Environmental Security

Paper considers multiple criteria decision-making analytic hierarchy process application to assessment of environmental security, impacts on groundwater in urban areas in particular. Traditional role of groundwater as a strategic drinking water resource is complimented by importance of hydrogeological stability to the built environment. Emphases are put on describing approaches to hierarchy structures elaboration and the role of groundwater in urban environment.

Cloud computing has become the backbone of modern digital infrastructure, supporting services ranging from enterprise applications to artificial intelligence platforms and large-scale distributed systems. However, its rapid adoption has exposed persistent security challenges, including misconfiguration risks, data breaches, insecure APIs, and insufficient governance across multicloud environments. Traditional security approaches often treat protection as an afterthought, leading to vulnerabilities that are expensive and complex to remediate. This paper explores the concept of Security-by-Design (SbD) in cloud computing, emphasizing the integration of security principles from the earliest stages of system development. It further investigates how Model-Driven Engineering (MDE) methodologies can support SbD by enabling formal modeling, automated transformation, and verifiable system design. The synergy between SbD and MDE is presented as a structured approach for building resilient, scalable, and secure cloud architectures. The paper also discusses practical implementation strategies, benefits, limitations, and future directions.

The Persian Gulf is both an ecologically fragile marine system and a global energy chokepoint. Past conflicts have shown that warfare in the region can cause extensive and persistent damage to coastal and marine habitats. Today, that risk is amplified by the Gulf’s shallow, semi-enclosed character, restricted exchange with the open ocean, extreme temperature and salinity, expanding hypoxia, and heavy reliance on desalination and other seawater-dependent infrastructure. Armed conflict could therefore trigger oil and chemical releases, chronic contamination, and habitat degradation, with cascading consequences for fisheries, water security, shipping, and industrial operations. Because these impacts are foreseeable and could be severe, prolonged, and transboundary, environmental preparedness in the Gulf should be integrated into regional security, infrastructure protection, and emergency planning.

This thesis explores the proposition that while water is unlikely to replace oil as the dominant driver of global economic power, it may surpass oil as a catalyst for regional instability, interstate coercion, migration, and civil conflict in the twenty-first century. The study argues that the geopolitics of the twentieth century revolved primarily around the control of strategic resources such as oil, whereas the geopolitics of the twenty-first century increasingly revolves around the control of interconnected systems-hydrological, infrastructural, technological, and ecological. The thesis examines how rivers, dams, desalination systems, climate change, population pressures, and technological interventions are transforming water into a central geopolitical variable. It develops the concept of "systems geopolitics," in which influence derives less from territorial conquest and more from the regulation of flows, dependencies, and infrastructural vulnerabilities. Through detailed case studies involving the Nile Basin, the Indus Waters system, China's control over Asian headwaters, desalinationdependent Gulf states, and the global expansion of dam infrastructure, the thesis argues that water insecurity increasingly manifests through instability rather than conventional war. The study concludes that the future strategic contest may center not merely on possession of territory or resources, but on the ability to regulate the systems sustaining modern civilization.

The human security concept emerged as a result of contemporary global developments that triggered the manifestation of risks threatening the safety, survival and welfare of human beings and the environment, but which were not classified as security risks per ser. As such, there became a need to widen the scope and meaning of security by shifting attention and resources away from state protection concerns towards other emerging areas important to human survival and well being. The UNDP crafted human security concept which expanded security to include, political, food, economic, environmental, community and personal security as arms of security. This concept used other socially useful aspects in human life to identify the numerous threats to day to day survival for people and their communities. This study identifies the environmental issues caused by the small scale gold miners in Mazowe district and assesses its impact as a human security issue for people living in that district. It attempts to assess the impact of the miner's activities, the problems and benefits on the well being or otherwise of the environment. In this research paper, a mixed method research method was adopted with qualitative research methods being prominent. The research methods that were adopted saw samples being drawn from the miners, residents, government departments which deal with mining, health, security and environmental issues, environmentalists and similar local organisations in Mazowe district. Given the gravity of the research, purposive sampling techniques were used with extreme variations in selecting the sample. Purposive sampling is useful to this research as it would enable the researcher to select unique cases that were informative. The researcher among other things conducted face to face interviews and also used observation as a tool for the research paper. The research paper established that, gold mining activities have incurably contributed to serious environmental damage such as deforestation, soil erosion, siltation, destruction of flora and fauna, buildings, exposing communities to diseases through the chemicals they use, crime and poor waste disposal methods. These activities have a huge negative impact on environmental security when looked at from a human security perspective.

or fairness, is at the heart of debates about possible international action to constrain global warming.' As two of the most important commentators on these negotiations, Michael Grubb and James Sebenius, have remarked: The allocation problem is unavoidable whatever control system is adopted, whether it be national emission targets, taxes, or other approaches. All systems that will have global impact will impose costs on participants, and must include some resource transfers if poorer countries are to take part .... [I]n practice, some degree of equity considerations have appeared as a consistent feature in a large number of negotiated international environmental and natural resource regimes. ... Pure equity may well have a stronger role to play than in many agreements, in part because of the economic stakes involved combined with the need to gain widespread and very long term adherence to a control regime. 2

Why do more than 24,000 people-basically children-die each day from hunger and why only in Sub-Saharan Africa has the number of undernourished children grown from 29 to 37 million during the last decade (UNICEF 2015a)? 1 Why do three billion people lack access to basic sanitation? Why has the global situation created more than two billion extremely poor people? Why do 55 million Latin Americans not have enough to eat despite living in the most biodiverse region on the planet (Cepal 2015) that provides the world with three of the five basic foods (corn, beans and potatoes)? How did this situation develop and why is it getting worse in different countries of the south? Where are the processes of development, modernisation, efficiency and justice? On the other hand, the United Nations' Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UN OCHA) is "responsible for bringing together humanitarian actors to ensure a coherent response to emergencies. OCHA also ensures there is a framework within which each actor can contribute to the overall response effort". 2 In its Strategic Plan to 2017, it coordinates humanitarian actions in conjunction with national and international actors in order to reduce the human suffering in disaster zones and especially in regions with complex emergencies, where direct violence and disasters often destroy the community's survival conditions. Thus OCHA advocates and promotes the human rights of people in need, develops emergency support and promotes disaster and conflict prevention. In regions highly exposed to natural and human disasters, OCHA supports governments and international actors to promote disaster risk reduction (DRR; IPCC 2012 IPCC , 2014a, b) , b) and in the longer terms sustainable solutions in crisis situations and disaster risks 1 This text builds on previous texts by the author and it was developed further for this book (

Across the globe, disparities in access to natural resources are at the root of discord. Contested access to water, land, and forests-combined with a changing climatethreatens prospects for stability, development, and peace. Governments and nongovernmental actors are accordingly embarking on peacebuilding efforts with an ecological dimension. Despite an emerging literature on environmental peacebuilding, a systematic link between peacebuilding and ecological systems remains poorly understood.

Climate change is a multifaceted problem that has links to ecological transformations, geographical alternations, geostrategic shifts, and political tensions. As a result, it multiplies security challenges for states and international organizations. To capture the multilayered dimensions of climate change, this article recognizes the theoretical model of securitization as a spectrum consisting of threat-based and risk-based security logics. The article explores how the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and Finland address climate change and, by extension, the challenges emerging in the Arctic region. While NATO pays close attention to climate resilience for preserving the Allied operational effectiveness and ensuring its role in defense and deterrence, both NATO and Finland articulate their concerns over Russia's growing military activities and presence in the High North, where Moscow finds strategic opportunities thanks to the increasing Arctic accessibility because of climate change. The article sheds light on a discussion about potential competition in the Arctic region and points out the paths that might lead to tension beyond it.

The latest innovation technology in computing devices has given a rise of compact, speedy and economical products which also embeds cryptography hardware on-chip. This device generally holds secret key and confidential information, more attention has been given to attacks on hardware which guards such secure information. The attacker may leak secret information from symmetric crypto-hardware (AES, DES etc.) using side-channel analysis, fault injection or exploiting existing test infrastructure. This paper examines various DFT based attack implementation method applied to cryptographic hardware. The paper contains an extensive analysis of attacks based on various parameters. The countermeasures are classified and analyzed in details.

Artificial intelligence (AI)-based technology systems are developing rapidly. Along with technological development the number of criminal cases caused by facial forgery is also growing. Cases of theft and housebreaking with fake photos are a common problem in Semarang. In 2022-2023 the number of cases of theft and housebreaking reached 372,965 with a crime risk level of 137/100,000 people. To overcome this problem the facial recognition system used in the door security system uses digital image processing. This method works by imitating how nerve cells communicate with interconnected neurons, or more precisely, how artificial neural networks function in humans. As training data, image capture and facial recognition are carried out using a webcam and the Python programming language with the TensorFlow library. The image processing algorithm uses 400 facial images with an accuracy rate of 95%. However further development is needed to improve the efficiency and accuracy of the system to produce better results.

This study explores the integration of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) and Geographic
Information Systems (GIS) for resource inventory and mapping across the University of Uyo’s three
campuses in Nigeria. Using Sensefly eBee X and DJI Mavic 2 Pro drones, 1,962 georeferenced
images were captured over 1,093.354 hectares. Data processing via Pix4Dmapper generated high
resolution orthomosaics (6.74–7.28 cm/pixel), Digital Surface Models (DSMs), Digital Terrain
Models (DTMs), and 3D point clouds. These outputs were integrated into a GIS environment to
digitize facilities, utilities, and green spaces, resulting in detailed thematic and guide maps at scales
of 1:7000 and 1:7500. Ground truthing validated the spatial models, ensuring a reliable inventory of
academic, administrative, and recreational infrastructure. The findings establish a comprehensive
geodatabase that enhances campus management, maintenance, and future development planning.
Compared to traditional surveying, the UAV-GIS approach proved more efficient, accurate, and
cost-effective, providing a scalable solution for institutional resource mapping. The study
recommends institutionalizing routine UAV surveys, integrating the datasets into university
management systems, and training personnel to leverage these technologies for sustainable
infrastructural planning.

This paper covers four issues essential to understanding the interplay between law, the offshoring of professional services, intellectual property, and international organizations. First, this paper examines the extent to which evolving international conventions restrict the ability of countries, especially developed countries, to inhibit offshoring with the objective of protecting jobs at home. Second, it looks at statistics from independent sources to see if the U.S. ultimately benefits or loses when outsourcing occurs-i.e., whether offshoring exceeds insourcing, or vice versa, in the case of the U.S. Third, it cites specific examples to predict future legal trends in outsourcing. Fourth, it looks at the intellectual property aspects of outsourcing, and suggests equitable protection of intellectual property in an economy with increased offshoring.

Hyperarid, arid, semiarid, and dry subhumid areas cover approximately 41% of the global land area. The human population in drylands, currently estimated at 2.7 billion, faces limited access to sufficient, affordable, and nutritious food. We discuss the interlinkages among water security, environmental security, energy security, economic security, health security, and food security governance, and how they affect food security in drylands. Reliable and adequate water supply, and the prevention of water contamination, increase the potential for ample food, fodder, and fiber production. Protecting woodlands and rangelands increases food security by buffering the slow onset effects of climate change, including biodiversity loss, desertification, salinization, and land degradation. The protection of natural lands is expected to decrease environmental contamination, and simultaneously, reduce the transfer of diseases from wildlife to humans. Biofuel production and hydroelectric power plants increase energy security but generate land-use conflicts, deforestation, and ecosystem degradation. Economic security generally positively correlates with food security. However, economic growth often degrades the environment, changes tenure rights over natural resources, and stimulates migration to urban areas, resulting in lower food and health security. Moreover, civil unrest, political instability, and armed conflicts disrupt local economies in drylands.

Unwise and increasing exploitation of various energy carriers, including oil, gas and coal, has made countries to focus on two major issues, namely running out fossil fuels, as well as environmental pollution. Hence, one of the main priorities of energy policy is to diversification of energy sources, as well as finding a safe, cheap and nonpolluting energy source (devoid of greenhouse gases). Therefore, nuclear energy is important. In this regard, the main purpose of this paper is to examine the effect of energy consumption on the quality of the environment and the introduction of the best economically efficient option for energy production. In this research, we conducted a literature search incorporating keywords of nuclear energy, nuclear fission, fossil fuel, greenhouse effect in Persian and English databases in a structured manner and retrieved the papers and articles dealt with benefits and disadvantages of nuclear energy as well as its environmental impacts and subsequently they analyzed in a descriptive manner. In this study, while studying nuclear energy, fossil fuels and renewable energy, we tried to introduce a suitable replacement of these energies to fossil fuels, taking into account the economic and environmental perspectives resulting from it. Among all types of energy sources, nuclear energy may have the least impact on the environment, including water, soil and air and is a source free from gases. In addition to all of these, this energy is considered as a safe economic option.

One of the greatest challenges in many Sub-Saharan Africa countries especially where seasonal food deficits occur frequently, is how best to achieve a balance between the goals of food security and agricultural production on the one hand, and the concerns for the conservation of environmental quality and natural resources capital on the other. A number of agricultural production technologies (based on natural resource management principles) exist that offer opportunities for achieving the two seemingly divergent goals because they have the characteristics to produce joint multiple outputs, i.e, they produce food and provide environmental services. However, farmer adoption of these technologies has generally been limited. Drawing from natural resource economics, this study presents a conceptual framework that provide environmental-economic logic for establishing incentives that internalize the environmental services produced by multiple-outputs land use technologies. Using a land use...

West Africa and the Sahel region are grappling with several security challenges in the post-colonial era. The geopolitical architecture vis-à-vis the ecological characteristics of these regions has in no small way contributed to precipitating insecurity. This paper, therefore, is an attempt to analyse the nexus between environment and security with a view to bringing to bear the modern understanding of security. It is secondary research and it adopts Homer-Dixon’s theory of resource scarcity. It is the position of this paper that environmental variability in West African and the Sahel has given rise to the manifestation of conflicts and insecurities. The farmers-herders conflict, banditry, Niger Delta conflict, trans-border crimes, insecurity in the Lake Chad Basin, etc are instances of environmentally induced crises. It recommends, among other things, the need for countries in West Africa and the Sahel to put in place early warning systems and strategies to check environmental degr...

Environmental peacebuilding coalesced through the long-term convergence of early resource-sharing practices, rising global concern over environmental degradation, and the institutionalization of environmental issues within the United Nations. This précis traces that evolution, showing how global environmental politics, institutional reforms, and interdisciplinary scholarship transformed scattered practices into a distinct and coherent paradigm.

The relationship between soil formation and sedimentation on the floodplain of the Utyaganka River (the Ural River basin) in the Arkaim Reserve (Chelyabinsk oblast, Southern Ural, Russia) was studied. Pedological, palynological, and mineralogical research methods were applied, and 15 radiocarbon dates of soil humus and sediments were obtained. The thickness of the Holocene sediments on the low floodplain is 4-5 m. Their top 1.5-m-thick layer formed in the recent 2000 yr contains three buried (partially superposed) soils formed at the mean rate of 13.3 cm/100 yr. Alluvial soddy soils with solonetzic and salinity features reflect intensive anthropogenic erosion in the river basin and characterize the Little Ice Age and the dry and warm Viking Age. At the depth of 1.5-5 m, there are up to five buried soils separated from one another by alluvium layers; they were formed in the period of 12000-2000 BP at the rate of 1.9-3.1 cm/100 yr. Among them, the soils that developed 4200-2000 BP are characterized by varying humus content and solonetzicity; they are enriched with carbonates and reflect sharp fluctuations in atmospheric moistening against the background of dominating arid and continental climate. The soils formed 5500-4200 BP are gleyed, moderately humified, and calcareous; they testify to a more humid and warm climate than now. This period was characterized by the maximal area of forests (the pollen of tree species reaches 67%). The period of 8000-5500 BP was specified by warm and dry climate, which is indicated by soil properties and palynological data (15% of tree pollen). Soils formed 9500-8000 BP on stony proluvium-alluvium are eroded mucky gley soils; they reflect sharp fluctuations of the climate at the end of the glacial epoch. Floods were probably accompanied not only by alluvium accumulation but also by regular erosion of the surface and a decrease in the thickness of the humus horizon. This resulted in the renewal of soils and slowed down the increase in the thickness of humus horizon and in the intensity of alluvium accumulation. The average portion of humified soil layers reaches 26% of the total thickness of alluvial sediments.

This article examines the contested relationship between refugee protection, citizenship, and state sovereignty in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), with particular attention to the ways in which political biography, migratory history, and institutional incorporation are mobilized in debates over national belonging and territorial entitlement. The article concludes that these debates reveal the structural fragility of national belonging in post-conflict states and underscore the necessity of clear legal demarcations between refuge, naturalization, and sovereign authority. It highlights the importance of transparent, accountable institutional mechanisms capable of reconciling humanitarian obligations with constitutional order, warning that, in the absence of such clarity, political negotiation forums risk reproducing rather than resolving foundational conflicts over citizenship, legitimacy, and state sovereignty in the Democratic Republic of Congo.

The process of globalization divides the world in winners and losers that more often rise against the new world order, framed by this unstoppable process which nourishes relations of, only seemingly survived colonialism. For certain the globalization is, as a dominant process at the end of the 20th and beginning 21st century, present in all aspects of social life, but not with the same rate and the same consequences, not bringing the absolute benefit and it is clear that all factors of this process do not have the same value and importance in its realization. This article comprises the analysis of some aspects of the globalization and challenges that this process initiates in analyzed aspects. A relation of ecology and globalization is not always simple and unilateral. Despite of the fact that globalization affects environment, it can be determined that ecology affects the globalization too. Also, the growth and spreading of the process of economic globalization does not necessarily...

Desalination can reduce both water scarcity and variability in supplies, two factors identified as drivers of transboundary water conflict. As such, some have predicted that increasing development of desalination capacity may reduce conflict over shared waters. Others have claimed that desalination may become a source of new conflicts. Additionally, desalination may open up new avenues for cooperation, but also may allow for unilateral action by parties, thereby decreasing cooperation. This study looks at the impact of the introduction of desalination on hydro-political relations in two protracted conflict settings: the island of Cyprus and the Arab-Israeli conflict. Using both quantitative and qualitative assessments, we find that desalination has fundamentally altered hydro-political relations, but find no consistent trends in terms of levels of conflict and cooperation. These findings suggest that the influence of desalination on hydro-political relations is likely to be a function of, rather than a transformer of, the larger geopolitical context.

The impact of the adoption of desalination on relations between parties in transboundary settings is unclear. The previous literature has indicated that the effect of desalination on conflict and cooperation is an empirical matter. By reducing scarcity and variability, the adoption of desalination is likely to reduce the potential for conflict, though it may also create new conflicts, for instance, over water of marginal quality or over issues of equity. Its effect on cooperation is even more ambiguous, as it both offers parties more flexibility, which is likely to increase cooperation, but can be implemented unilaterally, which may reduce the need for cooperation. The little empirical work that has been published investigating these impacts has been largely based on anecdotal evidence or individual case studies. This paper presents a more systematic look at these impacts, using a mixed-method (quantitative and qualitative) analysis of interstate interactions before and after the adoption of large-scale seawater desalination. The results support the contention that while desalination has the potential to reduce conflict and increase cooperation, the impact of desalination on hydropolitics cannot be assumed a priori. Rather, it is largely context-dependent, and as such, it should not be viewed as a technological fix for transboundary water relations.

This paper explains the core principles and concepts underlying a the linkages between a green economy and sustainable development and 17 MDG. The concept of green economy does not replace sustainable development and MDG, but there is a growing recognition that achieving sustainability rests almost entirely on getting the economy right. There is increasing evidence of a way forward, a new economic paradigm-one in which material wealth is not delivered perforce at the expense of growing environmental risks, ecological scarcities and social disparities. Most economic development and growth strategies encouraged rapid accumulation of physical, financial and human capital, but at the expense of excessive depletion and degradation of natural capital , which includes the endowment of natural resources and ecosystems. Green Economy suggests sustainable use of natural, human and economic capital. It examines the actions governments can take to facilitate the transition to a Green Economy and the key policy tools and supporting infrastructure that can influence investment and consumption decisions. This paper is targeted at decision-makers to influence business leaders, and explain in simple terms, the need for increased environmental investments to promote sustainable economic growth, generate employment , reduce poverty and increase quality of life. A major challenge is reconciling the competing economic development aspirations of rich and poor countries in a world economy that is facing increasing climate change , energy security and ecological scarcity. A green economy can meet this challenge by offering a development path that reduces Carbon dependency. Greening the economy across the agriculture, buildings, energy, fisheries, forestry, economic recovery and growth and lead to future prosperity and job creation, while at the same time addressing social inequalities and environmental challenges. UNEP defines a green economy as one that results in " improved human well being and social equity , while significantly reducing environmental risks and ecological scarcities " (UNEP 2010). In its simplest expression , a green economy is low -carbon , resource efficient and socially inclusive .This paper endeavors Green Economy and Green energy : a step forward i.e. from concept to actions in so much as it provides a direction towards policy, planning and programme shifts to achieve the goal of SDG..Sustainable Development Goal and 17MDG.A report by the UN Environmental Programme (UNEP) , indicates that a relatively small investment by governments can go a long way towards helping the green economy to grow. Governments have a central role in changing laws and policies , and in investing public money in public wealth to make the transition possible. The proposed Sustainable Development Goals(SDG) is a loose tripod of economic, environmental and social objectives that proponents believe could help guide global development. The Green Economy offers a powerful solution to both a warming planet and economic volatility. There are a host of political and economic crises in the world today. To achieve Sustainable Development and 17 MDG and Higher quality of life for all people , States should reduce and eliminate unsustainable patterns of production and consumption and promote appropriate demographic policies`(Rio declaration. Principle 8) . Environmental valuation and accounting for natural capital depreciation must be fully integrated into economic policy and strategy. In sum moving towards a green economy must become a strategic economic policy agenda that is echoed in this paper for achieving SDG and 17 MDG. An attempt has also been made in this paper to measure progress towards a green economy and

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Les risques environnementaux – notamment le changement climatique, les catastrophes naturelles, la dégradation des écosystèmes et la pollution – constituent une menace croissante pour la sécurité nationale et internationale. Bien que leur origine soit environnementale, ces risques ont des répercussions profondes sur les sphères stratégiques et politiques, contribuant à l’instabilité nationale et internationale. À l’échelle nationale, ces risques provoquent des perturbations internes majeures : déplacements forcés de population, pressions accrues sur les ressources naturelles, tensions sociales et déstabilisation économique. Stratégiquement, ils compromettent des domaines vitaux tels que la sécurité alimentaire, les capacités militaires ou encore la souveraineté énergétique des États. À l’échelle internationale, les effets transfrontaliers – comme les migrations climatiques massives ou les conflits liés à la raréfaction des ressources naturelles – exacerbent les tensions géopolitiques, en particulier dans les régions déjà fragiles comme l’Afrique subsaharienne. Face à ces menaces, une approche renouvelée de la sécurité, intégrant les principes de sécurité humaine et fondée sur la coopération transnationale, apparaît indispensable. Elle passe notamment par la mise en place de mécanismes de sécurité environnementale, l’investissement dans des infrastructures durables et le soutien aux pays les plus exposés.

This paper focuses on how strategies and policies adopted by the Kita-Kyushu Eco-Town project of Japan, the plan of a big industrial city, can be applied to Bangladesh in order to protect the country against environmental threats and ensure sustainable development to establish ecofriendly cities. It gives an account of the multi-pronged approach to the issues of environmental security by analysing threats emanating from environmental pollution in the context of applying the Kita-Kyushu Environmental protection project as a model for Bangladesh. The strategies adopted by Kita-Kyushu were to limit the use of ozone depleting substances (ODS) and to initiate resource recycling measures through a combination of legislation for mitigating environmental threats and challenges to ensure national security and market forces and at the same time to assist industries to overcome their difficulties in order to create an eco-town. As big cities of Bangladesh like Dhaka, Chittagong, Khulna etc. are facing ever more acute pollution of the environment; necessary steps must be taken by following the model of Kita-Kyushu Eco-Town Plan to promote Bangladesh's environmental security interests and to ensure sustainable development as a whole.

The concept of environmental security, probably because is part of a relatively recent debate, has not come to a consensus on its formulations. Nevertheless it is clear that is a core subject on States political agenda: the need to guarantee to this State access to resources, that such resources be controlled by itself or by internal actors, and the satisfactory supply of natural elements such water, air, food and raw-material, for the obtainment of a large range of goods.

С позиции рисков водопользования проанализированы климатическая и гидрологическая ситуации на территории Томской области. Установлено, что риск водопользования по степени распространенности на территории Томской области можно отнести к массовому риску. В результате комплексного анализа климатической, гидрологической и социально-экономической напряженности получена общая оценка рисков водопользования. Проведена пространственная дифференциация территории по степени рисков водопользования с учетом социально-экономического фактора

21.yüzyılın güvenlik ortamı, artık yalnızca orduların ve silah sistemlerinin değil, doğal sistemlerin de stratejik etken hâline geldiği bir döneme girdi. İklim değişikliği; su, enerji, gıda ve nüfus hareketleri gibi alanları doğrudan etkileyerek askerî planlama, lojistik ve kriz yönetimi üzerinde kalıcı sonuçlar yaratıyor. Bu yeni güvenlik ortamında “iklim savaş oyunları” (climate wargaming) kavramı hem bir analiz hem de öngörü aracı olarak geliştirilmiştir.  İklim değişikliğinin yol açabileceği krizleri önceden düşünmek ve bunlara karşı stratejiler geliştirmek için kullanılan bir simülasyon yaklaşımıdır. İklim krizini yalnızca bilimsel bir veri yığını olarak değil, stratejik bir meydan okuma gibi ele almamızı sağlar. Askeri savaş oyunlarından ilham alır ama tanklar ve uçaklar yerine; kuraklık, göç dalgaları, gıda kıtlığı, enerji kesintileri gibi iklim riskleri masadadır. Temel nokta geleceğin zorlu senaryolarını bir masa etrafında canlandırıp, kurumların ve hükümetlerin reflekslerini güçlendirme amacındadır.

In this article, we present the results after assessing the Indian's Swachh Bharat Mission's (SBM) (aka Clean India Campaign) contribution in combating violence against women and girls while attending nature's call. Towards this, firstly we have used the publicly available data from National Crimes Records Bureau (NCRB -India) to identify the hotspot districts with highest crimes against women in the country. Various districts in West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh/Telangana, and Assam were top in the list of hotspots for gender based crimes; these districts were prioritized for investigation in this study. Context-driven web crawlers were developed and used to retrieve the reported crimes against women and girls from the district editions of electronic newspapers from 2010 till 2018. The results obtained from this web crawler were analyzed to determine the trend of gender-based sexual assaults before and after SBM implementation. It is observed that post SBM implementation, sexual assaults were reduced and the declining trend of crimes exhibited similar pattern for all the districts in the three states. The first dip in the trend has occurred during 2016 and consequently, there is reduction of crimes against women from 2017 onwards. The availability of sanitation infrastructure in the form of Independent Household Latrines under SBM's program should have influenced the reduction of practicing the open defecation to a certain extent, and the reduction in open defecation practice has helped in reducing the scope of sexual encounters during the course of routine sanitation needs. It is observed that in 2016, sexual assaults have downsized to 65 per cent and by the year 2018 the percentage dip in reduction of violence against women is more than 90 per cent.

This presentation provided a baseline understanding of the concepts of environmental security with a particular focus on understanding the security threats posed by the key environmental security drivers of climate change and water as a scarce resource. The presentation defined environmental security as a process where human-induced environmental changes have the potential to deny people access to their basic human needs and thereby create security threats. Case studies of Afghanistan, the Nile River watershed, and the Tibetan Plateau were used to illustrate how environmental change with population growth creates security threats and can lead to failed states or even open conflict. A special emphasis was given to examining the security threats resulting from the key climate change drivers. The presentation closes with presenting key findings from master's theses from two Bulgarian officers who conducted environmental security and climate change studies for the Balkan Region.

As resilience strategies become a prominent orthodoxy in city planning, green infrastructure is increasingly deployed to enhance protection from climate risks and impacts. Yet, little is known about the social and racial impacts of such interventions citywide. In response, our study uses a quantitative and spatial analytical approach to assess whether interventions we call "green resilient infrastructure" (GRI) protect social groups traditionally most at risk and/or least able to adapt to climate impacts -or conversely, if the aggregate effect is maladaptive and inequitable outcomes (i.e. shifting vulnerability or climate gentrification). First, we performed a pre-post test of GRI siting distribution relative to socio-ecological vulnerability in Philadelphia neighborhoods. Second, we examined gentrification trends in relation to GRI siting and whether these interventions contribute to increasing the socio-ecological vulnerability of historically marginalized populations. Our findings point to a strong negative association between GRI siting and increased minority population, and a strong positive association between GRI siting, gentrification, and reduced minority population. The paper contributes to a better understanding of siting inequities and urban climate injustice dynamics and offers a new conceptual frame for critical urban adaptation research and practice of the pathways that shape uneven and unjust outcomes.

The endogamous nature of marriage in India sustains caste hierarchy. Notions of honour are believed to be compromised if a woman violates caste norms through inter-caste marriage, more so with Dalit men. This article delves into the complex interplay of caste and gender dynamics within the judicial processes concerning the homicides of three young Dalit men from Tamil Nadu. Sowjanya Tamalapakula (sowjanya.

KEY TAKEAWAYS

• The maritime security situation in the southern Philippines and neighbouring areas of Malaysia and Indonesia has greatly improved in recent years, thanks to coordinated government action.

• The threats from terrorism and kidnapping have been reduced, but other forms of maritime criminal activity have become even more prominent, with smuggling and human trafficking emerging as the foremost concerns.

• The Philippines, its neighbours, and its partners should leverage the positive momentum to build upon the gains, rather than shifting resources away.

La Rilevazione dei Numeri Civici (Rnc) condotta nel 2010 durante le fasi pre-censuarie del 15° Censimento popolazione e abitazioni 2011, consente di valutare puntualmente, mediante le caratteristiche individuate, il livello di vulnerabilita sismica di ciascun edificio, dato che, essendo georeferenziato, offre un valido contributo allo studio della gestione del patrimonio edilizio nel territorio urbano nazionale. In letteratura, ricerche precedenti hanno gia sperimentato l’utilita delle conoscenze acquisibili attraverso il censimento degli edifici quali chiavi di lettura del rischio sismico a scala comunale, ma  hanno lamentato la necessita di una conoscenza puntuale per non dover piu stimare le caratteristiche dei singoli fabbricati e valutare con maggior accuratezza il rischio a livello locale. Con i dati della Rnc e stato elaborato un indicatore di sintesi delle diverse caratteristiche dell'edificio esprimendo per ogni singola unita il suo livello di vulnerabilita. Al fine di ...

The spate and frequency of home intrusion is exponentially increasing especially in developing nations. Although there are several smart security devices that allow for enhanced features to prevent home invasion, however, their current cost has made overall cost of implementing home security systems unavoidable for average house owners in the developing countries. Community policing is another means through which home invasion can be combated, but the implementation has suffer setback in developing countries because of fear of being hijacked by high profile people. In this paper, a community policing security framework, which helps to monitor and send information about the security and safety of a residential area to a remote location, is developed. In the framework, each house security system in the area can communicate with the Area Security Network (ASN) as well as with the authorized owner of the house and nearby neighbours to increase the probability of Short Message Service (SMS) delivery. The system incorporates multiple sensors to detect gas leakage and smoke presence, as well as an infrared transceiver to detect intrusion. The prototype when tested, allowed an authorized occupant upon entering the house to enter the password within 30seconds to deactivate the alarm, otherwise it will be considered as intrusion and the alarm will be triggered on and SMS will be sent. In the event that the occupant is at home while some other forms of security breach occurs, the pressing of the panic button ensure that SMS alert is sent to the ASN.

Manual Profesional de Prevención basada en Psicología Subconsciente
Una guía paso a paso para directivos, supervisores y responsables de SST que quieren:
Reducir hasta un 40 % los errores por distracción sin más charlas aburridas.
Transformar normas en reflejos automáticos (PNL + hipnosis ética + lenguaje indirecto).
Leer micro-expresiones y detectar riesgo emocional antes de que estalle.
Crear mensajes visuales que conectan con el subconsciente y refuerzan la cultura preventiva 24/7.
Aplicar 5 fases listas para usar en retail, logística, seguridad privada, manufactura o ISO 45001.
Incluye frases, metáforas, colores, iconos y dinámicas de 10 minutos que ya están validadas en plantas, tiendas y guardias.

“Deja de repetir ‘use casco’: programá la seguridad en el cerebro de tu equipo.”
“El 95 % de los errores nace en el subconsciente. Este manual te dice cómo cerrar esa válvula.”
“Seguridad que no depende de controles, sino de conexión.

In this article Professor Guruswamy advances an argument for new energy agreements that address the immense global environmental challenge presented by the increasing global energy demands of both the developed and developing world. Arguing that new energy accords are needed to meet this challenge, he identifies and describes the decidedly interdisciplinary knowledge base and analytics required to negotiate such international instruments. The construction of these knowledge bases call for scientific, engineering, technological, legal, social, economic and " Significant segments of this article are based upon and reproduce the author's

Comparative risk assessment (CRA) has been used as an environmental decision making tool at a range of regulatory levels in the past two decades. Contaminated and uncontaminated sediments are currently managed using a range of approaches and technologies; however, a method for conducting a comprehensive, multidimensional assessment of the risks, costs and benefits associated with each option has yet to be developed. The development and application of CRA to sediment management problems will provide for a more comprehensive characterization and analysis of the risks posed by potential management alternatives. The need for a formal CRA framework and the potential benefits and key elements of such a framework are discussed. Comparative risk analysis has been most commonly applied within the realm of policy analysis, in that it supports tradeoff decisions with broad implications. Andrews et al. (2004) distinguish CRA uses at macro and micro scales.