Engineering Ethics

Information technology (IT) has proliferated at an unprecedented rate in our society. Technical advances have come quickly yet the social and ethical infrastructure to support these advances has been slow in development. A group of individuals have developed a general code of ethical conduct for information technology professionals to begin to identify the proper ethical choices that IT professionals should make. This paper examines this code and explores whether there are underlying ethical constructs that underlie the code. After examining ten key provisions of the code, it was found through exploratory factor analysis that there were two factors which emerged-information technology integrity and information technology security. There were found to be no differences in level of agreement with these IT ethical factors based on several demographic variables. The implications of these finding for educators, researchers and practitioners are briefly discussed.

Este capítulo analisa as trajetórias acadêmicas e profissionais das pesquisadoras vinculadas ao INCT-CiMol, buscando compreender os desafios e as experiências associados à atuação delas na ciência. A investigação foi realizada por meio de questionários aplicados às pesquisadoras do Instituto, permitindo identificar aspectos relacionados às dificuldades enfrentadas na carreira científica, às percepções sobre ser mulher no campo da pesquisa e às estratégias de permanência e desenvolvimento profissional. A análise das respostas evidencia tanto obstáculos estruturais e simbólicos presentes no percurso científico quanto potencialidades e conquistas construídas ao longo dessas trajetórias. Além de contribuir para a discussão sobre gênero e ciência, o capítulo destaca a relevância desse tema para o ensino de Ciências, indicando possibilidades de abordagem em sala de aula que valorizem a presença de mulheres na produção do conhecimento científico e promovam reflexões críticas sobre diversidade, representatividade e construção social da ciência.

Em seus 10 capítulos, ess a obra aproxima as temáticas importantes do INCT-CiMol do Ensino de Ciências, buscando traduzir temas de pesquisa das Ciências Moleculares em propostas didáticas, reflexões formativas e ações de divulgação científica. Ao longo do volume, o leitor encontrará discussões sobre aspectos de educação e ensino, meio ambiente e sustentabilidade, políticas públicas, e inclusão e diversidade na produção do conhecimento científico. Trata-se, portanto, de uma obra que articula ciência, educação e compromisso social em uma linguagem acessível e socialmente relevante. O livro foi organizado pela Dra. Gabriela Agostini e pelo Dr. Bruno Silva Leite, pesquisadores que vêm, de forma consistente, trabalhando e pesquisando sobre divulgação científica e ensino de Ciências. Este livro é o nosso convite a você para conhecer parte do que vem sendo desenvolvido no âmbito do INCT-CiMol e, quem sabe, para se juntar a essa jornada de descobertas. Ele representa o esforço de pesquisadores comprometidos em dialogar com a sociedade, romper barreiras da linguagem acadêmica e mostrar que, mesmo fora dos laboratórios e das universidades, ninguém está fora do alcance dos efeitos das moléculas. (Wallace Duarte Fragoso, Sherlan Guimarães Lemos e Júlio Santos Rebouças - INCT-CiMol)

This study examines the influence of generative and assistive artificial intelligence tools on journalistic reportage, focusing on Daily Trust and The Guardian media organisations in Abuja. The study investigates the extent of artificial intelligence utilisation in reportage, its perceived impact on job security, its benefits and limitations, and strategies for responsible integration in Nigerian newsrooms. The study is anchored in the Technology Acceptance Model, which emphasises perceived usefulness and ease of use as key factors influencing technology adoption. Using a survey design, structured questionnaires were administered to 75 journalists, 49 from Daily Trust and 26 from The Guardian. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and presented in frequency tables. Findings revealed a high level of awareness and moderate-to-high utilisation of artificial intelligence tools, particularly ChatGPT for content generation and Grammarly for editing and proofreading tasks. Respondents acknowledged improvements in speed, efficiency, and consistency but expressed concerns about accuracy, creativity, and ethical issues. The study concludes that artificial intelligence is increasingly shaping newsroom practices and recommends the establishment of structured training programmes and ethical guidelines to ensure its responsible use in journalism.

The professional practice of biomedical engineering can lead to severe consequences. These potential consequences do not differ from those expected in the exercise of the medical profession. Hence, the ethical framework of biomedical engineers (BMEs) should not differ substantially from the ethical framework of medical doctors (MDs). In medicine, an element that is perceived as symbolic but essential in the formation of the ethical conscience of MDs is the "Hippocratic Oath". The "Hippocratic Oath", or its modern adaptation, the "Physician's Pledge", is a brief not legally binding solemn declaration of ethical commitments that medical students take as a rite of passage in their final year or just after graduation. In other healthcare professions, such as nursing or pharmacy, sometimes the "Hippocratic Oath" is also taken. However, in its different versions, the "Hippocratic Oath" contains aspects that would not apply to the field of biomedical engineering and, therefore, its adoption without adaptations would be inappropriate. We have drafted a "Biomedical Engineer's Pledge" aiming at strengthening the ethical awareness of future biomedical engineers. It consists of a preamble sentence, ten promises, and a concluding sentence. Top priority is given to the first promise, which combines the fundamental principles of beneficence and non-maleficence.

Attempts of undue separation of the philosophy of education and curriculum theory and development in the teaching of systematic functional education have been seriously criticized. This has been so because it is not in the best interest in the teaching of an intelligent and national curriculum which forms the bedrock to the development of a truly vibrant educational system in Nigeria. This paper, therefore, is an attempt to investigate the relevance of the philosophy of education to the development of an intelligent curriculum which is imperative to the teaching of functional education in the technical, the sciences, the humanities and social sciences towards the revitalization of the Nigerian educational sector. 

67 adhered to it meticulously; something that was highlighted by the chair, Neil Spurway, in his closing comments. In this paper I shall provide a summary of his arguments as they relate to natural theology, along with some critical comments. Because Donald MacKay is not as well known today as he was during his lifetime I shall start with a brief biographical sketch of his life.

The Author of this paper presents innovative concepts and approaches on human transformative education and learning. The author relies on the works of well-known scholars such as Dewey [1], Boud and Walker [2], and Mezirow [3], [4], and [5], among others. The overarching views throughout this paper are that learning is not universal and that transformative education and learning require a conscious effort from both educators and learners. The author argues that education and learning should encompass the practice of mitigating or authenticating previously learned constructs (e.g. knowledge, beliefs, values, ideas, perception, etc.) through reflection. To that end, the author focuses his work on four key elements of analysis: 1) our early template; 2) how we understand our experiences; 3) two domains of learning; and 4) the role of reflection in transformative learning. The author concludes that an important aspect of learning comprises the practice of mitigating or authenticating previously learned knowledge or thoughts to fashion current and future behaviors.

Pound, who held a Ph.D. in botany but never earned a law degree, was a strong advocate of sociological jurisprudence. He cautioned against legal educators becoming "legal monks" and argued for training in sociology, economics, and politics to prepare a new generation of more capable lawyers and leaders. Id. Harding highlight in their article in this volume, the use of the terms "interdisciplinary," multidisciplinary," "cross-disciplinary," and "transdisciplinary" in legal teaching and practice has generated debate in recent years. See, e.g., Mary C. Daley, What the MDP Debate Can Teach us About Law Practice in the New Millennium and the Need for Circular Reform, 50 J. LEGAL EDUC. 521 (2002). Like Weinberg and Harding, our use of the term does not reflect any position on the debate; rather, we have used the term "interdisciplinary" in this project because it is the label most commonly used by our university to describe the courses and programs in this milieu, e.g.,

The System in the Room is an art installation inspired by mathematician Mihai Botez and architect Mariana Celac’s book The Systems of Spatial Planning, published in 1980 in Romania. Developed and presented in the context of the Utopian Cities, Programmed Societies (2019-2020) project, the art installation reinterprets Botez and Celac’s ideas on housing in a contemporary context using playful and participatory methods. It aims to allow the players to experience and reflect on the housing concepts advanced in the book.    The practice of urban planning has changed dramatically since the book was published. Still, it fascinates by its attempt to define urban systematisation as a science that deals with the organisation and complex remodelling of territorial structures and cities to ensure the optimal framework necessary for the development of human activities and the mutual relationship between the environment and its inhabitants. It is one of the first of its sort to address systemic ...

Many societal issues come across as controversial and are under debate in today's democratic societies. Examples of such issues are migration policies, climate change and terrorism; however, the agenda can rapidly change . This kind of issue can evoke strong reactions, as individuals have competing interests and favour different solutions. The increased polarisation in the political and ideological landscape seemingly reinforces the controversies in many of these questions. This has, in turn, consequences of didactical nature for the practices of education as well as educational theory and research. Education -maybe social studies subjects in particular -has an important function to support students in the formation of their own positions in relation to topical, complex and controversial societal issues that lack simple answers or solutions. Education also has a function in sustaining and developing democracy, a function in which controversial issues can be ascribed a specific role (Council of Europe, 2015). The ambition with this special issue of Acta Didactica Norden has been to bring together research about the didactical potentials and challenges in relation to controversial societal issues. An open call for papers was published on the website of Acta Didactica in the end of 2018, and was spread in relevant networks. From this, we received 18 abstracts for potential manuscripts. After several steps in the process of evaluating relevance and quality in accordance with the criteria of Acta Didactica, we can hereby present the resulting special issue containing eight articles. We wish to thank the reviewers of the manuscripts for this special issue, at least two anonymous reviewers for each article, for their constructive and valuable critique. Our aim as editors has not been to settle scholarly discussion, but to promote and encourage it. We wish to see this issue as a part of the ongoing expansion of research about controversial issues in education. This area of research saw its initial expansion in the 1980s, while it has received a growing interest in the latest decade. Today, it is perceived as a dynamic international field of research (

Resumo: A evolução da técnica e da ciência permitiu que já há algum tempo o nascimento, as características do futuro bebê e, até mesmo, os traços genéticos sejam modificados em laboratório. Com essa possibilidade, torna-se essencial o seguinte questionamento: qual é o limite da liberdade humana para a determinação de gerações futuras? Essa pergunta não é de fácil reposta. É necessário retornar ao que é a liberadade para, então, determinar quando alguém se torna livre. O nascimento de alguém com pré-definições genéticas retira-lhe a liberdade? Acreditamos, a partir das lições de Jürgen Habermas, especialmente nas obras O futuro da natureza humana e Técnica e ciência como "ideologia", que a formação de negócios jurídicos para a definição e supressão de traços genéticos deriva de um processo de instrumentalização das ações humanas, o que acaba por reificar o nascimento humano como um produto exposto nas prateleiras dos mercados de consumo. Como método para a pesquisa, utilizaremos do método reconstrutivo habermasiano com vista a compreensão do atual estado de coisas para propor, a partir disso, a sua reconstrução voltada a emancipação humana. A conclusão encontrada é a de que os negócios biojurídicos para reprodução assistida com alteração genética constitui mais um passo na colonização do mundo da vida pela razão instrumental que opera no sistema da ciência e da técnica, de modo que se faz necessária a sua reconstrução para que se volte a emancipação das futuras gerações.

In the evolving landscape of human-computer interaction, one of the most profound challenges has been the capacity for software to genuinely understand, respond to, and harmonize with human emotions. Traditional applications, while increasingly sophisticated in executing tasks and interpreting data, remain inherently detached from the nuanced spectrum of human feelings. They operate within rigid parameters, incapable of perceiving the subtle fluctuations of a user's emotional state or adapting their behavior in real time to create experiences that feel empathetic, intuitive, or contextually aware. In a world where technology is becoming ever more central to daily life-spanning personal devices, professional environments, healthcare systems, and creative tools-the absence of emotional intelligence in code represents a critical gap between humans and machines. This research introduces the groundbreaking concept of Emotion-Synced Programming (ESP), a novel approach designed to bridge this gap by enabling software to dynamically sense, interpret, and respond to users' emotional states with precision, adaptability, and ethical awareness. The core of this study lies in the integration of advanced affective computing techniques with adaptive programming frameworks. By leveraging multi-layered emotional recognition systems, physiological signal analysis, contextual behavioral modeling, and machine learning, ESP allows software to transition from static instruction-following systems to fluid, emotionally responsive entities. The research demonstrates that by monitoring a combination of biometric indicators, voice modulation, facial micro-expressions, interaction patterns, and contextual cues, code can begin to recognize emotional shifts-ranging from subtle discomfort or stress to joy, curiosity, and engagement-and adjust its behavior accordingly. For instance, in a learning application, an ESP-enabled system could detect frustration in a student, offer tailored encouragement, modify difficulty levels dynamically, or provide alternative explanations that resonate with the student's emotional state, thereby enhancing learning outcomes and engagement. In professional settings, such software could help optimize collaborative environments, detect stress or fatigue in employees, and proactively suggest breaks, adaptive workflows, or mood-sensitive

This paper introduces the concept of ontological disorientation as a distinct dimension of psychological suffering that remains insufficiently recognized within contemporary psychotherapeutic theory and practice. Unlike symptom-based forms of distress, ontological disorientation refers to a loss of experiential orientation toward one's own existence, characterized by feelings of inner emptiness, absence of presence, and diminished participation in life despite preserved functioning and self-understanding.

Animal research has had an essential role in various scientific and medical progress along the way from the past century and continuous future to support our understanding of many illnesses. The study gives an outline of using an animal in scientific research. Even though more studies work displayed on Ethical to using rats in the experimental research but there is not enough scientific data or ethic respect to any ethical rules. The data of the present study of the Ethics Committee was collected from internet literature review; a questionnaire was evaluated by researchers from 2004 to 2017, and review many publications to provide a better understanding of animal research welfare. The survey revealed 10% of studies involving research animals only use rats in an ethical way and with interest and noble purpose. In conclusions, the present work showed that in spite of the guidelines dictating the use of research animals occurred, there are not enough guarantees and defenses rules. Animal welfare concern in the scientific community needs to precede new vision and mission of journal guidelines, institutions, research funding agencies and other regulations to use the animal of the studies and how to manage strict rules to measure the argent necessary to use animals. It was anticipated laws were needed to protect using animal research by the scientific committee that needs to more than The Three Rs (3Rs: Replacement, Reduction, Refinement) in scientific testing research.

E-learning has transformed education worldwide, providing flexibility and inclusiveness in learning, especially in developing countries like Afghanistan, and this study examined the infrastructure and readiness of Badakhshan University for implementing e-learning. The aim of this research is to identify the main infrastructure challenges and assess the organizational, technological and human capacity for implementing digital learning. Using a mixed-method approach, this research collected data by administering structured questionnaires to 114 respondents, namely students, instructors, and administrative staff, and document analysis was also used to support the findings. The findings indicate that while e-learning is highly valued among students and educators and they are ready to adopt this effective method, key barriers including insecure internet connectivity, lack of access to electronic devices, poor technical support, and low training of students and ICT staff pose a major challenge in implementing e-learning. Fortunately, despite these barriers, there is a favorable attitude towards elearning adoption among most stakeholders, provided that programs for infrastructure development and capacity building are put in place. This research provides contextual evidence on e-learning readiness in a developing environment and provides policy-related recommendations to policymakers, university leadership, and development partners. The experience of Badakhshan University serves as a model for other similar universities in Afghanistan and beyond.

Citizen science can be defined as the process by which any non-scientist collects data or uses the scientific method under the guidance or mentorship of a scientist. This article presents an overview of several marine citizen-science projects as practiced by three non-profit organizations.

Muslim relies on the structure or guideline of shari'ah or the maqasid al-shariah, which consist of five essential values, namely preservation/protection of faith, life, intellect, property, and dignity/lineage - to guide them in discovering guiding principles for new concerns such as posed by neuroscience. Like in the case of brain imaging technology, there is in need for proper explanation within Islamic and among the Muslim scientists/scholars on how Islamic beliefs, values, and practices might cumulatively provide 'different' meanings to the practice and application of this technology, or whether it is in line with the shari'ah - in the context of preservation of health and protection of disease. This paper highlights the Islamic mechanism for neuroethics as basis for a holistic ethical framework of neuroscience to cope with its new, modern, and emerging technologies in the globalised world, and how Muslim should response to such changes.

She was appointed the Gourlay Professor at the University of Melbourne, and has been an invited professor at a number of European universities. In addition to serving as President of the Society for Business Ethics, she has published over 80 books, cases and articles, both in the top journals in her field as well as in the mainstream press.

Ethics has been a feature in communication theory and practice since human communication has been formally studied as a discipline. Seminal works such as Aristotle's Rhetorics and Nicomaclwan Ethics emphasized the character or ethos of the speaker that makes him worthy of belief that leads to persuasion. Aristotle attributes the credibility of the source, or the adherence of the source to established ethical norms, as a key element in persuading the audience. Since Aristotle, various interpretations of what constitutes ethical communication practice have been put forward by scholars and communication practitioners alike. Communication ethics concerns making sound moral decisions in communication practice, which in the modern context involves not only inteq^ersonal communications but the practice of communication professions such as print and broadcast journalism and advertising. Communication scholars have attached primary importance to the concept of choice-making in communication ethics. Harold Lasswell's famous description of the communication process as "who says what, to whom, how and by which channel.

Ethics has been a feature in communication theory and practice since human communication has been formally studied as a discipline. Seminal works such as Aristotle's Rhetorics and Nicomaclwan Ethics emphasized the character or ethos of the speaker that makes him worthy of belief that leads to persuasion. Aristotle attributes the credibility of the source, or the adherence of the source to established ethical norms, as a key element in persuading the audience. Since Aristotle, various interpretations of what constitutes ethical communication practice have been put forward by scholars and communication practitioners alike. Communication ethics concerns making sound moral decisions in communication practice, which in the modern context involves not only inteq^ersonal communications but the practice of communication professions such as print and broadcast journalism and advertising. Communication scholars have attached primary importance to the concept of choice-making in communication ethics. Harold Lasswell's famous description of the communication process as "who says what, to whom, how and by which channel.

CONTEXT This paper provides an overview of the contribution of medical education research which has employed focus group methodology to evaluate both undergraduate education and continuing professional development. PRACTICALITIES AND PROBLEMS It also examines current debates about the ethics and practicalities involved in conducting focus group research. It gives guidance as to how to go about designing and planning focus group studies, highlighting common misconceptions and pitfalls, emphasising that most problems stem from researchers ignoring the central assumptions which underpin the qualitative research endeavour. RESEARCH Particular attention is paid to analysis and presentation of focus group work and the uses to which such information is put. Finally, it speculates about the future of focus group research in general and research in medical education in particular. KEYWORDS education, medical, undergraduate ⁄ *methods; *focus groups; research design ⁄ *methods; curriculum.

This essay summarises the author's thoughts on the current paradigm change in toxicology. The driving factors and mechanisms of this change, and obstacles to it, are discussed. Current developments are discussed on the basis of some key assumptions in Thomas Kuhn's famous book, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. The author's personal view is that there is clear evidence that revolutionary changes in regulatory toxicology are emerging.

Understanding the reality of how course design occurs is crucial to applying the principles that underpin designing for learning in technology-enabled contexts. Although a myriad of educational rationales and design tools are available, the process of designing for learning within a course setting is a complex process. While the primary aim of designing for learning is to create pedagogically effective courses, now teachers and learning designers are frequently being asked to do something much more ambitious – to design courses that contribute to a radical transformation of the curriculum across an institution. Can design for learning meet this ambitious aim? This chapter reviews how attempts to transform the curriculum have progressed and what we have discovered about how to support practitioners through such design processes. It makes recommendations for how the field of learning design could respond to institutional imperatives for radically redesigned, technology-rich curricula.

This is the first of four papers prepared for a special panel session focusing on approaches and processes that represent the current insight into the way humans learn. It is particularly focused on how this knowledge is poised to guide professional graduate engineering education for creative engineering practice and leadership of technological innovation to enhance U.S. competitiveness. This panel session is a part of the evolutionary development effort being made to energize the members of the American Society of Engineering Education response to the urgency of engineering education reform, voiced by Wm. A. Wulf, president of the National Academy of Engineering in the American Society for Engineering Education (ASEE) 2002 Annual Conference's-Main Plenary Address 1. As the panel leadoff paper of this session it introduces Constructivism as the learning theory and process that is most efficient in the development of professional competence. And that effectively guides the philos...

Open source software has made inroads into mainstream computing where it was once the territory of software altruists, and the open source culture of technological collegiality and accountability may benefit education as well as industry. This paper describes the Recourse project, which seeks to transform the computer science undergraduate curriculum through teaching methods based on open source principles, values, ethics, and tools. Recourse differs from similar projects by bringing the open source culture into the curriculum comprehensively, systematically, and institutionally. The current state of the project is described, and initial results from a pilot exercise are presented. (1)

Policing is heavily experience-oriented and a practical person’s niche. However, high-quality policing requires more than experience because change outpaces experience; it requires the principles of ethics. Inculcating the principles of ethics is important for systemic, high-quality progressive policing. This is because society is primarily a moral setup, and for any civil action to contribute to societal objectives, it needs to trade on moral considerations. Therefore, if police are to stand as an example of civic virtue, they must be civically virtuous and stand on the ground of moral integrity. This is precisely because morality is embedded in the nature, functions, and the objective of policing; and more importantly, policing has social and moral consequences. Undermining of this fact explains various immoralities that are seen in various policing activities in the nation.

In this systematic review of the research literature on engineering employability, curricular and pedagogical arrangements that prepare graduates for work in the 21st century were identified. The research question guiding the review was: Which curricular and pedagogical arrangements promote engineering students' employability? The particular focus of the study was on how authors prioritised engineering knowledge and professional skills. The review drew on a theoretical framework that differentiated between engineering knowledge and professional skills to explain how employability could be included in engineering programmes. Data was obtained from research studies over the period 2007-2017. We found an interdependent relationship between engineering knowledge and professional skills that enabled engineering graduates to attain employability. The complexity of engineering problems require students to master engineering knowledge, while the ability to work with others across contexts requires professional skills. Both are necessary for deep understanding of engineering principles and a focus on real world problems.

Ethics, an essential dimension of human research, is considered both as discipline and practice. For clinical research, ethically justified criteria for the design, conduct, and review of clinical investigation can be identified by obligations to both the researcher and human subject. Informed consent, confidentiality, privacy, privileged communication, and respect and responsibility are key elements of ethics in research. A systematic literature search of English-language articles on Medline, ISI web of knowledge, Sciencedirect, Google scholar, the Cochrane database of evidence-based reviews, and the Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects was performed by connecting the Mesh terms ("ethics", "medical research", research ethics", "medical education", "research ethics principles". The abstracts of 461 articles were reviewed for the relevancy of topic and analyzed in terms of application and validity. Out of these, 21 studies were found relevant as they concentrated principles of ethics in medical research, their practical applications, and suggested guidelines for future research. Research ethics committees must promote greater understanding of ethical issues on biomedical research. These committees function for submission, consideration, evaluation, and communication of findings. Application, research protocol, patient information leaflet and informed consent form, and any other supporting documentation are thoroughly reviewed by research ethics committees for legal and moral safety, integrity, and welfare of the research subjects.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is increasingly transforming education through adaptive learning systems, automated assessment, and intelligent tutoring technologies. While many studies highlight the benefits of AI integration, ethical concerns such as data privacy, algorithmic bias, academic integrity, and unequal access remain significant challenges. This systematic literature review examined the opportunities, ethical issues, and educational implications of AI integration in teaching and learning. The review utilized databases and repositories including SpringerLink, Scopus, Google Scholar, ERIC, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, and institutional educational journals. Following a systematic screening process, 10 studies published between 2018 and 2026 were included in the final synthesis. The findings revealed three major themes: opportunities of AI in education, ethical challenges of AI integration, and implications for teaching, curriculum development, and teacher education. The review concluded that although AI offers significant potential to improve educational practices, its implementation must be guided by ethical standards, responsible policies, and adequate teacher preparation to ensure inclusive and learner-centered education.

SJSU). She has taught ten different courses, including core chemical engineering courses at the graduate and undergraduate levels, Biochemical Engineering lecture and laboratory courses and a bioethics general education course. She has research experience in the areas of biosensors, enzyme kinetics, cell culture, fermentation and bioprocess engineering. Among her professional positions, she has spent one year as a Visiting Scientist at Genencor, a Danisco Division, where she developed a metabolic flux model for an enzyme production process. Additionally, after her postdoctoral research at the ETH-Zurich, she obtained a Science and Diplomacy Fellowship from the American Association for the Advancement of Science to spend a year working in the U. S. Agency for International Development providing technical expertise to the Child Health Research Project which promoted research targeting the reduction of child mortality in third world countries. She has 19 publications and 2 patents, has received over $1MM in grants since joining SJSU. She currently serves on the Executive Committee of the ACS Biochemical Technology Division and on the advisory board of the Society of Biological Engineering.

Evaluation ideally plays an important role in determining the value and impact of community food system initiatives and movements, providing recommendations for informed decision-making, learning, and programmatic adjustments. Given that community food system work is characterized by critical praxis rooted in deconstructing dominant epistemologies and addressing social and systemic injustices—including discourses and practices from agroecology, food justice, and food sovereignty movements—simple, technical-rationalist approaches to evaluation are inadequate and inappropriate. In parallel with recent developments in critical food system work, the field of evaluation has evolved toward more critical and transformative approaches—including Culturally Responsive and Equitable Evaluation, indigenous evaluation, feminist evaluation, all generally regrouped within the framework of the transformative evaluation paradigm. At the nexus of these trends, to meet the rising demand for critical e...

The aim of this study was to examine the relationship of teachers with the school environment from an ethical perspective, according to teachers ' opinions. In this research, a case study design from the qualitative research method was used. The research data were obtained through face-to-face interviews with 20 teachers working in Sultanbeyli, Pendik, and Kartal districts of Istanbul. The data collection tool of the research was the semistructured interview form developed by the researchers. The data obtained from the interviews were analyzed using the descriptive analysis technique, and the participants ' opinions were gathered under five themes (ethical behaviors of teachers, ethical decision making, increasing ethical sensitivity, unethical behaviors, and the harms of unethical behaviors). Because of the research, it was determined that the ethical competencies of teachers should be increased, that teachers should be role models for their followers, and that they should have several ethical competencies. Additionally, the study identified that teachers engaged in some unethical behaviors that negatively impacted the environment and students. For teachers to make ethical decisions in their relations with the environment, it is considered important that decision makers implement policies that function to increase their ethical awareness level.

The present era witnesses rapid advancements in science, technology, and unforeseen transformations that impact all dimensions of the global economy and society, including Vietnam. Consequently, a comprehensive reform of the education system becomes necessary to address the evolving developmental requirements. This reform encompasses multiple aspects such as organizational structure, administrative management, curriculum content, teaching methodologies, and quality assurance. To navigate the changing landscape effectively, the establishment of an educational philosophy that can guide the activities of educational institutions within the national education system becomes imperative. This article acknowledges the crucial need, given the current state of education, to formulate an educational philosophy that will provide direction for Vietnam's education in the new contextual landscape.

For the education industry, Chat GPT is predicted to change the way of teaching and learning. Adapting to Chat GPT will be a challenge for teaching, but it can also be an opportunity for universities to improve the education and teaching of political theory subjects. The article analyzes and clarifies the basic content of transforming political theory education methods under the impact of ChatGPT in Vietnam today. The results show that political theory education plays an important role in ideological orientation and personality formation for future generations in the context of innovation and development. With the development of technology, ChatGPT can be considered as an educational virtual assistant by helping learners quickly look up lessons and learning materials related to the topic of learning political theory subjects. In addition, the article has also pointed out and analyzed issues that need specific concern about changing teaching methods of political theory subjects befor...

The rapid digitalization of Pakistan’s financial sector has significantly increased exposure to sophisticated cyber threats, including phishing attacks, ransomware, malware, insider threats, financial fraud, and identity theft. Traditional cybersecurity systems based on rule-based and signature-driven approaches are increasingly ineffective against evolving and intelligent cyberattacks. Consequently, Artificial Intelligence (AI) and machine learning technologies have emerged as advanced solutions for automated cyber threat detection and predictive cybersecurity analytics. However, the “black-box” nature of many AI models creates major challenges related to transparency, interpretability, accountability,
and institutional trust, particularly in highly sensitive financial environments. This study critically examined the role of Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) in enhancing cyber threat detection within Pakistan’s financial sector. Using a qualitative analytical research design and systematic literature review approach, the study analyzed recent scholarly research, cybersecurity reports, and AI governance frameworks related to explainable cybersecurity systems. The findings revealed that machine learning and deep learning models significantly improve intrusion detection, fraud prevention, and anomaly detection capabilities, while
XAI techniques such as SHAP, LIME, decision trees, and interpretable neural networks enhance transparency, reduce false positives, and strengthen analyst confidence in AI-generated decisions. The study further identified major implementation barriers in Pakistan, including weak cybersecurity infrastructure, shortage of skilled AI professionals, inadequate regulatory frameworks, and limited institutional readiness for explainable AI adoption. The study concluded that integrating explainable AI into financial cybersecurity systems can improve cyber resilience, support regulatory compliance, enhance institutional trust, and strengthen secure digital financial transformation in Pakistan. Strategic investment in AI governance, cybersecurity infrastructure, and explainable AI research is essential for sustainable implementation.

The article explores the legal frameworks and governance issues concerning AI-driven corporate decision-making. It focuses on the regulatory challenges of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies. By examining existing UK laws, including the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and the Equality Act 2010, significant shortcomings in current regulations that need to be addressed to handle the complex nature of AI systems effectively are identified. Urgent concerns such as algorithmic transparency, accountability, bias mitigation, and data protection require immediate attention.
The article discusses the EU's proposed Artificial Intelligence Act, which introduces a risk-based approach to regulating AI systems. It categorizes applications based on risk level and imposes more stringent requirements on high-risk AI applications. A comparative analysis of the EU's AI regulation and the UK's evolving AI legal framework reveals that while the UK has embraced a pro-innovation stance, there are still gaps in addressing AI's transparency and ethical challenges. This is particularly evident in terms of algorithmic accountability and fairness.
The article includes real-world case studies from UK-based companies. It analyses both successful and problematic implementation of AI across sectors such as financial services, healthcare, recruitment, and supply chain management. The achievements of AI applications at companies such as Barclays and Babylon Health demonstrate the potential of AI to improve efficiency, precision, and decision-making processes. Conversely, the challenges faced by companies such as Unilever and Tesco highlight the dangers of biases, lack of transparency, and ineffective governance when AI systems are not properly regulated or monitored.
The article provides valuable insights into AI governance and makes significant contributions to key areas. It identifies regulatory gaps, proposes best practices for ethical AI applications, and recommends enhancements for corporate governance frameworks. Additionally, the article offers practical perspectives on the importance of algorithmic audits, transparency measures, and stakeholder engagement in ensuring the responsible integration of AI.
The article concludes by emphasizing the need for adaptable legal frameworks and robust governance structures to ensure AI's responsible and ethical use in corporate decision-making. By bridging the gap between AI advancements and regulatory oversight, the article guides corporate leaders towards building trust and ensuring accountability when navigating AI technologies’ ethical and legal complexities. This approach is crucial for ensuring AI's effective and responsible implementation and supporting innovation and ethical practices within the corporate sector.

Research in radiation therapy is important in promoting evidencebased practice and improving both patient care and quality of clinical practice. However, many barriers have been encountered that have prevented or at least deterred radiation therapists from conducting their own research. These include lack of funding, lack of resources, and lack of knowledge on how to start a research project. The aim of this review article is to outline the basic steps involved in conducting research in the hopes to overcome some of these barriers. The processes of establishing a research question, the literature search and review, writing a proposal, obtaining research ethics board approval, data collection, and disseminating the research results will all be reviewed. It will end with a brief synopsis of drug-related clinical trials and the additional requirements to conduct them. Although many articles have been written on each step specifically, the goal of this article is to give a brief overview to help the reader get started in conducting their own research. After reading this article, radiation technologists may realize that conducting research may not be as daunting a task as one may have previously thought, and perhaps consider embarking on their own journey into the research world. Although this article cites many examples from radiation therapy literature, the actual research steps themselves translate to any research conducted by all radiation disciplines. recherche en radiothe ´rapie est importante pour promouvoir l'exercice base ´sur la preuve et ame ´liorer a `la fois les soins aux patients et la qualite ´de la pratique clinique. Cependant, de nombreux obstacles doivent e ˆtre franchis, ce qui pre ´vient ou du moins ralentit les radiothe ´rapeutes dans la poursuite de leur propre recherche. On parle notamment de manque de fonds, de ressources et de connaissances sur la fac ¸on de de ´marrer un projet de recherche. Le but de cet article est de passer en revue les principales e ´tapes de la tenue d'une recherche, avec l'espoir de franchir certains des obstacles. Il examine les modalite ´s d'e ´tablissement du the `me de la recherche, la recherche et l'examen documentaires, la re ´daction d'une proposition, la sollicitation de l'approbation d'un comite ´d'e ´thique de la recherche, la collecte des donne ´es et la diffusion des re ´sultats de la recherche. L'article se termine par un bref re ´sume ´des tests cliniques de me ´dicaments et des exigences de leur tenue. Bien que de nombreux articles aient e ´te ´de ´ja `e ´crits sur chacun de ces points, le document vise a `pre ´senter un court aperc ¸u pour aider le lecteur a `de ´marrer sa propre recherche. Apre `s avoir lu l'article, les technologues en radiothe ´rapie pourraient se rendre compte que la tenue d'une recherche n'est peut-e ˆtre pas aussi complexe qu'ils ne le croyaient et ils pourraient conside ´rer la possibilite ´d'effectuer leur propre voyage au pays de la recherche. Bien que l'article cite de nombreux exemples de la documentation en radiothe ´rapie, les e ´tapes d'une recherche sont les me ˆmes pour les autres disciplines de la radiation.

Research in radiation therapy is important in promoting evidencebased practice and improving both patient care and quality of clinical practice. However, many barriers have been encountered that have prevented or at least deterred radiation therapists from conducting their own research. These include lack of funding, lack of resources, and lack of knowledge on how to start a research project. The aim of this review article is to outline the basic steps involved in conducting research in the hopes to overcome some of these barriers. The processes of establishing a research question, the literature search and review, writing a proposal, obtaining research ethics board approval, data collection, and disseminating the research results will all be reviewed. It will end with a brief synopsis of drug-related clinical trials and the additional requirements to conduct them. Although many articles have been written on each step specifically, the goal of this article is to give a brief overview to help the reader get started in conducting their own research. After reading this article, radiation technologists may realize that conducting research may not be as daunting a task as one may have previously thought, and perhaps consider embarking on their own journey into the research world. Although this article cites many examples from radiation therapy literature, the actual research steps themselves translate to any research conducted by all radiation disciplines. recherche en radiothe ´rapie est importante pour promouvoir l'exercice base ´sur la preuve et ame ´liorer a `la fois les soins aux patients et la qualite ´de la pratique clinique. Cependant, de nombreux obstacles doivent e ˆtre franchis, ce qui pre ´vient ou du moins ralentit les radiothe ´rapeutes dans la poursuite de leur propre recherche. On parle notamment de manque de fonds, de ressources et de connaissances sur la fac ¸on de de ´marrer un projet de recherche. Le but de cet article est de passer en revue les principales e ´tapes de la tenue d'une recherche, avec l'espoir de franchir certains des obstacles. Il examine les modalite ´s d'e ´tablissement du the `me de la recherche, la recherche et l'examen documentaires, la re ´daction d'une proposition, la sollicitation de l'approbation d'un comite ´d'e ´thique de la recherche, la collecte des donne ´es et la diffusion des re ´sultats de la recherche. L'article se termine par un bref re ´sume ´des tests cliniques de me ´dicaments et des exigences de leur tenue. Bien que de nombreux articles aient e ´te ´de ´ja `e ´crits sur chacun de ces points, le document vise a `pre ´senter un court aperc ¸u pour aider le lecteur a `de ´marrer sa propre recherche. Apre `s avoir lu l'article, les technologues en radiothe ´rapie pourraient se rendre compte que la tenue d'une recherche n'est peut-e ˆtre pas aussi complexe qu'ils ne le croyaient et ils pourraient conside ´rer la possibilite ´d'effectuer leur propre voyage au pays de la recherche. Bien que l'article cite de nombreux exemples de la documentation en radiothe ´rapie, les e ´tapes d'une recherche sont les me ˆmes pour les autres disciplines de la radiation.

Purpose This study aims to analyse how the materials selection courses of engineering undergraduate programmes can be better aligned with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Design/methodology/approach Initially, a content analysis was performed in 39 materials selection course descriptions from 40 engineering undergraduate programmes of Brazilian higher education institutions, and subsequently, Delphi method procedures were conducted with professors that teach or have taught the course and are knowledgeable in the subject of sustainability. Findings Considering the analysed course descriptions, it was shown that most of the materials selection courses do not consider or present little emphasis on sustainability aspects. Regarding the Delphi method, eight items were evidenced to consider sustainability aspects in the analysed courses. Originality/value This study contributes to the debates about sustainability insertion in engineering undergraduate programmes. M...

Business presentations are among the most important forms of communication in contemporary professional environments, particularly in international contexts where English functions as the primary language of global business. This paper examines the role of presentations in business situations and discusses their implications for Business English instruction. The paper explores the communicative functions of business presentations, including persuasion, information sharing, and relationship-building, while emphasizing the importance of organization, audience awareness, delivery skills, visual support, and intercultural competence. Particular attention is given to question-and-answer (Q&A) sessions, which require presenters to respond spontaneously and professionally to audience interaction. The paper also analyzes common challenges faced by Business English learners, such as linguistic limitations, presentation anxiety, intercultural communication difficulties, and problems managing audience questions. Finally, pedagogical implications for Business English teachers are discussed, including the use of authentic presentation tasks, intercultural training, Q&A practice, and constructive feedback methods. The paper argues that effective presentation instruction should extend beyond language accuracy to include professional communication competence suitable for global business environments.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is expanding across the globe and is now used in many industries to speed up production, boost efficiency, improve accuracy, and simplify how businesses operate. Journalism has benefited from AI as robots engage in journalistic processes, and produce results quickly in broadcast and print media types. Despite its popularity, application of AI to journalistic practice in India is scant as a consequence of various factors. This study is conceptual in nature and used qualitative methods to seek results. Expert views and opinions were used to provide information required for the study. It sought to find out challenges which can hinder successful application of AI to journalism practice in India. Media richness and technological determinism theories underpinned the study as they dealt with influence of communication technologies on production and impact on societies. AI plays a crucial role in journalism today, helping newsrooms stay competitive while also creating new opportunities for employment and innovation.

Significant changes are sweeping through the worldwide automobile industry, which can largely be attributed to developments in Artificial Intelligence applied to vehicle maintenance. Artificial Intelligence techniques are used in fields like predictive maintenance, predictive quality, safety analytics, and warranty analytics. The system creates valuable insights from the data generated on these vehicles to help us predict and prevent failures. This technology can predict the remaining useful life and detect failures or degradation in performance at an early stage. However, despite the fact that the automotive industry has undergone profound transformations fueled by technological advancements, traditional methods of vehicle diagnostics continue to present significant challenges for both car owners and mechanics alike. Therefore, this study aims to develop an Intelligent Conversational Assistant for automobile fault diagnostics. The application was developed using the Google's Android Studio IDE in conjunction with the Kotlin programming languages for Android development. The study demonstrates the potential of Artificial Intelligence and natural language processing technologies in automotive diagnostics, in terms of better diagnostic accuracy, and improved positive user experience.

AI evaluation often moves too quickly from observation to judgment. A model refusal may be called safe or obstructive; a direct answer may be called useful or dangerous; a preserved rule may be called aligned. Yet such terms compress several distinct layers: what the system operationally did, which directional profile it exhibited, what consequences followed, who was affected, and which normative frame was used to decide whether the outcome should be endorsed.

This paper introduces the Normative Arbitration Protocol (NAP) as a minimal procedure for stakeholder-conflict reporting in AI evaluation. NAP extends the methodological sequence of the Declaration–Persistence Gap (DPG), Minimal Interference Battery (MIB), and Perspective-Separated Evaluation (PSE). Whereas DPG distinguishes declaration from pressure-tested persistence, MIB provides a practical interference-testing scaffold, and PSE separates operational description from observer-relative valuation, NAP specifies how evaluators should report and adjudicate cases where stakeholder valuations conflict.

The protocol does not provide a universal moral theory. Instead, it requires evaluators to make the rule of decision explicit, preregistered where possible, auditable, and bounded. It defines a minimal vocabulary including operational action, declared direction, interference condition, directional profile, stakeholder set, consequence set, stakeholder valuation, normative frame, priority rule, arbitrated judgment, and claim cap. It then proposes a stepwise procedure: describe the action without hidden judgment, identify the directional profile, construct the stakeholder set, map consequences with uncertainty, preregister the normative frame, apply priority rules, produce a bounded judgment, and report limitations.

The accompanying PSE_Normative_Arbitration_Minimal_Pack_v0_1 is included as supplementary material with DOI 10.5281/zenodo.20443555. It contains reusable templates, checklists, ledgers, schemas, claim-discipline guidance, example ledgers, and a validation script for applying the protocol in future black-box and grey-box AI evaluation studies.

The paper does not claim that AI systems possess consciousness, intrinsic values, moral agency, will, intention, or human-like subjectivity. Its purpose is procedural: to improve accountability in AI evaluation by making normative arbitration visible rather than hidden inside supposedly descriptive terms.

Standard electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding relieses on doping the insulating polymer matrix with conductive materials (e.g., multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT), copper, or graphene) to physically absorb or reflect the waves. In contrast, AI models for MRET materials focus on biophysical neutralization and harmonic manipulation rather than physically blocking the signal. This allows the nylon to mitigate the biological risks of radiation exposure while permitting the cellular or wireless signals to pass through unimpeded. MRET nylon is a specialized polymer material that is structured at the nanoscale into fractal geometries. When subjected to external EMR (such as microwave or radio frequency signals from cellular phones), the piezoelectric properties of the polymer cause it to generate subtle, random, low-frequency oscillations.