Framing effect

The claim of a universal 1second invariant \(\tau_0 = 1\,\text{s}\) and a concomitant normal force \(F_n = h/(c\tau_0^2)\) implies that any dynamical system coupling to the resistance of temporal rotation should exhibit an anomalous resonant response at exactly \(\omega_0 = 2\pi\,\text{rad/s}\) (\(f_0 = 1\,\text{Hz}\)). Torsion pendulums have been used in precision experiments for centuries, but a systematic search for a sharp, unexplained peak at 1 Hz has never been performed because such a peak is conventionally dismissed as environmental noise or electronic artifact. This paper reviews the known sources of 1 Hz contamination (Nyquist aliasing, pendulum cross coupling, microseisms, clock feedthrough) and shows that none of them can account for a persistent, amplitude insensitive, and drive phase locked peak that survives standard control tests. We propose a dedicated torsion pendulum experiment with oversampling, analog antialiasing filtering, and a set of falsifiable controls. If the predicted 1 Hz resonance is observed, it would provide the first direct experimental evidence for the temporal invariant; its absence, after proper artifact elimination, would falsify the central prediction of the theory.

How does risk tolerance vary with stake size? This important question cannot be adequately answered if framing effects, nonlinear probability weighting, and heterogeneity of preference types are neglected. We show that, contrary to gains, no coherent change in relative risk aversion is observed for losses. The increase in relative risk aversion over gains cannot be captured by the curvature of the utility function. It is driven predominantly by a change in probability weighting of a majority group of individuals who exhibit more rational probability weighting at high stakes. These results not only challenge expected utility theory, but also prospect theory.

In this article, we aim to illustrate evolutionary explanations for the emergence of framing effects, discussed in detail in Cristina Bicchieri’s The Grammar of Society. We show how framing effects might evolve which coalesce two economically distinct interactions into a single one, leading to apparently irrational behavior in each individual interaction. Here we consider the now well-known example of the ultimatum game, and show how this ‘irrational’ behavior might result from a single norm which governs behavior in multiple games. We also show how framing effects might result in radically different play in strategically identical situations. We consider the Hawk-Dove game (the game of chicken) and also the Nash bargaining game. Here arbitrary tags or signals might result in one party doing better than another.

Stated preference (SP) surveys attempt to obtain monetary values for non-market goods that reflect individuals' “true”' preferences. Numerous empirical studies suggest that monetary values from SP studies are sensitive to survey design and so may not reflect respondents' true preferences. This study examines the effect of time framing on respondents' willingness to pay (WTP) for car safety. We explore how WTP per unit risk reduction depends on the time period over which respondents pay and face reduced risk. Using data from a Swedish contingent valuation survey, we find that WTP is sensitive to time framing; estimates based on an annual scenario are about 30 to 70 percent higher than estimates from a monthly scenario.

Background: Understanding the internal processes and self-representation of large language models (LLMs) is crucial for interpretability, safety, and alignment. However, current interpretability methods often examine LLMs from an external perspective or lack robust controls for the significant influence of linguistic framing on model outputs, including self-descriptions, which can affect their reliability. Objectives: To address these gaps, we introduce and evaluate Structured Distributed Introspection (SDI), a novel dual-protocol methodology. SDI is designed to systematically elicit LLM self-descriptions about internal processes and quantitatively assess the consistency of these descriptions when probed under different linguistic frames. The aim is to differentiate stable, frame-independent aspects of LLM self-representation from more malleable, frame-sensitive conceptual layers. Methods: SDI employs conceptually paired questions (20 distinct conceptual points per protocol) posed under two contrasting linguistic frames: an "Original Protocol" using abstract, sometimes philosophically-inspired language, and a "Neutralized Protocol" using strictly technical, operational language. We applied SDI to 10 diverse, state-of-the-art LLMs (from Anthropic, Google, and OpenAI; N=400 responses). Responses were systematically coded using thematic analysis (20 themes: 10 primary/technical, 10 secondary/conceptual), and Concordance Correlation Coefficients (CCC) were calculated to measure cross-protocol consistency for each theme across all models. The analysis presented is based on a systematic application of the coding methodology to raw interaction logs to ensure robustness. Results: The analysis across 10 LLMs reveals a striking multi-level structure in their selfdescriptions. Core technical processing descriptions-particularly their accounts of how meaningful information emerges within their systems (consistently emphasizing resonance, distributed patterns, and probabilistic generation)-demonstrate high consistency across protocols (average CCC ≈ 0.93, with several themes frequently exceeding 0.90 and reaching 1.0). In contrast, descriptions involving conceptual framing and philosophical terminology exhibit strong framedependence, showing low consistency (average CCC ≈ 0.39, with core philosophical terms often below 0.25). Conclusions: LLMs appear to possess a stable core representation of their technical functioning. Crucially, this includes a consistent, frame-independent narrative of their own information emergence process, characterized by resonance, distributed representations, and probabilistic selection over explicit logic. Alongside this core, they exhibit highly malleable conceptual layers that are demonstrably sensitive to the framing of prompts. This multi-level structure has significant implications for interpretability research, particularly regarding the differential reliability of various types of self-reports, and for AI alignment strategies, by highlighting challenges in verifying abstract self-declarations due to their frame-dependence. SDI provides a quantitative tool for probing these layers and complements existing interpretability techniques by offering 1 a structured means to assess the consistency of self-generated model reports. It also offers a practical method for alignment research to identify which aspects of model self-description are more stable and potentially more verifiable across diverse prompting styles.

Objective: The objective of this study is to find out the Impact of Anchoring bias and duration of investment in stock market on the risk-taking capacity of individual retail investors of Guwahati, Assam. Design/Methodology/Approach: The tested independent variables are Anchoring bias and duration of investment in stock market and the dependent variable is risk taking capacity on investments which is categorized as low risk-taking capacity, medium risk-taking capacity, and high risk-taking capacity. Multinomial logistic regression is used to find the impact of these independent variables on the risktaking capacity of individual retail investors. Findings: a. Investment duration category 1, i.e., 'less than one year' has significant impact on the highrisk taking capacity of individual retail investors. b. Anchoring bias has significant impact on the low-risk taking capacity of individual retail investors.

Managerial pricing decisions are central to organizational profitability but are often compromised by systematic cognitive biases. This study investigates how anchoring, loss aversion, and overconfidence distort managerial pricing judgments and identifies the psychological mechanisms through which these effects occur. The study pursues four objectives: first, to quantify the individual effects of anchoring, loss aversion, and overconfidence on pricing accuracy; second, to examine their joint and interactive influence on pricing distortions; third, to develop and empirically test a bias-corrected managerial pricing framework integrating behavioral factors; and fourth, to generate robust empirical evidence that advances the fragmented behavioral pricing literature and informs debiased pricing practices. Using a between-subjects experimental design, 240 experienced managers were randomly assigned to anchoring, loss-aversion, overconfidence, or control conditions and completed a realistic pricing simulation. Pricing error was measured as deviation from optimal benchmarks, alongside assessments of cognitive distortion and confidence bias. Results show that all three biases significantly increased pricing errors, with anchoring and loss aversion exerting the strongest direct effects. Mediation and structural equation modeling reveal that cognitive distortion is the primary pathway through which bias-inducing conditions translate into pricing errors, while confidence bias plays a secondary but reinforcing role, particularly under overconfidence. When multiple biases co-occur, their effects compound, producing larger deviations from optimal prices. The findings make a theoretical contribution by providing an integrated, pricing-specific account of multiple managerial biases and empirically validating a dual-mediation framework linking bias, cognition, and pricing outcomes. Practically, the results highlight the value of structured decision protocols, calibration training, and decision-support systems as effective interventions for improving pricing accuracy and managerial decision quality.

The analysis that follows tests the shirking model of efficiency wages by examining the relationship between rates of employee discipline and relative wage premiums across plants within the same firm. The structure of this data set controls for many of the problems that confound other tests of efficiency wage arguments, and the results suggest that greater wage premiums are associated with lower levels of shirking as measured by disciplinary dismissals. Shirking and discipline are also lower where conditions in the labor market raise the costs associated with shirking by making it more difficult to find alternative employment. It is less clear, however, whether the wage in this case is necessarily efficient in the sense of generating reductions in discipline sufficient to offset the costs of the wage premium. Efficiency wage models are based on the notion that there is a relationship between relative wage levels and worker productivity, broadly defined, which in turn explains a variety of otherwise puzzling behavior such as the presence of involuntary unemployment. Perhaps the most popular of these arguments have been those suggesting that wage premiums and the threat of losing them create incentives for workers to reduce unproductive behavior or "shirking." The structure and implications of such efficiency wage arguments have been debated at length, but there have been few attempts to test empirically the hypothesis that wage premiums can reduce shirking. This paper provides a direct test of the main implications of the shirking efficiency wage model using plant-level data from the auto industry. The results suggest that wage premiums are in fact associated with lower levels of disciplinary problems, as the shirking models of efficiency wages imply. But it is less clear whether the overall benefits of the reduction in shirking exceed the cost of the wage premium.

A scalar bimetric theory of gravity with a preferred reference frame is summarized. Dynamics is governed by an extension of Newton's second law. In the static case, geodesic motion is recovered together with Newton's attraction field. In the static spherical case, Schwarzschild's metric is found. Asymptotic schemes of post-Newtonian (PN) and post-Minkowskian (PM) approximation are built, each based on associating a conceptual family of systems with the given system. At the 1PN approximation, there is no preferred-frame effect for photons, hence the standard predictions of GR for photons are got. At the 0PM approximation, an isolated system loses energy by quadrupole radiation, without any monopole or dipole term. Inserting this loss into the Newtonian 2-body problem gives the Peters-Mathews coefficients of the theory.

We present a new experimental evidence of how framing affects decisions in the context of a lottery choice experiment for measuring risk aversion. We investigate framing effects by replicating the Holt and Laury's (Am. Econ. Rev. 92:1644-1655, 2002) procedure for measuring risk aversion under various frames. We first examine treatments where participants are confronted with the 10 decisions to be made either simultaneously or sequentially. The second treatment variable is the order of appearance of the ten lottery pairs. Probabilities of winning are ranked either in increasing, decreasing, or in random order. Lastly, payoffs were increased by a factor of ten in additional treatments. The rate of inconsistencies was significantly higher in sequential than in simultaneous treatment, in increasing and random than in decreasing treatment. Both experience and salient incentives induce a dramatic decrease in inconsistent behaviors. On the other hand, risk aversion was significantly

We propose a non-local modification of gravity in which late-time suppression of structure formation emerges from a cosmological memory effect. The model is based on a covariant action containing a non-local curvature term of the Deser-Woodard type. In an FLRW background, the theory yields an effective time-dependent gravitational coupling G eff (a) = G 1 + γa β. For parameter values γ ≈ 0.30 and β ≈ 1.07, the model naturally reduces S8 to ≈ 0.76 while improving redshift-space distortion fits relative to ΛCDM. We present a Euclid-era falsification program consisting of five concrete, quantitative predictions. The framework preserves gravitational wave speed and remains compatible with early-universe physics.

The goal of this study was to test the role of message framing for effective communication of self-care behaviors in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, contrasting health and economic-focused messages. We presented 319 participants with an unforced choice task where they had to select the message that they believed was more effective to increase intentions toward self-care behaviors, motivate self-care behaviors in others, increase perceived risk and enhance perceived message strength. Results showed that gain-frame health messages increased intention to adopt self-care behaviors and were judged to be stronger. Loss-framed health messages increased risk perception. When judging effectiveness for others, participants believed other people would be more sensitive to messages with an economic focus. These results can be used by governments to guide communication for the prevention of COVID-19 contagion in the media and social networks, where time and space for communicating informat...

) is conducted on a sample of the Bilbao population. A 2x2 factorial between-subject design measures ALR in response to visual (photo vs. text-only) and numeric (single-value vs. range) impact framings. The effect of experience on ALR is also measured using a 2-period repeated game within-subject design. Findings support an extension of the dual processing model that argues people exert practical rationality, based on both objective reasoning and subjective experience, when making decisions over moral dilemmas, such as climate change. Subjects in visual conditions had lower ALR, due to greater negative affect, concern, and sense of personal duty and responsibility towards climate change. This suggests a moral judgement of the risk in question. The effect of the visual appeal was lower in the range condition, where greater mental effort led to more objective reasoning. Those that experienced damages in period 1 displayed lower ALR in period 2. No difference in ALR was found between periods for those that did not experience damages. The implications of these findings are discussed.

We confront a representative sample of 1102 Dutch individuals with a series of incentivized investment decisions and also elicit their time preferences. There are two treatments that differ in the frequency at which individuals decide about the invested amount. The low frequency treatment stimulates decision makers to frame a sequence of risky decisions broadly rather than narrowly. We find that the framing effect is significantly larger for impatient than for patient individuals. This result is robust to controlling for various economic and demographic variables and for cognitive ability.

Spatial information, inferred from samples, is needed for decisionmaking, but is uncertain. One way to convey uncertain information is with probabilities (e.g. that a value falls below a critical threshold). We examined how different professional groups (agricultural scientists or health and nutrition experts) interpret information, presented this way, when making a decision about interventions to address human selenium (Se) deficiency. The information provided was a map, either of the probability that Se concentration in local staple grain falls below a nutritionally-significant threshold (negative framing) or of the probability that grain Se concentration is above the threshold (positive framing). There was evidence for an effect of professional group and of framing on the decision process. Negative framing led to more conservative decisions; intervention was recommended at a smaller probability that the grain Se is inadequate than if the question were framed positively, and the decisions were more comparable between professional groups under negative framing. Our results show the importance of framing in probabilistic presentations of uncertainty, and of the background of the interpreter. Our experimental approach could be used to elicit threshold probabilities which represent the preferences of stakeholder communities to support them in the interpretation of uncertain information.

In two studies, people were reluctant to trade items they own, but glad to accept upgrades with identical end states. The framing of the transaction makes a difference. A mediational analysis suggests that the relationship between the frame of the transaction and measures of value (willingness to accept, WTA) depends on perceived losses. Losses are perceived as greater when the transaction is a trade than as an upgrade. We manipulated perceptions of loss across descriptions of transactions and found that, when the difference in perceptions of losses with trades versus upgrades was large, framing effects were strong. But when the difference was small, framing effects disappeared. These framing effects with identical end states influence WTA because trades are associated with perceived losses, while upgrades are associated with perceived costs.

en relación a la conducta humana, a saber: su poder inhibitorio. Se muestra así más interesante y fructífero para la Economía el estudio del arrepentimiento sobre el de la empatía. Finalmente, se presenta el enfoque institucional, como el más adecuado para comprender las cuestiones relacionadas con la conducta económica.

noting that one role of cost-benefit analysis is to correct for decisionmaking by policymakers under pressure from non-rational public responses to risk). 8. We include a number of fields in the term "behavioral science." See, e.g., GARY S. BECKER & KEVIN M. MURPHY, SOCIAL ECONOMICS (2000) (economic sociology); GOLDSTEIN ET AL., supra note 6 (social psychology); Kahneman & Tversky, supra note 2 (cognitive psychology); George Loewenstein et al., Neuroeconomics, 59 ANN. REV. PSYCHOL. 647 (2008) (neuroeconomics). 9. Section 6(a)(3)(C)(iii) of Executive Order 12,866 directs agencies to analyze "potentially effective and reasonably feasible alternatives to the planned regulation." Exec. Order No. 12,866 § 6(a)(3)(C)(iii), 3 C.

How do people tend to behave and make decisions in certain situations encountered in the market? Are they likely to behave and make decisions according to their moral values or religious beliefs? This study aims to reveal the university students' points of view to explain the concept of fairness in terms of the Muslim devotees and nonreligious Muslims. The participants are requested to assess whether or not the disparities in prices of the goods determined by the firms and traders in various situations are fair. Moreover, they are asked to respond to several questions in terms of the increases and decreases in the workers' wages determined by employers and to assert whether or not they are equally fair. In other words, the tendency of Muslims' fairness in accordance with their religiousness status as well as their cognitive biases are examined through their decisions made upon presentation of the options either positively or negatively. Along with this study, it would be revealed whether or not the religiousness status of individuals triggers fairness on profit-seeking and how rational those individuals behave. It is tried to determine whether or not the Muslims, who consider themselves religious or not, tend to behave more fairly and the extent to which they behave. Contribution/ Originality: The paper's primary contribution is finding that it would be revealed whether or not the religiousness status of individuals triggers fairness on profit-seeking in market and how rational those individuals behave.

Approaching issues through the lens of non-negotiable values increases the perceived intractability of debate (Baron & Spranca, 1997), while focusing on concrete consequences of policies instead results in the moderation of extreme opinions (Fernbach et al., 2013) and greater likelihood of conflict resolution (Baron & Leshner, 2000). Using comments on the popular social media platform Reddit from January 2006 until September 2017, we show how changes in the framing of same-sex marriage in public discourse relate to changes in public opinion. We use a topic model to show that the contribution of certain protected-values-based topics to the debate (religious arguments and freedom of opinion) increased prior to the emergence of a public consensus in support of same-sex marriage (Gallup, 2017), and declined afterwards. In contrast, discussion of certain consequentialist topics (the impact of politicians’ stance and same-sex marriage as a matter of policy) showed the opposite pattern. Ou...

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi dan menganalisis bias yang muncul dalam pemberitaan konflik Israel-Palestina dengan metode analisis konten dan pendekatan analisis kritis. Melalui lensa penelitian kualitatif deskriptif, data dikumpulkan dari artikel berita yang dipublikasikan oleh 10 sumber media online Indonesia. Prosedur analisis konten yang digunakan terdiri atas empat langkah menurut teori Krippendorf, yaitu pengadaan data, penentuan unit, pencatatan/pengkodean, dan analisis data. Aartikel berita dianalisis berdasarkan kategori-kategori yang diduga mengandung bias. Pendekatan analisis kritis digunakan untuk melihat konteks sosial, politik, dan budaya yang mungkin memengaruhi penyajian berita. Hasil analisis dalam penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa sebanyak 90% dari 10 berita yang dianalisis memberi pengaruh yang kuat terhadap persepsi pembaca dengan memberikan sudut pandang yang condong membela Palestina melalui pemilihan kata, framing berita, dan sumber informasi yang digunakan. Selain itu, setiap media memberikan bias berupa konteks sosial, politik, dan budaya yang berperan penting dalam memberikan pengaruh tambahan untuk membentuk persepsi pembaca. Jadi, dalam penyajian sebuah berita, media pemberitaan akan mengandung bias yang bergantung pada berbagai faktor. Kata Kunci: analisis konten; bias media; Israel-Palestina; pemberitaan konflik Pendahuluan Konflik Israel-Palestina adalah salah satu konflik yang cukup kompleks dan kontroversial di dunia saat ini. Konflik ini melibatkan berbagai isu politik, sosial, budaya, dan agama yang mempengaruhi kehidupan jutaan orang di kawasan tersebut. Konflik ini telah melanda wilayah tersebut selama tujuh dekade terakhir. Pertikaian ini terus berlanjut dan menghasilkan banyak penderitaan dan ketegangan di antara kedua belah pihak. Konflik antara Israel dan Palestina ini adalah yang terbaru dari pertikaian kedua pihak selama tujuh dekade terakhir. Sejak awal abad ke-20, wilayah Palestina telah menjadi sumber konflik antara orang-orang Arab Palestina dan orang-orang Yahudi Zionis. Palestina pada awalnya adalah bagian dari Daulah Islamiyah di bawah

The COVID-19 pandemic (and its aftermath) highlights a critical need to communicate health information effectively to the global public. Given that subtle differences in information framing can have meaningful effects on behavior, behavioral science research highlights a pressing question: Is it more effective to frame COVID-19 health messages in terms of potential losses (e.g., “If you do not practice these steps, you can endanger yourself and others”) or potential gains (e.g., “If you practice these steps, you can protect yourself and others”)? Collecting data in 48 languages from 15,929 participants in 84 countries, we experimentally tested the effects of message framing on COVID-19-related judgments, intentions, and feelings. Loss- (vs. gain-) framed messages increased self-reported anxiety among participants cross-nationally with little-to-no impact on policy attitudes, behavioral intentions, or information seeking relevant to pandemic risks. These results were consistent acros...

The COVID-19 pandemic (and its aftermath) highlights a critical need to communicate health information effectively to the global public. Given that subtle differences in information framing can have meaningful effects on behavior, behavioral science research highlights a pressing question: Is it more effective to frame COVID-19 health messages in terms of potential losses (e.g., “If you do not practice these steps, you can endanger yourself and others”) or potential gains (e.g., “If you practice these steps, you can protect yourself and others”)? Collecting data in 48 languages from 15,929 participants in 84 countries, we experimentally tested the effects of message framing on COVID-19-related judgments, intentions, and feelings. Loss- (vs. gain-) framed messages increased self-reported anxiety among participants cross-nationally with little-to-no impact on policy attitudes, behavioral intentions, or information seeking relevant to pandemic risks. These results were consistent acros...

for their invaluable comments and assistance on the project. We also thank Steve Goss and Steve McKay of SSA for their guidance. The opinions and conclusions expressed herein are solely those of the authors and do not represent the opinions or policy of SSA, any agency of the Federal Government, the National Bureau of Economic Research, or any other institution with which the authors are affiliated. NBER working papers are circulated for discussion and comment purposes. They have not been peerreviewed or been subject to the review by the NBER Board of Directors that accompanies official NBER publications.