Facility Management

Since the emergence of the so-called omics technology, thousands of putative biomarkers have been identified and published, which have dramatically increased the opportunities for developing more effective therapeutics. These opportunities can have profound benefits for patients and for the economics of healthcare. However, the transfer of biomarkers from discovery to clinical practice is still a process filled with lots of pitfalls and limitations, mostly limited by structural and scientific factors. To become a clinically approved test, a potential biomarker should be confirmed and validated using hundreds of specimens and should be reproducible, specific and sensitive. Besides the lack of quality in biomarker validation, a number of other key issues can be identified and should be addressed. Therefore, the aim of this article is to discuss a series of interpretative and practical issues that need to be understood and resolved before potential biomarkers become a clinically approved test or are already on the diagnostic market. Some of these issues are shortly discussed here.

One of the main reasons for introducing BIM into existing buildings is cost savings in the construction management and maintenance phase (operating phase). Operational phases have the biggest impact on the total life cycle costs. The introduction of BIM and the creation of a building information model, albeit at a higher price, will be counterbalanced several times by a more efficient way of managing the building during its life cycle, the possibility of creating a healthier indoor environment for building users and better access to necessary information, for example in the case of changes to completed buildings. The BIM model is a digital equivalent of a real construction – real digital twin. It contains geometric data in the form of a 3D model and non-geometry data, including construction management and support documents. The BIM model allows access to building usage information. The information obtained is more accurate. It keeps building element information up to date, enabling ...

Due to low service quality of maintenance management, high maintenance cost becomes a common issue in building industry of Malaysia. Lack of preventive measure is the problem that resulting poor maintenance performance. So, condition-based maintenance is introduced to improve the maintenance performance. Monitoring tools and equipment is seen as an important factor to ensure the efficiency of condition-based maintenance. So, this paper aims to determine the aspects of monitoring tools and equipment to be concerned in building maintenance, as well as to establish the relationship between the aspects and maintenance cost performance. A quantitative approach is adopted and performed through questionnaire survey. Furthermore, descriptive analysis and correlation analysis are used to analyse the research data. The literature review determines three aspects of monitoring tools and equipment to be considered in maintenance management. Furthermore, the research result demonstrates that the ...

Building maintenance costs are continuously increasing as a result of poor maintenance. Consequently, there is an urgent need to develop solutions to reduce the maintenance costs. Various studies demonstrated that the characteristics of condition- based maintenance are directly related to the cost performance. Thus, this paper seeks to establish the relationships between the characteristics of condition-based maintenance and the cost performance. The researcher then developed a regression model for maintenance planning and prediction. The study adopted a mix method approach that includes questionnaire survey, interview, and case study. The findings highlighted the reliability of maintenance data and information as the most significant characteristic of condition-based maintenance. Consequently, the study concluded that the planning and the application of the condition-based maintenance strategy should consider its significant characteristics and make reference to the resulting predi...

Purpose Facilities management plays a significant role in the housing industry to support human daily routine and enhancing the productivity of the activities in and around the residential. Nonetheless, facilities management has not been readily encouraged or adopted by the Government in Malaysia in any structured way. The maintenance approaches adopted are mostly corrective which resulting poor service delivery, poor user satisfaction and endless maintenance backlogs. Thus, this paper aims to review the implementation of preventive maintenance and importance of routine maintenance frequency for the building facilities and services in high-rise residential buildings. Design/methodology/approach An extensive literature review published in between 1987 to 2016 has been carried out on the implementation of preventive maintenance strategy specifically routine maintenance. The building facilities and services which are divided into essential and value-added were identified and tabulated ...

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the maintenance prioritising for facilities services in high-rise residential buildings in Peninsular Malaysia. Maintenance prioritisation is becoming more prominent in the building maintenance industry due to budget constraints, poor maintenance management and to yield better maintenance performance. Design/methodology/approach Two main categories with eleven facilities services that require maintenance were identified through extensive literature review. A total of 321 returned questionnaires were analysed to distinguish the relationship between the maintenance priority and cost variance. Semi-structured interviews were then conducted to validate the findings. Findings The findings revealed that five essential facilities services were significantly correlated to cost variance and a regression model which examines the probability of over-budget was developed. Meanwhile, the interviews recognised that maintenance prioritisation has ...

In high-rise residential buildings, the quality of facilities management services is significant to the normal operation of the facilities. Unfortunately, lack of concern towards building maintenance, especially preventive maintenance, happens in domestic housing industry in Malaysia. Majority of the maintenance operations of condominiums suffer from lack of planning, lack of proactive maintenance plan, and lack of proper implementation. Thus, this paper reviews the implementation of preventive maintenance strategy, routine maintenance in specific. An extensive review of literature published in 1987 to 2014 is performed for the purpose of this research. The publications are sourced from journal articles, conference proceedings and books. The literature analysis confirms that the routine maintenance of facilities and building services is vital and it can be influential towards the maintenance performance. Subsequently, a theoretical framework is developed, which shows the relationship between routine maintenance of building facilities & services and maintenance performance. The building facilities & services are divided into two categories. They are essential facilities & services that ensure the safety, health, habitability, and operability of buildings; while value-added facilities & services deal with property value, return on investment, and quality living of buildings. Based on the findings, a future research is proposed, which aims to identify the appropriate routine of maintenance for the facilities and services in high-rise residential buildings to improve the maintenance performance.

Purpose: High maintenance cost is the common issue in building industry due to low service quality of maintenance management in Malaysia. Lack of preventive measure is the problem that implicates poor maintenance performance. Scheduled maintenance is suggested to improve the maintenance performance. However, the effectiveness of scheduled maintenance can be greatly influenced by the availability of skilled technicians. Thus, this paper aims to identify the aspects of skilled technician to be concerned in maintenance management, as well as to establish the relationship between the aspects and maintenance cost performance. Design/Methodology/Approach: A quantitative approach is adopted and carried out through questionnaire survey. Furthermore, descriptive analysis and correlation analysis are used to analyse the research data. The literature review identifies three aspects of skilled technician to be concerned in maintenance management. Then, research result demonstrates that the skill and knowledge of technician is significantly correlated to the maintenance cost variance. The skill and knowledge of technician must be considered in maintenance planning and execution. Originality/Value: The research recommends the maintenance management to employ skilled technician through thorough hiring process and to encourage the existing maintenance staff for participating the relevant training, workshop or seminar.

Lack of preventive measure is currently the problem that implicates poor building maintenance performance and issue on sustainability of buildings in Malaysia. Whereby, preventive maintenance is an effective approach to enhance the reliability and quality of a system and its components. This study seeks to investigate the characteristics of preventive maintenance towards the overall performance in building maintenance. Case study approach is adopted to identify the maintenance characteristics and aspects that lead to good performance. The research findings demonstrate that the most significant maintenance characteristics towards overall performance are skill and knowledge of maintenance labour, quality of spare parts and materials, length of predetermined maintenance interval, skill and knowledge of maintenance manager, capability to adopt maintenance equipment and technique, budget allocation for acquisition of maintenance data, reliability of maintenance data, as well as frequency of monitoring and inspection. As a conclusion, the significant maintenance characteristics must be taken into consideration to achieve optimal maintenance performance. In order to improve the effectiveness of maintenance strategy and the maintenance performance, the study recommends practice and provision of communication platform such as meeting and customer satisfaction survey that involves all the key participants from clients to customers.

Office buildings are equipped with HVAC system to provide a comfortable working environment. However, the level of the occupants' productivity and comfort is highly influenced by the reliability of HVAC system's service. Thus, the proper maintenance of HVAC system is necessary to ensure the smooth operations of an organisation. This paper seeks to investigate the maintenance characteristics of HVAC system that affect occupants' satisfaction and subsequently establish a relationship between the characteristics and occupants' satisfaction through questionnaire surveys and interviews; and finally develop a regression model for prediction purpose. The findings reveal that the maintenance characteristics which influence occupants' satisfaction include the skill and knowledge of manager, skill and knowledge of labourer, quality of spare parts and materials, as well as the response level towards failure and downtime. The study concludes that an effective communication platform which involves all key participants in the maintenance activities should be developed by the management to improve the maintenance outcomes.

Sustainability of buildings is one of the main aims in the construction industry. In achieving sustainability, maintenance of building and its facilities which include planning, implementation and outcome of maintenance activities become an important criterion. This paper aims to identify the significant characteristics of scheduled and condition-based maintenance in office buildings through reviews of relevant literature and questionnaire survey. The significance of the characteristics was identified through ranking analysis. Semi-structured interview was conducted to obtain further details on the characteristics and measures to enhance efficiency of the characteristics. The findings reveal that the dominant characteristics for scheduled maintenance include quality of spare part and material, the level of labor skill and knowledge, and budget allocation for maintenance labor whilst for conditionbased maintenance; the dominant characteristics are the level of manager skill and knowledge, reliability of maintenance data, and financial allocation for the maintenance manager. The study concludes that these dominant characteristics should be considered in the implementation of maintenance strategies.

Buildings can be poorly maintained due to lack of understanding towards the role of building maintenance in achieving organisation's objective and long-term profitability. The maintenance management is the agent that provides maintenance services to fulfil the needs of the organisation. However, involvement of all the key participants is the key to enhance maintenance planning, execution, and outcome. Whereby, participative mechanism involves the key participants to deal with the maintenance issues. Thus, this paper seeks to identify the participative mechanisms through literature review; then, establish relationship between the mechanisms and maintenance performance through questionnaire survey and interview; and finally produce a regression model for prediction purpose. The findings reveal that effective communication among the key participants is vital to enhance the maintenance performance. Therefore, this paper recommends that the management should develop an effective communication platform involving all key participants with contribution and commitment toward the maintenance activities.

Die Forschung im Bereich Streaming VOD (Video-on-Demand) Systeme beschäftigt sich mit der Entwicklung, Optimierung und Analyse moderner Plattformen zur digitalen Medienübertragung. Mit dem Wachstum globaler Streaming-Dienste ist die Nachfrage nach skalierbaren, effizienten und intelligenten Medieninfrastrukturen deutlich gestiegen. Streaming-Systeme bilden heute die technische Grundlage zahlreicher Plattformen für Unterhaltung, Bildung, Kommunikation und digitale Inhalte.

Purpose -The purpose of this paper is to provide a literature review on the different ways of carrying out Facility Management and related topics in order to uncover that there is limited research regarding the impact of Facility Management on the logistics and operational performance of warehouses. Design/methodology/approach -Four different focus areas have been identified and for each one different methodologies and streams of research have been studied. Findings -The study underlines the importance of Facility Management for the logistics operations; therefore it supports the notion that investments aiming at preserving the status of the building and service components of warehouses are crucial.

The Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (AEC) industry faces a historical gap in productivity, often exacerbated by "data obesity"-the overproduction of information that does not add value to the final process. This study investigates how the standardization of information flow impacts two critical BIM (Building Information Modeling) uses: cost estimation and project coordination.

Fire hazard is a threat to lives and property. Field assessments based on national and international fire-safety standards have examined structural fire resistance, compartmentation, egress provisions, signage, corridor dimensions, and emergency-vehicle access, as well as post-occupancy maintenance. This study aims to assess the implementation of passive fire safety measures in three (3) selected churches within Abuja, Nigeria, to identify areas for further improvement. Findings revealed that all facilities feature fire-resistant walls, multiple exits, and wide corridors, indicating a basic commitment to occupant safety. However, none (0) have installed fire doors or smoke-control ducts, and critical elements such as muster points and fire signage are inconsistently provided, as two out of the three (2/3) churches have provided these muster points and two out of three (2/3) have provided fire signage. Compounding these deficiencies, blocked exits, wedged-open doors, and unsealed wall penetrations further undermined the performance of existing passive systems. To strengthen congregant safety and resilience in this type of facility, future church projects should have early integration of passive features, enforce routine third-party safety audits, deliver targeted training for church leadership and contractors, and ensure strict adherence to standards. These measures transform visually impressive worship spaces into safe environments capable of mitigating fire emergencies.

Today technological developments in the Architecture Engineering and Construction (AEC) industry provides opportunities to build huge and complex buildings and facilities. In order to operate these facilities and to meet the requirements of the occupants and also to manage energy, waste and to keep all facility services operational, several Facility Management (FM) solutions were developed. This paper starts by presenting a state of art review of research related to Indoor Facility Management Systems. Later, a textual analysis focused to identify the research trends in this field is presented in the paper. The result of the literature review and textual analysis indicates that current research in Indoor FM Systems is underestimating the role of Geoinformation, Geoinformation models and systems.

A Scan-to-BIM approach, starting from a 3D UAV survey, led to a HBIM parametric modeling and final texturing employing photogrammetric imagery. The purpose is to keep access to the information of the smart objects, for cultural heritage dissemination and conservation purposes and for a real-time photorealistic visualization.

With the increasing risk of vehicle-based threats in critical infrastructure, the need for reliable perimeter protection systems has become essential. Crash rated systems such as bollards, boom barriers, and tyre killers are widely adopted to prevent unauthorized vehicle intrusion. This paper presents an overview of these systems and their relevance in high-security zones in India.

PurposeHealthcare systems are very costly and the inpatient treatment in hospitals is a major part of these costs. The question is, how can greater efficiency be effected without influencing the core business of a hospital – the cure of patients. Through improving the process flow of facility management (FM) processes, savings within these processes and less disturbance of primary processes should be accomplishable.Design/methodology/approachIn order to help introducing professional FM methods in hospitals the OPIK research project has designed standard processes for typical FM services. Processes have been field tested and evaluated in terms of interference with the core process as well as cost and quality factors have been determined.FindingsThe research has shown that standard processes can be defined and the performance can be improved through restructuring the process flow by having detailed knowledge of the process characteristics. The analysis of data through linear regressio...

This study evaluates the spatial distribution and usage patterns of
Automated Teller Machines (ATMs) in Egor Local Government Area
(LGA), focusing on factors influencing usage. A survey research design
was employed, incorporating both primary and secondary data. Primary
data were collected through questionnaires and personal observations at
21 ATM locations, involving 315 participants. An adaptive sampling
technique was used to ensure spatially balanced data, adjusting sample
sizes at high-traffic locations to accommodate varying user
demographics and transaction frequencies. The study's findings show
that ATM distribution in Egor LGA exhibits clustering along major
commercial routes and activity centres, consistent with Central Place
Theory (CPT), which posits that services like ATMs tend to concentrate in
high-demand areas. However, some areas, such as Evbotubu and Useh,
are underserved, indicating spatial imbalances that warrant further
planning. The study also found that proximity to ATMs significantly
influences usage frequency, with a negative relationship between
distance and usage. This highlights the importance of strategic ATM
placement to maximise usage. While proximity to the workplace was
slightly more influential, other factors, such as ATM features and
convenience, also impacted user preferences. Based on these findings,
the study recommends prioritising ATM placement in underserved areas,
improving infrastructure, and enhancing public awareness to increase
accessibility and financial inclusion. Collaboration among
policymakers, urban planners, and financial institutions is crucial to
achieving a more equitable financial service network in Egor LGA.

Facility management (FM) is a critical component of building sustainability because a late response to the FM needs will add unnecessary wastes. A lack of communication has been criticized as an impediment to improving the common understanding of FM requirements among the stakeholders and in turn affects the efficiency of FM. Recent developments in Virtual Reality (VR) have encouraged the utilization of interactive building visualization in the design, construction, and maintenance of different types of facilities. This study finds the interpersonal interaction in the VR environment to be a critical factor in the effective communication in FM by creating a shared immersive experience. To prove the concept, a Building Information Modelling (BIM)based VR environment tool was developed to bring remotely located stakeholders -building occupants, facility managers, vendors and designers -together to walk through in the same virtual building. It enables real-time interactions of remote stakeholders in the same environment, with a shared immersive walkthrough experience. This tool offers an alternative communication method for sustainable FM. Unity 3D was used to create the interactive environment, and Photon Unity Networking (PUN) was used to implement the cross-platform multiuser function. A case study has shown that this alternative communication method can help stakeholders examine the same facility in remote locations and improve the efficiency of communication.

Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the "Content") contained in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensors make no representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the Content. Any opinions and views expressed in this publication are the opinions and views of the authors, and are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and should be independently verified with primary sources of information. Taylor and Francis shall not be liable for any losses, actions, claims, proceedings, demands, costs, expenses, damages, and other liabilities whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with, in relation to or arising out of the use of the Content.

The main purpose of this paper is to emphasize the importance of a life cycle approach and the role of facilities management practices in reducing the environmental footprint of built facilities. An approach to holistic life cycle energy and carbon reduction is also proposed. Built facilities consume over 40% of global energy annually resulting in over 33% of world's total carbon emission. According to literature, for a significant reduction in energy use and resulting carbon emissions, it is critical that both the embodied and operating energy use of a facility is optimized. Approach: A literature-based discovery approach was applied to collect, analyze, and synthesize the results of published case studies from around the globe. The energy use results of 158 published case studies were analyzed to derive conclusions. Results: A comparison of energy efficient and conventional facilities revealed that decreasing operating energy may increase the embodied energy components. Additionally, the analysis of 95 commercial facilities indicated that nearly 10% of the total U.S. carbon emissions was influenced by facilities management practices. The proposed approach to holistic environmental footprint reduction can guide facility management research and practice to make meaningful contributions to our efforts for creating a sustainable built environment. The results were derived from case studies that belonged to various locations across the globe and included facilities constructed with a variety of materials. Originality/Value: This paper quantifies the extent to which a facilities management professional can contribute to the global efforts of reducing carbon emission.

The decision-making process in the field of health-care facility management is multifaceted and encompasses many different areas, including maintenance, performance, risk, operations, and development. Information and communications technologies are perceived as the interface that integrates these topics. The main objective of this research is to develop a decision-support system based on core parameters affecting the performance of health-care facilities. This paper presents the preliminary development of a quantitative integrated health-care facility management model, subdivided into the following three interfaces: input, reasoning evaluator and predictor, and output. The model proposes the following five modules: maintenance, performance and risk, energy and operations, business management, and development. It offers projection of maintenance costs, performance, and risk of built facilities in the health-care sector. The model hypotheses are that age, occupancy, and environment affect the maintenance of the facility. These factors are quantitatively developed and analyzed for performance-based maintenance planning, employing an occupancy coefficient and a projection of performance indicator. Simulations of the facility coefficient for different combinations of occupancy and environment reveal that the occupancy level is a major factor that causes an augmentation of more than 18% in the allocation of resources for maintenance compared with standard occupancy. Prediction of the performance score of a building is carried out using a nonlinear pattern for the structural components and linear patterns for the rest of the components.

The increasing competitiveness in the business sector forces facilities managers in reducing expenditure on "non-core" activities. Consequently, the integration of different domains related to facilities management (FM) motivates the development of a quantitative model, which may contribute both to the planning of FM activities and to the improved effectiveness of FM units. Three methodologies were used in the research presented in this paper: a structured FM survey conducted among acute care facilities in Israel; a statistical analysis of the data; and the conceptual development of an FM model. The proposed model is divided into three main phases that deal with the following five main FM domains. The outcomes of the model produce a set of variables, which can be analysed according to a given facility. In addition, the model provides guidelines for the methodological design and management of healthcare facilities from a life-cycle perspective.

PurposeIncreasing demand for healthcare services world‐wide creates continuous requirements to reduce expenditures on “non‐core” activities, such as maintenance and operations. At the same time, owners, users, and clients of healthcare expect a high level of built‐facilities performance and minimized risks. The objective of this research is to develop an integrated facilities management (FM) model for healthcare facilities.Design/methodology/approachThe paper presents a case study analysis of an Israeli acute care hospital, in which the integrated healthcare facilities management model (IHFMM) was implemented, and the findings were examined and evaluated three years later. The case studies investigated the effectiveness of the developed model in terms of maintenance and performance management. The robustness of the model was also examined by applying sensitivity analyses to its parameters.FindingsBoth of the case studies show significant results in predicting FM‐related aspects, suc...

Over the course of the past three decades, facilities management has become the subject of an increasing number of research and development efforts. The main objective of the present research was to examine the efficiency of maintenance under alternative maintenance policies and different sources of human resources. The research focused on the maintenance of public hospital buildings in Israel, with the objective of providing a model for multi-system facilities operating in a dynamic environment. This paper describes the last three stages of the research: the establishment of key performance indicators, the implementation of these indicators in a case study in order to appraise them, and the validation of the indicators. Four key performance indicators were developed, as follows: the Building Performance Indicator (BPI), the Manpower Sources Diagram (MSD), the Maintenance Efficiency Indicator (MEI) and the Managerial Span of Control (MSC). This paper illustrates a case study in which the four developed indicators were implemented in practice. Characteristics of the case study hospital are presented and analysed. Finally, the conclusions and recommendations drawn from the analysis of the hospital case study are discussed, validated and deliberated upon. The approach presented in this paper integrates performance, financial, human resources and organizational aspects to facilitate an improved evaluation method of the parameters affecting the execution of maintenance activities.

The performance of hospital buildings depends to a large degree on the efficiency of maintenance execution. The research objectives were to examine the efficiency of maintenance under alternative maintenance policies and alternative sources of labour (outsourcing vs. in-house). The research focused on main-tenance of hospital buildings as a model for multi-system buildings operating in dynamic environments. The research used a systematic field survey followed by an in-depth statistical analysis. Four key performance indicators (KPIs) were developed. The first, the building performance indicator (BPI), indicates the physical-functional condition of buildings. The second, the manpower sources diagram (MSD), reflects the efficiency of using in-house labour vs. the outsourcing of labour. The third, the maintenance efficiency indicator (MEI), is based on the annual costs of maintenance, the building age coefficient and the building occupancy coefficient. This indicator reflects the efficiency of usage of the resources (labour, outsourcing, materials and spare parts) in maintenance. The fourth indicator deals with the organizational structure of the maintenance division. The proposed KPIs integrate four aspects of hospital facilities management: performance management, composition of labour, efficiency of main-tenance operations and organizational effectiveness. Efficient execution of maintenance management of hospital buildings may be obtained by the simultaneous implementation of the aforementioned KPIs. The proposed indicators may be adapted to other types of facilities, such as office buildings, industrial plants and infrastructure.

Global competitiveness and increasing performance requirements have placed facilities management (FM) under constraints of limited resources, particularly in non-core aspects of facilities, such as maintenance and operations. The hypothesis applied in this research is that the actual service life of buildings, their occupancy and their ambient environmental conditions affect the required maintenance resources of these facilities. The objective was to develop a facility coefficient aiming to adjust the allocation of maintenance resources to prevailing service conditions in healthcare facilities. The research uses deterioration patterns and predicted service lives of building components and systems under moderate, standard and intensive occupancy and under two categories of environment: marine and inland. In total, five configurations combining occupancy and environmental conditions were investigated through simulations and compared to a reference configuration defined as standard occupancy and inland environment along with a building designed service life of 75 years. The findings of the simulations show that maintenance resources in healthcare facilities vary between 29% and +18% of the standard configuration. The simulation results can be used for reliable allocation of resources for maintenance of healthcare facilities. Findings can be adapted for residential, office, public and educational facilities.

Rapid urbanization in Abuja has intensified environmental governance challenges including waste mismanagement, flooding, habitat disruption, and declining civic environmental compliance. While regulatory frameworks under the Federal Ministry of Environment Nigeria and enforcement mechanisms administered by the National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA) provide statutory guidance, environmental outcomes remain inconsistent. This conceptual paper advances an Institutionalized Informal Community Environmental Education Governance Model (I-ICEEGM) that integrates behavioural change theory and institutional governance frameworks to strengthen urban environmental management. Drawing on Social Learning Theory, the Theory of Planned Behaviour, and Institutional Theory, the paper proposes a multi-level governance integration architecture embedding informal environmental education within Federal, FCT, municipal, civil society, and traditional structures. The framework offers theoretical advancement by bridging behavioural environmental education literature with institutional governance theory, and provides actionable implementation pathways. The model has broader applicability for rapidly urbanizing cities in the Global South.

The article studied the application of facilities management practice in high rise commercial properties. Convenience sampling technique was used in administering questionnaires to the 60 respondents who responded to the survey. It was found out that the extent of application of facilities management in the subject properties is better described as below average. Similarly, the most frequently tools of facilities management in use and employed in the properties were outsourcing and in-house sourcing. This was influenced by the level of their familiarity with the tools. Planned and Preventive maintenance should be taken regularly in order to enhance the effectiveness of the facilities management and to satisfy both the owner and customers of the organization.

Building renovation is essential to reduce environmental impacts and address social demands, yet structural rehabilitation planning remains uncertain and disruptive. This paper presents Endurify 2.0, a BIMbased automated scheduling system for structural maintenance that estimates the Remaining Useful Life (RUL) of reinforced concrete beams and automatically generates multi-phase rehabilitation plans. By minimizing manual planning input and integrating maintenance data into the BIM model, the system serves as a decision-support tool that enhances the efficiency and accuracy of rehabilitation planning. The tool combines analytical models for four damage indicators to define element-level intervention thresholds. These outputs feed a multi-criteria decisionmaking framework, economic cost, and two social criteria are weighted, and TOPSIS selects the optimal rehabilitation schedule. The method is validated on a residential building with 191 beams, 139 exhibiting damage. Compared to expert-based planning, the automated approach reduces total cost by 15% and proximity impact by 10%, while maintaining structural safety.

The aim of this study is to examine transformational leadership style and employee satisfaction at Astronox Manufacturing Co. Survey research design was adopted for this study. The sample size of this study was 33 and a