEnt using species presence-only data, and environmental variables. The modelling approach included seven climate-related variables in total. The model was validated using AUC, TSS, and Jackknife. For all species, the AUC score was >0.85. The present distribution of all three species has been significantly impacted by precipitationrelated factors (bio 14, bio 17, and bio 18). The temperature and topographic diversity also impacted the distribution. The potentially suitable habitat for Buxus papillosa and Rydingia limbata is projected to increase (39 % and 44 % respectively) in the 2050s under SSPs 245, and the potentially suitable habitat for Gentiana kurroo is projected to decrease (24%) in 2070s under SSPs 585. All species may expect appropriate habitats to expand or shrink, however, there will probably be a significant loss of native habitats. We recommend designating climate-change-affected places as conservation protection zones based on these results.

Surkhondaryo province is one of the largest and richest in vascular plant species diversity administrative units of Uzbekistan, which also has an extremely high concentration of species endemic to Mountainous Central Asia and Uzbekistan in particular. A characteristic geological feature of this area is the wide spread of variegated outcrops formed during the Cretaceous and partly Paleogene age. Using the botanical-geographical zonation of Uzbekistan and 5x5 km grid cells, we analyzed the distribution of 63 Surkhondaryo province endemics to identify the hotspots of endemic species richness. The Boysun phytogeographic region, located in the southwest spurs of the Hissar ridge, had the largest number of species-rich grid cells. The Surkhon-Sherobod and Bobotog phytogeographic regions, located mainly in the piedmonts, foothills and low mountain belt of the Kugitang and Bobotog mountains, turned out to be poor in endemic species. The extent of occurrence and area of occupancy of 63 provincial endemic species were estimated for the first time. Based on the analysis of available data and long-term field observations, the extinction of one of the narrow endemics of the Surkhondaryo province -Dipcadi turkestanicum Vved. appears to be a sad reality.

The genus Crepidotus in Europe is considered. After an examination of 550 collections seventeen species and eight varieties are recognized. Two keys are supplied; all taxa accepted are typified. Morphological, ecological and chorological characters are critically evaluated. Descriptive statistics are used for basidiospore size. An infrageneric classification is proposed based on phenetic relationships using different cluster methods. The new combinations C. calolepis var. squamulosus and C. cesatii var. subsphaerosporus are introduced. The spore ornamentation as seen in the scanning electron microscope provides the best character for species delimitation and classification.

Extremely narrow endemic plant species (ENEs) are generally connected with microrefugia characterized by particular environmental conditions. In‐depth knowledge of the ecological requirements of ENEs is fundamental to plan appropriate conservation measures. Using cross‐cutting technology, this paper gives a multifaceted approach to collect on‐site data on the ecology of ENEs, defines the protocols for a correct sampling design and describes the type of equipment, the time and expenditure needed. Our sampling approach is based on two orthogonal transects, long enough to extrapolate the whole ecological gradient across the area of occupancy of the target species. Microclimatic data are recorded all along the transects through iButton technology, plus a weather station installed at the intersection of the transects. Microtopographic data are recorded with high‐resolution digital elevation model and sub‐metric GPS. Edaphic data are recorded along the transects through standard soil anal...

Cytisus aeolicus is a narrow endemic species restricted to the Aeolian archipelago (SE Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy) and it is one of the most evolutionarily isolated plants in the Mediterranean flora. Historical and literature data suggest that both metapopulations and isolated individuals of C. aeolicus are gradually shrinking. Field investigations and drone images demonstrate that the C. aeolicus metapopulation from Stromboli experienced a strikingly fast increase during the last decades. As of 2019, more than 7000 ± 3000 mature individuals occur on Stromboli, i.e. 14 to 20 times more than those counted during the last census, 25 years ago. The diachronic analysis of aerial photos concerning last 80 years and the analysis of the growth rings of some selected plants pointed out that the surface occupied, the demographic structure and the distribution pattern of the subpopulations of Stromboli has been highly fluctuating during last decades. Moreover, data issuing from field observations ...

RESUMEN. Son presentados datos etnobotánicos sobre el uso de plantas por los herederos culturales de los africanos en Brasil. El trabajo de campo fue conducido en la ciudad de Recife, estado de Pernambuco. Se informan los nombres comunes y científicos y los usos de 60 especies. Esta nota también informa sobre la planta conocida por Jurema [Mimosa tenuiflora (Willd.) Poir.] y hace algunos comentarios sobre los usos de plantas alucinógenas. SUMMARY. Ethnobotanical data on plants which are used by cultural descendants of african people in Brazil are reported. The work field was carried in the city of Recife, state of Pernambuco (Brazil). Common and scientific names and data on plant use are given for 60 species. This note also reports on the plant known as Jurema [Mimosa tenuiflora (Willd.) Poir.] and cominents on some aspects on the use of hallucinogenic plants. Plants were collected from different localities in the state of Pernambuco (Brazil), between 1992 and 1995. Voucher specimens were identified and deposited at the UFP herbarium, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco. With the exception of a few common cultivars, al1 species were collected and stored as permanent voucher specimens. Ethnobotanical data were obtained by inter-PALABRAS CLAVE: Cultos afrobrasileños, Etnobotánica, Plantas alucinógenas, Plantas iiledicinales.

Despite their importance, homegardens in Northeast Brazil have not been systematically studied. A study of 31 homegardens in a dry forest region in the municipality of Alagoinha, Pernambuco, Northeastern Brazil, is described here. Species composition and structure as well as plant uses, diversity, and variability are discussed. All together, 54 woody species were found to be used for numerous purposes, especially as food sources. Prosopis julifora is the principal tree species in local homegardens. This species is thoroughly disseminated throughout Brazilian Northeast, and constitutes the majority of the total population of homegarden trees in the region. It was observed that the size of the homegardens varied greatly, but was related only to the number of individual plants present, not species richness. The floristic structure of homegardens is also very variable, but there is a core group of very frequent species, with significant representation of the local flora. This suggests that the homegardens may contribute to the conservation of native species.

In this work, we will approach a woody usage that is a cultural symbol: bonfires in honor of Catholic Saints (John the Baptist, Anthony and Peter). We aimed to investigate the contribution of the bonfire tradition to woody resource use in an area of the Atlantic Forest in the Três Ladeiras community, NE Brazil. We sought to verify the extent to which this tradition can impact forest resources, as well as to register the local population's impressions about such traditions. This study was carried out in June celebrations (festas juninas) of 2007 and 2008 (except for the Saint Anthony celebration in 2007), when we performed semi-structured interviews, photographic recordings and measurements of all the community bonfires. We registered a total volume of 146.26 m³ of piled wood in the bonfires. Resource acquisition for bonfires in recent years was classified as being difficult by 90% of the respondents, mainly due to the local context of prohibition against forest resource use. These findings indicate that extraction of wood products for bonfires in the community is not concentrated in forest areas, hence one has to be cautious when inferring about the impacts resulting from this tradition.

This study explored the chemical composition, antioxidant activity, and total phenol content of aerial parts from 25 accessions of three Achillea species (Achillea wilhelmsii C. Koch, Achillea vermicularis Trin., and Achillea tenuifolia Lam.). The plants were collected from various natural habitats across Iran, encompassing regions such as Central, Western, Southern, Northern, Western, and Northwestern parts of the country. Subsequently, they were grown together under field conditions. The study revealed significant variation in essential oil yields among accessions of A. wilhelmsii, ranging from 0.01 to 0.107%, A. vermicularis with a range of 0.075 to 1.5%, and A. tenuifolia showing a variation of 0.1 to 2%. The study utilized Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis, revealing 75, 49, and 75 compounds in the essential oils of A. wilhelmsii, A. tenuifolia, and A. vermicularis, respectively. Major components included camphor, 1,8-cineole, anethole, α-pinene, and phytol in A. wilhelmsii, 1,8-cineole, camphor, levo-carvone, and δ-terpinene in A. vermicularis, and β-cubebene, elixene, β-sesquiphellandrene, 1,8-cineole, camphor, and δ-terpinene in A. tenuifolia. The essential oil compositions of A. wilhelmsii and A. vermicularis were predominantly characterized by oxygenated monoterpenes, whereas that of A. tenuifolia was characterized by sesquiterpenes. Cluster analysis grouped accessions into three clusters, with A. tenuifolia forming a distinct group. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) triplot (62.21% of total variance) confirmed these results and provided insights into compound contributions. Furthermore, total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of the accessions of three species were assessed over 2 years. A. tenuifolia exhibited the highest levels in both categories, with statistically significant linear regression between antioxidant activity and total phenol content for A. tenuifolia and A. wilhelmsii. These findings emphasize significant phytochemical diversity within Achillea species, positioning them as promising natural sources of antioxidants. Further exploration and selection of specific accessions within each species are crucial for unlocking their medicinal potential and supporting cultivation and conservation efforts. Keywords A. tenuifolia, A. vermicularis, A. wilhelmsii, Total phenol Medicinal plants have been demonstrated to play an important role in human health and cultures. Substantial research over the past few decades has identified a wide variety of valuable phytochemicals present among different species 1 . Herbal medicines contribute significantly to fields ranging from nutrition to cosmetics to pharmaceuticals 2 . Traditional medical practices involving herbal remedies have been employed for millennia

The bark anatomy of28 species of arborescent Leguminosae of &#39;cerrado&#39; and gallery forest in the Brazilian Federal District was examined. The most significant characteristics for taxonomic purposes were determined to be: delimitation between collapsed and non-collapsed phloem; phloem stratification; type and position of sieve plates; dilatation patterns; arrangement and contents of sc1ereids; and presence of secretory cells. The bark data support the idea that Papilionoideae is the most advanced group of the Leguminosae.

Se estudió la dieta del suri Rhea pennata en la región de Moquegua al sur de Perú, mediante el análisis de heces. Esta especie considerada en “Peligro Crítico” en el Perú se mostró como estrictamente herbívora, principalmente folívora. Se identificaron 44 morfoespecies de plantas en su dieta, de las cuales Oxychloe andina (una especie de Juncaceae dominante en bofedales disturbados) presentó los mayores valores relativos de densidad, peso, volumen y frecuencia. A pesar de la aparente selectividad, esta especie presenta una dieta muy diversa que le permitiría adaptarse a las carencias nutricionales en el hábitat que ocupa. Los datos obtenidos en diferentes hábitats que ocupa el Suri, muestran que en zonas más áridas existe la tendencia a una mayor selectividad debido a la presencia de plantas con compuestos secundarios (fenoles, terpenos y alcaloides) para evitar la herbivoría, mientras que en ambientes con bofedales (como el del presente estudio) la selectividad disminuye, tendiendo...

The Florence Natural History Museum was promoted in the 18th century by the enlightened Grand Duke Peter Leopold. Its opening to the public in 1775 represent-ed an unprecedented event as, until then, natural history museums were viewed as places exclusively reserved for ...