Plant Taxonomy

The primary objective of this investigation was to conserve and document the seasonal diversity records and assess the 'Red Data Status' of herbaceous plant species. The study spanned from 2016 to 2021 and was conducted in the Surgana and Kalwan tehsils of Nasik District. Field surveys were conducted across various seasons to document the fluctuating patterns of herbaceous flora, which is susceptible to seasonal changes and human-induced disturbances. Common threats to herbaceous plant diversity, including deforestation for agricultural expansion, excessive animal grazing, and forest fires, were identified. The overarching goal of this study was to compile a comprehensive record of these critical herbaceous species. A total of 466 herbaceous plants species belonging to 269 genera and 69 families were recorded During the course of the study

The study concerns the first –hand information on 42 ethnomedicinal herbaceous plants traditionally used
by aborigines and rural folks of Surgana and Kalwan tehsils of Nasik district, Maharashtra, for the treatment
of various human ailments and disorders. The paper gives botanical identity, local name, family, and mode
of administration of herbaceous medicinal diversity of Nasik district.

An updated inventory of Brazilian seed plants is presented and offers important insights into the country's biodiversity. This work started in 2010, with the publication of the Plants and Fungi Catalogue, and has been updated since by more than 430 specialists working online. Brazil is home to 32,086 native Angiosperms and 23 native Gymnosperms, showing an increase of 3% in its species richness in relation to 2010. The Amazon Rainforest is the richest Brazilian biome for Gymnosperms, while the Atlantic Rainforest is the richest one for Angiosperms. There was a considerable increment in the number of species and endemism rates for biomes, except for the Amazon that showed a decrease of 2.5% of recorded endemics. However, well over half of Brazillian seed plant species (57.4%) is endemic to this territory. The proportion of life-forms varies among different biomes: trees are more expressive in the Amazon and Atlantic Rainforest biomes while herbs predominate in the Pampa, and lian...

The present research was conducted at Palanpur, the administrative headquarters of Banaskantha district. This study is the result of 10 months of fieldwork survey in Palanpur taluka, 88 species of weeds were found during this study, which are shown in the check list. Total 28 families, 78 genera and 88 weed species were recorded in present study. Out of these 67 genera and 76 species are dicots and 11 genera and 12 species are monocots. Asteraceae is the dominant family in dicots with 15 species and Poaceae is the dominant family in monocots with 7 species.

Stachys is a large and taxonomically complex genus of Lamiaceae (Lamioideae: Stachydeae). On the basis of morphological examination and field investigation, we revised the genus Stachys in Iran. We examined about 3500 specimens from various herbaria and produced a key for identification of all taxa found in Iran. The following are provided for each taxon: a description along with the complete synonymy, notes on nomenclature and relationships within the genus, geographical distribution, habitat, IUCN conservation status assessment and selected materials examined. The following taxa are reported here as new for Iran: S. atherocalyx, S. kotschyi, S. melampyroides and S. recta subsp. subcrenata. Several taxa are placed in synonymy for the first time here: S. persica is a synonym of S. alpina, S. koelzii is a synonym of S. aucheri, S. ballotiformis is a synonym of S. kurdica subsp. kurdica, and S. setifera subsp. daenensis and S. setifera subsp. iranica are synonyms of S. setifera. Two taxa are reduced to the rank of subspecies: S. kurdica subsp. asterocalyx and S. pilifera subsp. ixodes. According to the present revision, the genus contains 32 species, nine subspecies and two hybrids in Iran with 17 endemic taxa.

In 1901, Matsumura Jinzo (1856-1928), professor at Tokyo Imperial University, claimed a scientific binomial Prunus yedoensis for the most beloved cherry in Japan. Matsumura received an imperial award for this feat in 1904, upon which he posed proudly for a photograph in a European-style imperial garment complete with a shiny sash and a plumed hat. This photo was later fittingly supplemented with a pink-hued cherry blossom background, adding a wisp of joy. 1 Japanese botanists' ability to rename this familiar Japanese plant, which almost every Japanese person knew, in a language (Latin) that only a few understood, was celebrated as the indication of Japan's successful modernization of its plant systematics. 2 It was a success resonating with the

Historiographic discussions of the universality and regionality of science have to date focused on European cases for making regional science universal. This paper presents a new perspective by moving beyond European origins and illuminating a non-European scientist's engagement with the universality and regionality of science. It will examine the case of the Japanese botanist Nakai Takenoshin (1882-1952), an internationally recognized authority on Korean flora based at Tokyo Imperial University. Serving on the International Committee on Botanical Nomenclature in 1926, Nakai endorsed and acted upon European claims of universal science, whilst simultaneously unsettling them with his regionally shaped systematics. Eventually he came to promote his own systematics, built regionally on Korean flora, as the new universal. By analysing his shifting claims in relation to those of other European and non-European botanists, this paper makes two arguments. First, universalism and regionalism were not contradictory foundations of scientific practice but useful tools used by this non-European botanist in maintaining his scientific authority as a representative Japanese systematist. Second, his claims to universality and regionalism were both imperially charged. An imperially monopolized study of Korean plants left a regional imprint on Nakai's systematics. In order to maintain his scientific authority beyond its region of origin he had to assert either the expanding regionalism of 'East Asia' or universalism.

Ethnomedicinal survey has been carried out in the Keonjhar district of the state of Odisha in India to collect information on the prevailing medicinal plants used as medicine for the treatment of wound by local tribe and other forest dweller during 2018-2022. Forest area of the district is dominated by different ethnic group of tribes like Gond, Bathudi, Kol, Santal, Juang, Bhuyan, Bhumija and Saunti. It has been observed that people of these ethnic group depend on forest for their livelihood and medicine for primary health care. The present paper deals with 32 plant species belonging to 25 families, which are used as folk medicine for the treatment of wound. Ethnic group of the district are fully or partially depend on local medicinal plants because of the poor modern healthcare facilities and their inert poverty. An attempt has been made to document traditional knowledge from the local people, Baidyas and Gunia of Anandpur, Ghatgaon, Harichandanpur, Saharpada, Patna, Telkoi, Banspal and Joda blocks of Keonjhar district for the treatment of wound.

Seed specimen was collected from field trial to the evaluation of three Niger cultivars based on their seed
physical properties, oil chemical composition, and anatomical characteristics. The results showed that significant
genotypic variability was observed across these varieties and their studied physical, chemical, and anatomical traits.
The cultivars parameters referred that the mature seeds are usually composed of three cell layers (seed coat, seed
embryo, and Endosperm). The results of lab analysis revealed substantial variability, with crude protein content ranging
from (21.32 to 23.45) g/100 g-1, ash content from (3.03 to 4.45) g/100 g-1, while the highest value for fiber content was
(21.40) g/100 g-1 that obtained in the Karal cultivar. Microscopic images indicated that seeds from the Animax cultivar
had maximum values for three axial and area compared to the other cultivars. The geometric mean diameter and
arithmetic diameter ranged from (0.70 to 1.76) and (0.23 to 0.59) mm respectively. Significant differences were
detected in fatty acid profiles among the evaluated cultivars. 'Benglanuglue' cultivar exhibited the highest
concentrations of oleic and linolenic acids of (8.12 and 18.43) %, while the 'Animax' cultivar demonstrated the highest
levels of linoleic acid (24.16%. These findings suggest that both cultivars possess favorable fatty acid compositions
for potential culinary applications. Among the evaluated cultivars, 'Karal' exhibited the most favorable profile for direct
culinary applications, characterized by the lowest palmitic acid content. Furthermore, both 'Karal' and 'Animax'
cultivars demonstrated reduced levels of palmitic and stearic acids. All evaluated cultivars exhibit potential for
contributing on the enhancement of oil quality across the Kurdistan region of Iraq. Consequently, these cultivars are
required to test over other sites belong to the given region .

Recognition that the critically endangered mallee Eucalyptus sp. Cattai (Gregson s.n. 28 Aug 1954) is a distinct species has been complicated by close morphological similarity between it and other members of E. subgenus Symphyomyrtus section Latoangulatae series Annulares. Recent genomic evidence has demonstrated that it is distinct from other species. In this study, we provide E. sp. Cattai with the new species name, E. cryptica T.C.Wilson, S.Rutherf. & S.M.Douglas, and use genomic scans of adults and seedlings to assist in its description and support its conservation by identifying hybrids. Accompanying the description of E. cryptica are images, diagnostic illustrations and an updated part of the Eucalyptus key for the Flora of New South Wales.

and a grant to the STRI from the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation. Part of the work was carried out at The Museum Applied Science Center for Archaeology (MASCA), Univer- sity of Pennsylvania, which Piperno thanks for its generous support. Sampling Methods Leaves, culms, and inflorescences from over 200 species of grasses comprising 80 different genera and representing a broad survey of all five subfamilies now recognized (Watson et al, 1985; were studied. Assignation of individual genera to subfamily and tribe followed the current consensus in grass systematics (Soder- strom et al., 1987). Most of the species analyzed were sampled from annotated herbarium sheets at the Missouri Botanical Garden (in St. Louis and housed at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama) and the National Herbarium in Washington, D.C. A few species were collected in the field by the authors during field trips made to Latin America over the past 15 years.

Three new combinations in Oriastrum are proposed: Oriastrum minutum from Argentina and Chile, and O. stuebelii var. abbreviatum and O. stuebelii var. argentinum from Argentina. The following taxa are newly synonymized: O. tontalensis under O. pulvinatum var. polymallum, and O. famatinae and O. stuebelii var. cryptum with O. stuebelii var. argentinum. Nine lectotypes are here proposed for: Aldunatea chilensis, A. gnaphalioides, A. lycopodioides, Carmelita formosa, Chaetanthera stuebelii var. argentina, C. villosa, Egania acerosa, E. dioica and, Tylloma limbatum. Additionally, illustrations of phyllaries and leaves for O. pulvinatum var. polymallum and O. tontalensis are provided, as well as a table featuring diagnostic characters to the varieties of O. stuebelii and O. famatinae.

Arundo donax L., fam. Poaceae (monocot, vascular plants) Contributors: Predrag Lazarević and Maja Lazarević Geographical focus: Serbia New records and noteworthy data: These are the first findings of invasive alien species Arundo donax as a member of the spontaneous flora in Central Serbia.

BioOne Complete (complete.BioOne.org) is a full-text database of 200 subscribed and open-access titles in the biological, ecological, and environmental sciences published by nonprofit societies, associations, museums, institutions, and presses.

BioOne Complete (complete.BioOne.org) is a full-text database of 200 subscribed and open-access titles in the biological, ecological, and environmental sciences published by nonprofit societies, associations, museums, institutions, and presses.

Vaccinium venosum Wight has been rediscovered from Lohit District, Arunachal Pradesh, NE India, after a lapse of seventy-five years. The species is provided with detailed description, citation, types, distribution map, illustration and note on its stomata, leaf-areoles and pollen.

Efficacy of a growth promoter ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) on senescence deferral action was analysed using leaf discs of six wild ericoid plant taxa. Changes of some biochemical parameters like chlorophyll, protein, soluble and insoluble carbohydrates, RNA and DNA as well as activity of catalase enzyme were analysed as reliable senescence indices during detached leaf senescence of these six species under dark condition. With the progress of ageing duration from zero to 144 hours the levels of chlorophyll and proteins in leaf discs gradually declined in both control and ascorbic acid treated samples. However, in the chemical / Vitamin-C treated samples the rate of decline was found to be much slower. Concomitantly the levels of insoluble carbohydrate, RNA and DNA started declining right from 48, 96 and 144 hours of observation period both in treated and untreated samples. And here also ascorbic acid arrested the rapid rate of reduction of the levels of the biochemical parameters. On th...

The assessment of the morphological and taxonomic characteristics of some members of Convolvulaceae family was determined using standard method of analyses. The family is distributed throughout the world, having weed representations and the family is distinguishable by its plicate corolla, axile placentation with few ovules, bicollate vascular bundles and latex, symmetrical corolla, the floral formulae and superior gynoecium. The result obtained showed that Ipomoea batatas presented in table 1 had plant III as the highest plant length of 150 cm, leaf length of 70.3 cm, leaf breadth of 32.2 cm and the flower length of 4.5 cm followed by breadth of by plant I which had the highest value of successive internodes and plant IV had the least value of plant length of 30 cm and leaf breath of 17.7 cm. Ipomoea triloba Presented in table 2 showed plant V to be the highest in plant length (186 cm), in successive internodes (14.82), in leaf length (17.72 cm) and leaf breadth (13.70 cm) whereas plant IV was the least in all the parameters. Ipomoea involucrate presented in table length (450 cm), leave breadth (8.40 cm), leaf length (15.50 cm) and successive internodes whereas plant V showed the least result in leaf breadth (3.01 cm) and plant IV showed least value of plant length (144 cm). Evolvulus alsinoides in table 4 showed plant I as the highest in plant length (45 cm), leaf breadth (9 cm), successive internodes (1.73 cm) and leaf breadth (1.48) whereas plant II showed the least result in plant length (28 cm), leaf length (1.70 cm), leaf breadth (0.94 cm) and flower length (1.34 cm). Ipomoea vegans presented in table 5 showed plant I to be highest in plant length (137 cm), successive internodes (3.60 cm) and leaf length (9.79) whereas plant IV showed the least value in plant length (61 cm), successive internodes (2.82 cm), leaf length (5.12 cm) and leaf breadth (2.26 cm). Generally, the members in Convolvulaceae family have morphological differences or species uniqueness which aids in easy identification of the members.

In Acacia, 90% of species have drought-tolerant phyllodes as their adult foliage, the remaining species have bipinnate leaves. We conducted tests for relationships between foliage type and 35 bioclimatic variables at the continental scale and found significant correlations of both 'moisture seasonality' and 'radiation in the coldest quarter' with foliage type. Bipinnate species have lower species mean values of each variable, growing in stable soil moisture and generally darker environments (longer nights and lower incident radiation), on average. Evolutionary transformations between bipinnate and phyllodinous adult foliage exhibit asymmetry across the Acacia phylogeny, with transformations from bipinnate leaves to phyllodes occurring times faster than the reverse. At least three (and up to seven) transitions from phyllode to bipinnate adult foliage were inferred. Foliage type in the most recent common ancestor of extant Acacia is unresolved, some analyses favour a phyllodinous ancestor, others a bipinnate ancestor. Most ancestral nodes inferred as having bipinnate adult foliage had median age estimates of less than 5 million years (Ma), half having ages between 3 and 1.5 Ma. Acacia lineages with bipinnate adult foliage diversified during the Pliocene, perhaps in response to wetter climatic conditions experienced by the continental margin during this period.

In the traditional culture of the Polynesians, the unity of nature and the human being regarded as its part was something obvious. A significant part of the flora and fauna of the Polynesian island of Huahine had a quasi-religious character, playing the role of a taboo, objects of culture, landmarks, and not infrequently even being used as medicine. The colonisation of Polynesia by European nations led to profound changes, also in the way the relation between a human being and nature was perceived, making the character of the latter more utilitarian. Elements of the Polynesian flora became a sought-after raw material in the woodworking industry, the furniture industry, and the cosmetics and perfume industry. The paper discusses selected elements of the flora of the Polynesian islands and the changes in the way they have been perceived and used.

Physalis cordata Houst. ex Mill. (Solanaceae), a native of North and South America has been collected from North 24-Parganas district of West Bengal, India in 2024 is reported here as an addition to the Flora of India. Morphological description, location map and a photo plate are provided here for its proper recognition.

The present article aims at analysing the floristic composition of Lycophytes and Ferns to test the disturbances on the vegetation structure occurring in the mountains zones of the Kahuzi-Biega National Park (KBNP), further, to prove/underline the main threat and the vulnerability which actually is impacting the biodiversity in the mountains of the Western Albertine Rift due to climate changes and resulting in habitat loss as well as result of anthropogenic activities. The KBNP is located at the crossroad of the phytogeography regions of the Guinea-Congolese and Afromontane between 650 to 3326 m of altitude. During 10 years, we conducted comparison studies in the habitats (disturbed and undisturbed) encountered on the vegetation that scales between 1250 à 3300 m of altitude in 30 plots, 15 transects on a one kilometre. The results obtained reveal a variation in the flora composition within the three stages. The difference in the height, the diametric distribution (trees and shrubs) as well as the presence of Pteridophytes between undisturbed and disturbed habitats is highly significant within the 10 years’ observations. In stable and mature parcels, Pteridophytes constitute a very rich, diversified and stable population. Permanent threat manifested through the fragility of the habitats and is further translated by a modification of the floristic composition of the canopy, and sometimes trough the taming of the undergrowth in disturbed parcels. The mountainous part of the KBNP might probably constitute a climatic refuge for Pteridophytes in the Albertine Rift considering their diversity. Furthermore, considering these adaptations, the diversity and the specificity of the biotopes occupied, as well as the bioecological services recognized to Lycophytes and Ferns, they are the real markers for bioindicators of the delicatessen towards climate changes observed in the western rift Albertine. However, anthropogenic

Silicified leaf impressions attributed to the tribe Banksieae (Proteaceae) are reported from a new Tertiary macroflora from near Glen Helen, Northern Territory and from the Miocene Stuart Creek macroflora, northern South Australia. The fossil leaf material is described and placed in Banksieaeformis Hill & Christophel. Banksieaeformis serratus sp. nov. is very similar in gross morphology to the extant Banksia baueri R.Br. and B. serrata L.f. and is therefore representative of a leaf type in Banksia that is widespread geographically and climatically within Australia and that is unknown in Dryandra or other genera of the Banksieae. The leaf material from Stuart Creek and Woomera represents the lobed leaf form typical of Paleogene macrofloras from southern Australia, but one species, B. langii sp. nov., is closely similar in gross form to Banksieaephyllum taylorii R.J.Carpenter, G.J.Jordan & R.S.Hill et al. from the Late Paleocene of New South Wales and similarly may be sclerophyllous. Also reported are impressions of Banksia infructescences, or 'seed cones', in Neogene sediments near Marree and Woomera, South Australia. These fossils demonstrate the presence of Banksiinae in central Australia in the mid-Tertiary, potentially indicating the former existence of linking corridors between now widely separated populations of Banksia.

Silicified leaf impressions attributed to the tribe Banksieae (Proteaceae) are reported from a new Tertiary macroflora from near Glen Helen, Northern Territory and from the Miocene Stuart Creek macroflora, northern South Australia. The fossil leaf material is described and placed in Banksieaeformis Hill & Christophel. Banksieaeformis serratus sp. nov. is very similar in gross morphology to the extant Banksia baueri R.Br. and B. serrata L.f. and is therefore representative of a leaf type in Banksia that is widespread geographically and climatically within Australia and that is unknown in Dryandra or other genera of the Banksieae. The leaf material from Stuart Creek and Woomera represents the lobed leaf form typical of Paleogene macrofloras from southern Australia, but one species, B. langii sp. nov., is closely similar in gross form to Banksieaephyllum taylorii R.J.Carpenter, G.J.Jordan & R.S.Hill et al. from the Late Paleocene of New South Wales and similarly may be sclerophyllous. Also reported are impressions of Banksia infructescences, or 'seed cones', in Neogene sediments near Marree and Woomera, South Australia. These fossils demonstrate the presence of Banksiinae in central Australia in the mid-Tertiary, potentially indicating the former existence of linking corridors between now widely separated populations of Banksia.

This book is dedicated to Late Dr. Probir Chatteijee who was a teacher and researcher per excellence, a naturalist and a great motivator for the students. Though he was known in India as an algologist Dr. Chatteijee had devoted much of his time in studying biyophyte diversity, collecting specimens and teaching bryophytes in under-graduate and post-graduate classes. It is unfortunate that, in recent times, the subject of Bryology has not got its due importance in the teaching and research curricula in most of the Universities. In spite of the great legacy of Late Prof. H. C. Gangulee, who wrote a series of monographs on mosses from Eastern Himalay a and its adjacent areas, the study of bryophytes has not received much attention in this part of India. It is only in a few centres and universities that research work is this sporophyte is monosporangiate and matrotrophic in growth and parasitic on gametophyte, (xiii) spores germinate to form a protonemal stage; the protonemal stage in the liverworts is globose while in the mosses the protonema is filamentous and more conspicuous in the life-cycle. In the Devonian period, a diversity of plants adapted to the terrestrial environment and were able to absorb water, nutrients. Absorbed water and nutrients

The main objective of this study was to collect local knowledge about edible wild plants among villagers in the mountainous region of West Java. Snowball sampling was used to identify informants who could be considered experts. Semi-structured interviews were conducted to collect ethnobotanical data. A total of 88 species of edible wild plants belonging to 70 genera and 45 plant families were recorded. Of these, approximately one-tenth belong to the Asteraceae family. More than half of the plants are herbaceous. The parts of each species considered food vary, from the vegetative structures to the immature reproductive organs. Fruits and leaves are mostly used. Most of the plants listed are eaten raw. Only half of all species are native. The remaining half is made up of exotic species. Among the exotic species, neophytes outnumber archaeophytes. 23 species of wild plants treat 22 medical conditions. Only 13 plants were available for sale in the local markets. In general, knowledge about edible wild plants is preserved among a small group of custodians and may be declining due to socioeconomic and cultural changes, especially the development of tourism and the perception that wild plants are famine food which, in turn, associated with poverty.

the Allan Herbarium and Auckland War Memorial Museum Herbarium). The biostatus information is presented in two parts -occurrence and origin, which are subdivided into categories as follows: Occurrence records the presence of the taxon in the NZ political region. Occurrence categories are: Present: the taxon occurs in the NZ political region. Two subcategories are used: Present in wild: the taxon has self-maintaining populations in the wild. Exotic taxa in this category are termed fully naturalised. Sometimes present in wild: the taxon occurs only occasionally in the wild flora, or has been collected infrequently from the wild, or persists in the wild only for a short period, or only in the vicinity of cultivated/captive parents. Exotic taxa in this category are termed casual. Indigenous taxa in this category are sometimes termed vagrant. Absent: the taxon is absent from the NZ political region. Only taxa in a single subcategory of absent are included in this checklist. Extinct: the taxon is now presumed to be extinct in the NZ poltical region. Origin records whether a taxon is indigenous or exotic in the NZ political region. It has the categories: Indigenous: the taxon occurs naturally in the region. Two subcategories are used: Endemic: the indigenous taxon only occurs naturally in the region. Non-endemic: the indigenous taxon occurs naturally in this and other regions Exotic: the taxon that has been accidentally or deliberately introduced into the region. Uncertain: a taxon for which the biostatus has not yet been determined or coded. Table 5: The ten largest genera in the New Zealand seed plant flora by the number of species. All species Indigenous species Endemic species Exotic species Veronica (141) Veronica (124) Veronica (118) Eucalyptus (36) Carex (140) Carex (114) Carex (98) Juncus; Rubus (30) Celmisia (60) Celmisia (60) Celmisia (60) Carex; Euphorbia; Trifolium (26) Coprosma; Ranunculus

A revision of the New Zealand Kunzeaericoides complex is presented. This paper is the final of a series that has explored the systematics of the New Zealand Kunzea complex using cytological and molecular variation, as well as experimental hybridisations between postulated segregates. As a result of those studies ten species, all endemic to New Zealand, are recognised; seven of these are new. One species, Kunzeatriregensis sp. nov., is endemic to the Three Kings Islands and another species Kunzeasinclairii, endemic to Aotea (Great Barrier Island). The North Island of New Zealand has seven species, Kunzeaamathicola sp. nov., Kunzeasalterae sp. nov., Kunzeaserotina sp. nov., Kunzearobusta sp. nov., Kunzeatenuicaulis sp. nov., Kunzeatoelkenii sp. nov., and Kunzealinearis comb. nov. Of these, Kunzealinearis, Kunzeasalterae, Kunzeatenuicaulis and Kunzeatoelkenii are endemic to the North Island, and Kunzeaamathicola, Kunzearobusta and Kunzeaserotina extend to the South Island which also su...

Morphometric data have long suggested the existence of three species of Sicyos in Australia and New Zealand. Molecular data now corroborate this and place the three species in the context of the remaining 72 species of Sicyos, most of them in the New World. We here describe and illustrate Sicyos undara I.Telford & P.Sebastian from northern Queensland and S. mawhai I.Telford & P.Sebastian from New Zealand, and emend the circumscription of S. australis to account for the removal of these two extraneous elements. We also provide a key to the three species, map their ranges, and note their habitat and conservation status.

The taxonomy of the genus Acmella Rich. (Asteraceae) in Mexico has been dominated by a conservative view that lumps broad morphological variability under the Acmella repens (Walter) Rich. complex. In the Flora Novo-Galiciana area of western Mexico, this broad circumscription has obscured the existence of endemic taxa with distinctive morphology and ecology. Based on a critical review of nomenclatural types (83 specimens) and original material from 33 international herbaria, alongside a detailed morphological analysis, two taxa are resurrected: Acmella disciformis (B.L. Rob.) Carvajal & A. Vázquez, comb. nov., and Acmella phaneractis (Greenm.) Carvajal & A. Vázquez, comb. nov. That these taxa differ consistently from A. repens and A. radicans in habit, stem succulence, peduncle dimensions, and floral structures. The lectotype designated by Jansen for Spilanthes phaneractis is recognized, and the biogeographical and conservation implications of recognizing these taxonomy-based endemics are discussed. The taxonomy of the genus Acmella Rich. (Asteraceae: Heliantheae) has been the subject of debate and reconfiguration over the last century, marked by a complex history of synonymy and generic transfers from Spilanthes Jacq. While Moore (1907) recognized a wide diversity of species under Spilanthes, his delimitation based on variable vegetative characters was criticized early on by authors such as Nash (1976), who pointed out the urgent need for a thorough revision. This heterogeneity was formally evidenced by Jansen (1981), who detected that Spilanthes sensu lato included numerous species discordant with the generic concept. Consequently, a crucial milestone in the understanding of the group was the subsequent monograph by Jansen (1985), who established Acmella as an independent genus, segregating it from Spilanthes sensu stricto based on morphological and chromosomal characters.

Cinnamomum is a member of evergreen aromatic trees and shrubs belonging to Lauraceae. It is reported to have approximately 250 valid species, from tropical and subtropical regions of Southeast Asia, South Asia, East Asia, and Australasia/Oceania. They are economically important trees; leaf extracts are used to treat wounds, fever, intestinal worms, headaches, and menstrual problems and also have higher antimicrobial activity. It was also effective in wound healing treatment. About 49 species have been reported in India, along with 31 endemic species. They are also cultivated as landscape plants due to their enormous economic and medicinal value. Cinnamomum can be characteristically differentiated by its morphological features, including evergreen trees or shrubs, opposite and trinerved or alternate and innerved leaves, paniculate or cymose inflorescences, trimerous flowers, and nine fertile stamens in three whorls. The systematic account of Lauraceae has been notorious due to asynchronous flowering behavior, imperfectly known species, overlapping variation, and parallel evolution of morphological characters. However, limited attempts have been undertaken on the taxonomy and ecology of Cinnamomum in India. This manuscript provides a detailed account of taxonomic description, distributional status, ecology, economic importance, threats, and conservation efforts of nine endemic and threatened species,

A comprehensive taxonomic account of the families Costaceae to Smilacaceae in India. About 22 families are dealth with updated nomenclature, description, with keys to the genera and species in detail with about 86 colour photoplates (pages) of the taxa.

In the present study, nutlet micromorphological characters of 16 Cyperus taxa (Cyperaceae) from Pakistan were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and stereomicroscopy to evaluate their potential as diagnostic traits. Detailed assessments of seed shape, size, surface sculpturing, and epidermal cell patterns revealed substantial interspecific variation. Five major sculpturing types were recorded, namely tuberculate, reticulate, scalariform, colliculate, and rugose, associated with polygonal to rectangular epidermal cells exhibiting straight to wavy anticlinal walls and convex, flat, or concave periclinal walls. Silica body morphology also varied, with most species exhibiting dome-shaped silica bodies, while only two species, C. flavescens and C. esculentus, possessed conical-shaped silica bodies. Seed size exhibited considerable variability across the studied taxa, ranging from larger seeds in C. fuscus (1.33 × 1.22 mm) to minute seeds in C. pangorei (0.17 × 0.10 mm), further aiding species-level differentiation. Cluster analysis based on seed micromorphological traits largely corroborated existing species circumscriptions, indicating the taxonomic utility of these characters. A taxonomic key was developed to delimit the species and to be useful for their quick identification within the genus Cyperus. This study confirms that seed micromorphology not only provides robust diagnostic characters for species identification but also contributes significantly to resolving higher-level taxonomic relationships within Cyperaceae.

The current work is about the new record of flowering plants of Angiosperms that belongs to the Begoniaceae family named as Begonia picta Sm. It is a new record for the flora of the districts of Nandurbar and Dhule, belonging to the state of Maharashtra in India. The work provides a new geographic habitat, location, detailed taxonomic enumeration; Photographs and relevant information by new collections of samples from B. picta Sm. With the comparative literature, they are recorded.

Pulvirenti S., M. M. Indriolo, P. Pavone & R. M. S. Costa (2015). Study of a pre-Linnaean Herbarium attributed to Francesco Cupani (1657–1710). Candollea 70: 67–99. In English, English abstract. The aim of this work is the study of one of the two pre-Linnaean herbaria belonging to the University of Catania, attributed to Francesco Cupani, a 17th century Sicilian botanist, specifically the volume with the inventory number “VII f2 Hortus Botanicus Catinensis”. The two collections were previously unknown and found in 1992 as a result of reorganising the Herbarium of Catania University. The volume examined comprises 164 pages with 1–12 specimens on each sheet. Most likely, some samples come from the Misilmeri Garden of the Prince of Cattolica, to which Cupani dedicated great commitment in its creation, while others may have been acquired from exchanges with contemporary scientists; this is testified by the presence of non-Sicilian or extra-European species and by the extensive correspon...

Introduction. Pleurothallis R.Br. is a neotropical genus distributed from southern Mexico to South America, with representation in the Antilles (Ackerman et al. 2014). According to Karremans & Vieira-Uribe (2020), 499 species are currently accepted; however, with the publication of new species during the last two years, the number increased to 528 species (

The wild plants named weeds are consumed by human being as food, medicines as well as fodder to pets. Amongst the weed s Digera muricata (L.) Mart. belonging to Family Amaranthaceae, is an annual medicinal herb, grows as a weed in all of India's states up to 1500 msl altitude. It is also one which is consumed as vegetable, fodder and the medicine for various ailments in traditional folk medical system as well as in Ayurveda as an astringent and cooling agent. Its leaves and tender shoots are consumed as vegetable and soup preparations whereas the spikes are consumed either fresh or in cooked form. Antimicrobial, antibacterial, antifungal, antidiabetic, anti-fertility, antioxidant, anticancer, antileishmanial, antitesticular, prophylactic, allopathic, and protective properties are well recorded. The nutritional values of leaves have been studied in past hereas the spikes which are consumed fresh or in cooked form were yet to be v studied and the present paper deals with the nutraceutical and secondary metabolite assessment of the spikes of D. muricata (L.) Mart. The proximate nutritional values and secondary metabolites justifies the inclusion of spike under food from wild sources.

The species Memecylon cerasiforme Kurz was previously known only from the type which was collected in Chittagong, Bangladesh. A recent collection of the species from the Jaldapara National Park, West Bengal, India is not only the first since the species was described in 1877 but also the first record of its occurrence in India and the first flowering collection. Its flowers can now be described and illustrated for the first time. An emended description, figure, phenological and habitat information, notes on related species, and a conservation assessment are also provided. The only original material available at Kew is designated here as a lectotype.

In this article, ITS sequences of 34 species in Bulbophyllum genus were researched. Alignment between ITS sequences from the species was performed, and discovered that average percentage sequence divergence (uncorrected p distance) within Bulbophyllum species was 9.87% and maximum in-group ITS divergence was 13.68% (between B. membranifolium with B. sulcatum). Molecular systematic analysis of ITS was revealed that, 34 species of Bulbophyllum were monophyletic and they were divided into six groups, which is partly inconsistent with the viewpoint of morphological classification of Bulbophyllum in Peninsular Malaysia.

In this article, ITS sequences of 34 species in Bulbophyllum genus were researched. Alignment between ITS sequences from the species was performed, and discovered that average percentage sequence divergence (uncorrected p distance) within Bulbophyllum species was 9.87% and maximum in-group ITS divergence was 13.68% (between B. membranifolium with B. sulcatum). Molecular systematic analysis of ITS was revealed that, 34 species of Bulbophyllum were monophyletic and they were divided into six groups, which is partly inconsistent with the viewpoint of morphological classification of Bulbophyllum in Peninsular Malaysia.

Bulbophyllum Thou. is a largest genus in Orchidaceae family and a well-known plant of tropical area. In this study original nucleotide sequence data of matures K (matK) were collected froms 53 species of Bulbophyllum and used to infer the species interrelationship with maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood analysis. Alignment between matK sequences from 53 species of Bulbophyllum was performed, and discovered that the average percentage sequence divergence within Bulbophyllum species was 2.4%, and maximum in-group divergence was 8.8% between Bulbophyllum tenuifolium with Bulbophyllum ovalifolium and Bulbophyllum mutabile. Furthermore, there are 179 mutation sites and 107 information sites in matK sequences, respectively 20.38% and 12.18%. Molecular systematic analysis of matK was revealed that several of the currently recognised sections are consistent in structure with the viewpoint of traditional classification except of sections Desmosanthes, Hirtula and Sestochilus which was contained misplaced elements. In addition presumably, generic status of section Cirrhopetalum cannot longer be supported, as it is deeply embedded within the genus Bulbophyllum and section Desmosanthes is a sister group to Cirrhopetalum with high nodal support.

In this study leaf anatomical characters among the species of the genus Hordeum L. have been evaluated. In Iraq, Hordeum is represented by eight species, namely Hordeum bulbosum L., H . distichon L., H . geniculatum All., H . glaucum Steud., H . leporinum Link, H . marinum var. marinum Huds., H . marinum var. pubescens (Guss.) Nevski, H . spontaneum var. spontaneum C. Koch, H . spontaneum var. proskowetzii Nab., and H . vulgare L. This genus one of the most economically important cereal crops in the tribe Triticeae, has a worldwide distribution mainly in temperate and dry regions of the world. The main objective of this study is to asses the significance of anatomical characteristics of the leaves. For this purpose transverse sections and leaf surfaces were examined. Anatomic features show that leaf blades vary between the taxa in both qualitative and quantitative values. Sclerenchymatic cells, silica bodies, and stomata, furrow and ribs properties, the existence of midrib and bulli...

Diploschistes xinjiangensis from Xinjiang in northwest China is described as new to science. The species is characterized by the thick bluish gray thallus, asci with eight large ellipsoid ascospores, and the presence of diploschistesic and lecanoric acids. It grows on rock in the semiarid region at elevations of ca. 1700 m. ITS rDNA sequence analyses support the taxonomic distinctness of this species.

With more than 5,500 species worldwide the Cyperaceae family is one of the most speciose families of the monocots, in number only preceded by Orchidaceae and Poaceae. The species are very widely distributed across the globe and occur on all continents except Antarctica. They can be found in cool, wet Alpine habitats as well as in hot, tropical and desert-like situations, ranging from sea level to high altitudes. Species are morphologically very diverse, varying from diminutive annuals to dracaenoid shrubs or even lianas. The family is well studied, and modern techniques have been applied to this, but many species and genera are still relatively poorly understood, doubtlessly at least in part due to the fact that floral structures are often complex and not easily interpreted.
The African continent is an important diversity center for the family; over 1,000 species are present there, many of them endemic. Species in the East and South are very well studied and the current knowledge is reflected in contemporary floras covering these areas. On the contrary, species present in tropical West Africa (although also a hotspot for the Cyperaceae family) are much less well known and the knowledge is rather
fragmented. The most recent account that refers to the entire region dates back to the early 1970’s when the family was treated in the Flora of West Tropical Africa (Hutchinson & Dalziel 1972), i.e. about half a century ago. In the intervening years useful local flora accounts were published (e.g. Lowe & Stanfield 1974, Berhaut 1988, Lisowski 2009), numerous new taxa have been described from the area and the known distribution of others was updated. Knowledge on several genera or complex species groups has considerably increased.
In recent years, one of us (Attila Mesterházy), was able to conduct field studies in many countries in tropical West Africa. On these occasions he discovered species that turned out to be new to science. In addition, he was also able to extensively document poorly known taxa on the basis of herbarium collections and field photographs. Gradually the idea matured to gather together this newly acquired knowledge and make it available to other researchers studying the West African flora. The results of years of study by the authors are presented here.
This book aims at improving the knowledge of tropical West African Cyperaceae. This means that all information at hand is included in it. As a rule, a full-page color plate illustrates each of 321 taxa comprising the study (exceptionally two taxa are depicted in a single plate). Illustrations include a representative herbarium specimen and all details useful for an accurate identification (inflorescences, spikelets, glumes, nutlets etc.). If available, photographs are also included, either of an inflorescence or of the species in its habitat. Each taxon is briefly described, mostly based on the authors’ personal observations and measurements. Further details on its distribution (in the study area as well as beyond) and ecology are also presented. For each taxon, synonyms are provided if deemed useful. Information on type material is of the utmost importance for taxonomic studies and much time was therefore spent on searching for types; protologues of all taxa were checked and online herbaria inspected. However, for many taxa lecto- or neotypes still need to be designated.
Information useful for a future type designation is presented but the designation of types was beyond the scope of this book.
Identification keys for all genera and infrageneric taxa are included, as well as some novel Quick Guides. Based on experience in the field as well as in the herbarium, additional notes on species are provided. These include information on the identification (useful characters, separation from morphologically similar taxa etc.) and/or refer to taxonomic or nomenclatural issues.
The area covered by this book is defined as tropical West Africa but this requires some clarification. Following Brummitt’s World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions (Brummitt 2001), only that part of tropical West Africa south of the 18° N latitude is taken into account. The entirety of the following countries is covered: Benin, Burkina Faso, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone and Togo. Mali, Mauritania and Niger are located in part north of the 18° N latitude and thus only partly treated. Species from these three countries that exclusively occur in the northern part are not
treated in this book. For example, Carex enokii occurs in Mauritania but only north of the 18° N latitude; it is thus not included.
As a result of molecular phylogenetic studies, knowledge on Cyperaceae has markedly increased. These studies have re-circumscribed the boundaries of certain genera. As far as Cyperus is concerned, it was demonstrated that morphologically similar genera like Kyllinga, Mariscus and Pycreus are better included in it. This also applies to some other genera that are less obviously related to Cyperus e.g. Ascolepis, Lipocarpha or Oxycaryum. Analogously, Nemum was shown to be part of a broadly circumscribed genus Bulbostylis etc. Although the authors endorse these new insights, a more conservative approach was used for this book, not only because most of the taxa involved are better known under their older, ‘traditional’ names, but also because in most herbaria (and a fortiori in the African ones) taxa are still arranged the traditional way. However, for each of the taxa concerned, the alternative name in the ‘new’ genera is also displayed above the illustrations, immediately following the name applied by the authors. For convenience, a table of comparison between ‘old’ and ‘new’ names is presented, as an addendum, at the end of this book.
A new variety of Bulbostylis coleotricha is here described (var. hirsuta) whereas an undescribed species of Mapania from Liberia awaits additional research. The new combination Cyperus tenax subsp. monroviensis is proposed and several species were synonymized with existing ones, e.g. Pycreus felicis, Fimbristylis nigritana and Eleocharis deightonii (syn. nov.).
It is hoped that this book will encourage researchers in tropical West Africa to renew their attention to this extremely interesting family. In addition, since many of the taxa included also occur in other tropical and subtropical areas across the world, it will doubtlessly be useful to anyone interested in Cyperaceae

Dactylorhiza umbrosa (Kar. &Kir.) Nevski is reported for the first time from Kashmir Himalaya, India. A brief description, illustration, photographs of diagnostic features, and a distribution map is provided. Also provided are comparative characters to distinguish D. umbrosa from other species already known from Kashmir Himalaya: D. hatagirea, D. kafiriana and D. viridis. The species shows rare distribution in the alpine habitats of this Himalayan region and overexploitation for local use poses threat to the existence of this rare medicinal orchid species. Therefore, the documentation of this species assumes significance for devising conservation strategies and sustainable use in this Himalayan region.