Genetically Modified Foods

Background: Digital identity systems are increasingly promoted as infrastructures for legal recognition, public-service delivery, financial inclusion, fraud reduction, security, and digital transformation. Recent global policy discourse treats identity, payments, and data exchange as foundational layers of digital public infrastructure. Yet when legal identity, biometric verification, welfare delivery, mobile connectivity, banking, health systems, education, travel, programmable payments, and AI-mediated governance converge, identity can become a gatekeeping layer for social participation. Aim: This article develops a Christian social-epistemological and policy analysis of emerging digital identity infrastructures, examining them neither as neutral administrative tools nor as automatically apocalyptic technologies, but as socio-technical systems with documented benefits, risks, mechanisms, and theological significance. Method: The study employs a secondary-data qualitative design combining comparative documentary analysis, critical realist synthesis, policy analysis, conceptual analysis, and biblical-theological reflection. It draws on peer-reviewed scholarship, official policy documents, legal texts, institutional reports, human-rights analyses, and credible datasets on digital identity, biometric governance, digital public infrastructure, surveillance, data justice, and human rights. Findings: The analysis shows that digital identity can support recognition, welfare access, portability, financial inclusion, and rights protection, especially where persons lack official proof of identity. However, when safeguards are weak or alternatives absent, digital identity can also intensify exclusion, surveillance capacity, function creep, vendor dependency, cybersecurity exposure, data concentration, and conditional access. The article applies a ten-level layered discernment model that distinguishes verified evidence, documented patterns, plausible inference, contested interpretation, and biblical-theological discernment. Contribution: The article contributes to digital governance, Christian ethics, surveillance studies, and public theology by framing digital identity as identity-mediated governance infrastructure. It proposes a disciplined framework for evaluating such systems through human dignity, conscience, accountability, proportionality, data justice, and eschatological restraint, arguing that Christian critique must avoid both technocratic optimism and fear-driven speculation.

The precautionary principle has become an influential doctrine in public health and environmental regulation, functioning as a guiding rationale for action in the face of scientific uncertainty. It embodies the notion that lack of complete scientific certainty should not justify postponing measures to prevent serious or irreversible harm. While this principle plays a critical role in safeguarding public and environmental health, its application entails legal, scientific, and ethical complexities that vary across jurisdictions and regulatory contexts.

Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) allows efficient biological confinement of transgenes if pollen-mediated gene flow has to be reduced or eliminated. For introduction of CMS maize in agricultural practice, sufficient yields comparable with conventional systems should be achieved. The plus-cultivar-system in maize offers a possibility for biological confinement together with high and stable yields whereas pollinator amount and distribution within the CMS crop is crucial. The aim of this EU-funded study was to identify the best proportion (10, 15, and 20%) and spatial arrangement (inserted rows, mixed seeds) of the pollinator within the CMS maize cultivar under field conditions in the Czech Republic, in Germany and in Spain. In Germany and in the Czech Republic, a pollinator proportion of 10% produced significantly lower yield than the treatments with a pollinator proportion of 15% and 20%. Differences in yield between row and mix arrangements were not detected. No differences between ...

The composite flours were analyzed for their composition. Rice and potato flours were incorporated into wheat flour at flour replacement levels of 0, 10, 15 and 20%. The noodles were prepared incorporating other ingredients as per standard procedures. The control noodle sample and the samples with increasing levels of rice and potato flours in the formulation increased ash, starch, crude fiber and total carbohydrate (by difference) contents but decreased the protein level. On the other hand, control noodles with 100% wheat flour had lower moisture, higher fat content and calories (per 100 g) than composite flour noodles. But incorporating increasing level of 10, 15 and 20% rice flour and 10, 15 and 20% potato flour, the moisture content decreased but fat content and calories (per 100 g) increased. The cooking time of composite flour noodles was lower than that of control sample containing 100% wheat flour. Incorporation of 0, 10, 15 and 20% rice flour and 0, 10, 15 and 20% of potato flours, the water absorption and volume of cooked product increased but solid loss in cooking water decreased.  Studies on the shelf life of dried noodles packed in polythene bags showed no remarkable change in mold growth, texture and flavor but free fatty acid value and peroxide value increased slightly

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is an important food and cash crop grown by many farmers in Uganda, especially in the highland regions of western and eastern Uganda. However, post-harvest losses due to the high proportion of rejected small size potatoes are a major hindrance to profit maximization among farmers. The study assessed the potential of valorizing the small unmarketable potatoes into value added food products to reduce postharvest losses and improve farmers' incomes. Flour and soup powders processed from the small potatoes through boiling, steaming, drying, and milling were profiled for proximate composition, sensory and functional properties. The results revealed no significant differences (p>0.05) in the proximate composition between flour of small and large potatoes. Soup prepared using 100g of instant flour from small potatoes contributed 19.2, 26.7, 13.8, 9.16 and 10% of the recommended daily intakes for energy, carbohydrates, proteins, fat and fibre, respectively, for women of reproductive age (15-49 years). The soup formulations exhibited excellent reconstitution properties due to their high water solubility index (3.05 -3.80%), swelling capacity (3.70 -4.54%) and water absorption capacity (271.01 -652.37%). Sensory evaluation results showed that soups prepared from the small potato powders received ratings between 7 (like

Protein malnutrition remains a significant issue, particularly among toddlers, leading to stunted and wasted growth. Channa striata (snakehead fish), a proteinrich freshwater fish widely available in Indonesia, presents a potential solution. This study aimed to analyze the effect of snakehead fish flour substitution on physicochemical characteristics of wet and instant noodles. Wet and instant noodles were prepared by substituting up to 10% of wheat flour with snakehead fish flour. The physicochemical properties, including yield, water absorption, moisture content, texture, protein, and amino acid composition, were then analyzed. The results showed that fortification with snakehead fish flour did not significantly affect the yield, water absorption, moisture content, or texture of the noodles. However, instant noodles, regardless of substitution level, exhibited lower yield and higher water absorption compared to wet noodles, which was mainly attributed to structural changes during the frying process. Notably, protein and amino acid content significantly increased in noodles with snakehead fish flour substitution compared to the control. These findings suggest that incorporating snakehead fish flour into noodle products can enhance their nutritional profile, offering a practical solution to overcome protein malnutrition in toddlers.

When assessing the benefits and risks of transgenic crops, one consideration is their relative effects on non-target arthropod (NTA) abundance and functions within agroecosystems. Several laboratory and field trials have been conducted in Spain since the late 1990s to assess this issue. A consideration in the design of field trials is whether it is necessary to sample most NTAs living in the crop or only representative taxa that perform main ecological functions and have a good capacity to detect small changes in their abundance. Small changes in the field abundance of an effective representative taxon should be detectable using standard experimental protocols. The ability of a species to reveal differences across treatments may be analysed by examining the detectable treatment effects for surveyed non-target organisms. Analysis of data from several NTAs recorded in 14 field trials conducted over 10 years using complete block designs allowed us to select a number of representative t...

September 4, 2017: Looking back on my sent emails, I enrolled that morning in an undergraduate organic chemistry course. is opportunity was made possible by a generous New Directions Fellowship from the Mellon Foundation. Over sixteen months I sweated through twenty-four toxicology and environmental epidemiology courses to infuse more scienti7c rigor into my passion for environmental justice. I wanted to understand how and why C = H B NO ? P almost took my life. Or was the culprit C B H @ Cl O = ? Or perhaps something else entirely, like C H ? e next month, while slogging through problem sets on chirality, I discovered my daughter's school district was violating state laws by spraying indoors during school hours a pesticide banned by the European Union. rough public records requests and some cross-sleuthing at the county agricultural commission, I uncovered evidence that for years the school district had failed to report to the state or notify parents about their other monthly habit of blitzing school 7elds with Monsanto's Roundup. Hell hath no fury like a cancer survivor whose daughter was being exposed to herbicides and insecticides during lunch and recess. rough grassroots xx 5, 02# organizing on this and other issues, we mothers compelled a school district in a town where Monsanto is a major employer to become one of the 7rst in the United States to ban the use of Roundup on school property. Although the school board trustees initially ignored the mothers' concerns, the board quickly changed its policy a;er Dewayne "Lee" Johnson's pathbreaking lawsuit against Monsanto. ? Johnson's lawyers saw the potential for 7ling lawsuits on the West Coast a;er California's 52 7led a public notice of intent on September 4, 2015, to add glyphosate (Roundup's active ingredient) to the Proposition 65 list of carcinogens. A groundskeeper for the Benicia School District, located about an hour from my home, Johnson proved himself to be an ideal plainti:. @ He had developed a terminal and particularly painful cutaneous lymphoma a;er accidentally soaking himself while on the job with Ranger Pro, which is a slightly more diluted form of glyphosate than Roundup. When he called Monsanto's consumer hotline, a corporate employee took detailed notes, promised to collect information for him, then never called him back. So, he continued spraying the herbicide even as his health deteriorated. A During the trial Johnson's lawyers showed that Monsanto had ghostwritten numerous "scienti7c" articles presenting false safety data about Roundup. In a stunning victory in August 2018, a California jury ruled that Monsanto had willfully hidden evidence from regulators about the hazards of its signature herbicide. e jury ordered Monsanto to pay $289 million in penalties and compensation to Mr. Johnson. B Yet almost 99 percent of the US public has Roundup circulating, involuntarily, in our bloodstreams. Children o;en have higher levels of this herbicide per unit of body weight. C Curious about where on the spectrum my daughter and I might sit, I submitted our urine samples for testing in 2020. Although she had almost always eaten organic food in my home, and the school district is no longer spraying Roundup, my child still had more than twice the amount of glyphosate (per billion blood parts) as me. How could this be? And what are the implications for her lifelong health? Beyond cancer, the more we learn about Roundup, the more disturbing the research is. Roundup is now linked with obesity, in?ammation, diabetes, Native American food sovereignty leader Winona LaDuke (Anishinaabe) once related how her father challenged her to walk the walk by saying, "You know, Winona, you're a really smart young woman, but I don't want to hear your philosophy if you can't grow corn" ("Seeds of Our Ancestors, Seeds of Life," . x Talks, 2012). My father shared similar folksy wisdom with me. He was the eldest of a large family that sharecropped or rented farmland in Iowa. At college was the 7rst time he had an indoor toilet. His family was dirt poor but always had a home garden, a tradition he continued when he became a father. A;er retirement, he and my mother then farmed a couple of acres on her family's homeplace in northwest Alabama. With a cat7sh pond, timber, fruit trees and berry bushes, beehives, and a summer garden, they were remarkably self-su cient. From my mama's consistent cooking I enjoyed many homemade dishes of corn. My big brother, Tim, supplied corn jokes and guided my love for the lyrical wisdom of Broadway musicals (especially Stephen Sondheim's verse "Greens, greens, nothing but greens" from Into the Woods that inspired parts of the conclusion). I am grateful to have grown up with him on the southern vegetable meals our mama made from scratch: they typically consisted of peas, cornbread, turnip or mustard greens with pepper sauce, skillet-fried squash or okra, creamed corn, and fresh tomatoes on the side. So, when I moved to Guatemala, I felt at home with Mesoamerican cuisine of black beans, tortillas, 7eld greens, and fresh salsas. For their summer garden Mama started her seeds in old yogurt containers and Daddy kept track of other inputs: fertilizer, a few store-bought seeds (since mostly he saved or traded local seeds with relatives), and, despite my objections, some occasional pesticides. He usually spent about one hundred dollars a season. When the garden harvest came in, he would relish the 7rst xxiv 2# &/16 4 &.-

Palatability of the infant formulas lacking cow milk protein formulas is reported by parents to be an important drawback. The purpose of this study is to examine decisions made by mothers of infants having cow milk protein allergy, and physicians concerning the palatability of unflavored extensively hydrolyzed formulas and amino acid-based formulas. We conducted a multi-center, randomized, single-blinded, observational taste study involving 149 pediatricians from gastroenterology and allergy subspecialties at 14 tertiary healthcare units from different regions of Turkey and involving 94 mothers of infants with cow milk protein allergy. Blinding was performed for seven formulas available in the market, which were the most commonly prescribed for feeding: four AAFs (Neocate-Numil®, Aptamil Pregomin AS-Numil®, Alfamino-Nestle®, Comidagen-Mamma®), one AAF specifically designed to address the growing nutritional and lifestyle needs of children >1 year (Neocate Junior-Numil®), 2 eHFs (...

Background: Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) already claim more than 40 million lives annually and are now emerging in adolescence and early adulthood, a trend not fully explained by ageing or lifestyle alone. Objectives: This study evaluated whether chemically treated water, industrialised food systems, and pharmaco-centric healthcare converge into a single exposome that accelerates early-onset NCDs and neurocognitive decline while tacitly advancing long-standing depopulation ideologies nurtured by clandestine policy networks. Methods: Evidence from 1990–2025 toxicological and epidemiological meta-analyses, WHO and Global Burden of Disease datasets, and declassified governmental and corporate archives was triangulated. A text-mining pipeline guided study selection; random-effects models generated pooled risk estimates; causal-loop diagramming mapped feedbacks among exposure, regulation, and disease. Results: High-quartile trihalomethanes in drinking water, intensive pesticide and ultra-processed-food intake, and polypharmacy of five or more drugs were each associated with 20–58 percent increases in youth-onset metabolic syndrome, cognitive impairment, and site-specific cancers. Composite exposure indices explained 43 percent of the variance in 25–49-year DALYs after GDP adjustment. Historical review uncovered recurring eugenic and technocratic incentives, ranging from Project Coast’s covert anti-fertility experiments to suppressed PFAS toxicity dossiers, delineating a century-long blueprint to modulate fertility and morbidity curves. Conclusions: The water–food–drug exposome functions as a synergistic low-dose toxic matrix that is shifting the global NCD burden leftward and inadvertently furthering depopulation-oriented objectives. Effective mitigation requires mixture-aware regulation, non-chlorine disinfection, agro-ecological farming, and prescription policies that limit metabolic externalities. Integrating exposomic science with historical-ethical analysis can realign public-health policy with the integrity of created biological design.

Background: Genetically modified foods (GMFs) are thought to answer global food security concerns. Current disasters, wars, climate change and various other factors have affected food supply chains in developed and developing countries, further heightening the emphasis on food security. In developing countries financial, social and environmental constraints weigh down consumer food choices. Studies have provided reasons for the slow uptake and purchase of GMFs but have not explored the role consumer beliefs play in the purchase and consumption of GMFs. To understand this better, the study aimed to explore the beneficial and concerned beliefs that drive the intention to purchase GMFs from South African consumers. Methods: A qualitative study framed within a constructivist paradigm was conducted using a phenomenological, exploratory, and descriptive research design to gather data through online semi-structured interviews from 32 purposefully and conveniently snowballed selected participants who were aware of GMFs and resided in the KwaZulu Natal Midlands, South Africa. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the verbatim transcribed data resulting in thematic saturation of the relevant themes emerging from the data. Trustworthiness principles were applied to the study design and data analysis. Findings: Findings suggest that consumer beneficial beliefs resemble a self-centred approach of personal and direct gains consumers could receive from GMFs. Self-centred financial gains from GMFs' lower price points and longer shelf life, were purchasing intent drivers. Production beneficial and concerned beliefs were not found to drive GMFs purchase intent. Conclusions: The study revealed that specific GMFs benefits matter more to consumers than others. These benefits bring a financial reward that directly affects the consumer. Genetically modified food purchases can be stimulated by addressing personal gains consumers will receive. In developing countries, where cash-strapped consumers may personally benefit from GMFs purchases and consumption, food security can effectively be addressed. Consumers' self-centred gains offer GMFs a better chance of being used for what they were developed for and doing good, where it is needed.

Over 800 million people live on the verge of starvation, and a further 1.2 billion subsist on only $1 a day.' Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) claim to offer a partial solution to this daunting challenge. The present article addresses a number of critical questions raised by this claim: To what extent might GMOs increase food production in developing countries? 2 More specifically, can GMOs help advance sustainable development (SD) 3 and "sustainable agriculture" (SA)? 4 These questions will be investigated within the framework of international environmental law and policy. A number of skeins run through the answers offered in this article. The first among them deals with a brewing trade and environmental conflict. What is at issue here is the extent to which the restrictions on trade in GMOs, or living modified organisms (LMOs) as they are sometimes called, are consistent with SD. The World Trade Organization (WTO) and the Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS Agreement) 5 are part of the General * Professor of Law, University of Colorado at Boulder. I am indebted to Karen Holmes and Kristin Marburg for their research help and to Laura Minna for her editorial suggestions. This article was prepared for the Symposium Sustainable Development, Agriculture, and the Challenge of Genetically Modified Organisms, 9 IND. J. GLOBAL LEGAL STUD. (2000).

Background. Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are escalating across Africa, yet prevailing public-health narratives largely attribute this trend to lifestyle change. Drawing on ecological systems theory, critical medical ecology and post-normal science, this study interrogates under-explored environmental determinants-specifically genetically modified (GM) food chains and chemically treated drinking water-that may be fuelling Africa's NCD burden. Objectives. We (i) synthesised toxicological, epidemiological and socio-political evidence on pesticide-laden GM crops and water disinfection by-products, (ii) contrasted these exposures with conventional lifestyle risk factors, and (iii) evaluated their ethical and theological implications within a Sola Scriptura framework of stewardship and justice. Methods. An integrative review of peer-reviewed literature (2015-2025), official datasets and policy reports assessed mixture-level exposures and chronic-disease outcomes. Studies were critically appraised for methodological quality and relevance to African contexts; findings were thematically organised and interpreted through an exposome lens. Results. Multiple animal and human studies link chronic ingestion of glyphosate-based herbicides, Bt proteins, trihalomethanes, PFAS and heavy metals to cancers, diabetes, endocrine disruption and organ failure. In African settings, water chloroform levels frequently exceed WHO guidelines, and GM-crop adoption coincides with rising pesticide residues in staple foods. These exposures interact with, and sometimes outweigh, behavioural risk factors, revealing a syndemic pattern of NCD causation that current policies overlook. Conclusions. Invisible toxics in Africa's food and water systems constitute neglected yet modifiable drivers of NCDs. Reframing prevention demands precautionary regulation of agro-chemicals and water treatment, investment in mixture-aware monitoring, and ethically grounded public engagement. Integrating environmental safeguards with lifestyle interventions could decisively curb Africa's emerging NCD epidemic. Beyond biomedical determinants, this study also interrogates whether contemporary global-governance structures guiding African food and water policy echo strategic blueprints long attributed-rightly or wrongly-to early twentieth-century conspiracy texts such as the Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion and later codifications like John Coleman's '21 Goals of the Illuminati,' thereby raising fresh questions about power, sovereignty, and public health stewardship.

This paper reports results from a U.S. national telephone survey on genetically modified foods. The objectives of this paper are to determine the effect of "indifference" response on the estimate of willingness to pay and to test the assumption of common marginal utility of income among respondents.

İslam hüququ nöqteyi-nəzərindən genetik modifikasiya olunmuş (GMO) orqanizmlər Xülasə Dünya əhalisinin sürətlə artması və ərzaq qıtlığı kimi problemlər dünya ölkələrini ərzaq təhlükəsizliyi haqqında tədbirlər görməyə təşviq edir. Müasir biotexnolojı metodlar vasitəsilə artıq genetik modifikasiya olunmuş məhsulların əldə edilməsi mümkündür. Bu texnologiya vasitəsilə əldə edilən genetik modifikasiya olunmuş orqanizmlər qida təhlükəsizliyi probleminin aradan qaldırılmasının həll yollarından biri olaraq təqdim edilmişdir. Buna rəğmən, dünya bazarına çıxarıldığı gündən etibarən genetik modifikasiya olunmuş məhsulların istehsal və istehlakı əxlaqi, tibbi və dini cəhətlərdən müzakirələrə səbəb olmuşdur. Heç şübhə yoxdur ki, genetik modifikasiya olunmuş məhsullar halallıq və haramlıq baxımından İslam hüquqşünaslarının da nəzər-diqqətini cəlb etmişdir. Bu məqalədə genetik modifikasiya olunmuş məhsullar və onların istehlakı İslam dini nöqteyi-nəzərindən müzakirə ediləcəkdir.

Wine vinegar is often used in the preparation of food in most hotels and restaurants. Issues in the usage of wine vinegar arise due to the formation of liquor in its production process. Malaysia and Indonesia have recpectively issued different fatwa on this issue, causing confusion to industry players and consumers. This research discusses the ruling (hukm) of the usage of wine vinegar and attempts at analyzing the differences in the fatwas issued by both countries. To achieve the objectives of this study, the library research and field studies methodologies were undertaken. This study finds that Malaysia is in the view that wine vinegar is permissible if the substance changed naturally from wine to vinegar. However, the fatwa holds that wine vinegar is prohibited if it is produced by using external substance. Malaysia is predominantly attached to the Shafi'i school of thought and thus put the stringent conditions in

O texto mostra a evolução recente da biotecnologia agrícola, sua situação no Brasil atual, e faz um balanço de seus impactos econômicos e sociais. Chama atenção para o fato de esta tecnologia ter passado rapidamente do estágio de ciência para o de inovação, com impactos significativos na economia nacional.

The cultivation of cotton in Tamil Nadu has evolved significantly with the adoption of Bt cotton and the continued promotion of State Agricultural University (SAU) cotton varieties. This article explores and compares the key marketing and cultivation challenges faced by farmers cultivating these two types of cotton. Using primary data collected from selected districts and analyzed with statistical tools such as the Friedman test, the study highlights issues such as pest resistance, input cost burden, seed accessibility, and market volatility. The results indicate that while Bt cotton offers yield advantages, it also introduces challenges related to sustainability and input dependency. SAU varieties, though ecofriendlier and more cost-effective, lack competitive market incentives. The study concludes with recommendations for policy interventions aimed at strengthening farmer support systems, enhancing market access, and promoting balanced varietal adoption in cotton farming.

The Sanitary and Phytosanitary Agreement of 1992, which is a part of the WTO legal regime, in order to ensure augment international trade in GMOs, provides for ensuring their safety so that they could be acceptable in international market, i.e. it prescribes for a kind of precautionary principle, which is supposed to be adhered to by the WTO Member States. This is well in practice. But some jurists and environmentalists find it trade friendly, which can be detrimental to human health and the environment. Moreover, states, which produce GMOs, like to introduce it quickly; and for that, they perform some kind of risk assessment, which were not be acceptable to some importing countries. This resulted in disputes, which were ultimately resolve, in most of the cases in favour of international trade rather than protection of the environment or ensuring human health, except for where the harm was eminent. Keeping this in mind, the paper conducts a critical appraisal of the PP provisions of the SPS Agreement and offers certain amicable suggestions for improvement on the existing provisions.

The emergence of genetically modified plants, in Europe, led to important debates and particularly about the consumption of genetically modified foods. In this context, many researches try to explain consumer's opposition to GMO in Europe. Different authors puts forward the notion of trust as determining to define the position of individuals in a context of incertitude, in the debate about the GMOs use in agriculture. Because as in the present case we could fear the simultaneity of decisions (trust and different types of opposition), we have to take into account this endogeneity risks. With data from a European Survey (the Eurobarometer), multivariate probit was used to specify the importance of trust in the various organizations involved in the public debate on the acceptance of (and the resistance to) genetically modified foods on behalf of the "ordinary citizens".

This research investigated the depth of public knowledge on genetically modified food products,  and  further  explored  their  understanding  of  the  underlining  socioenvironmental  and  public  health  benefits  of  GM  food  products  within  the  sociodemographic indices. To achieve this goal, 369 respondents were recruited through a convenience  sampling  method  in  Victoria  Island,  Lagos,  Nigeria  and  data  were gathered  using  a  structured  questionnaire.  The  target  population  for  this  study comprised "employed adults either residing or working" on Victoria Island, Lagos. The results showed that the majority of respondents (n=232, 62.9%) were knowledgeable about GM foods and their associated issues. However, many believed that people in their  neighborhood  or  community  were  not  well-informed  on  the  topic.  However, awareness  on  GM  foods  and  associated  concerns  may  be  associated  with socio-demographic factors such as marital status and education (P<0.01). The majority of respondents were well-informed and had an understanding of the environmental and health advantages of GM foods. In fact, about 61.8% believed that GM food production could sustainably decrease the reliance on chemical pesticides, fertilizers, and other energy inputs, along with their ecological impacts. Most respondents did not feel that purchasing or consuming GM foods conflicted with their beliefs or would affect their food choices. This study recommends that the government should actively educate the public  on  the  ecological  and  health  benefits  of GM  foods  and  address  any  safety concerns. Furthermore, the government should implement strict border controls and food labeling for GM products to safeguard consumer rights arising from the preference
for the consumption of organic foods. Additionally, sufficient techni cal and financial assistance should be provided to farmers who subscribe to the organic seeds program for bolstering national food security.

A few studies have reported some of the costs associated with bringing to market genetically-modified (GM) crops but no comprehensive studies exist on the real cost of the entire process of developing and releasing one GM variety by a not-for-profit institution in a developing country for sustainable agriculture. Despite the lack of documented studies, it is commonly assumed that such an undertaking is cost prohibitive, based on mere hearsay, and on two private sector cost assessments. The present study assesses the costs and the time expenditures to two not-for-profit programs, one lead by CIP and the other by Cornell University, of developing a late blight resistant (LBr) potato variety for release in one developing country. CIP's costs run to $1.6 million over eight years, while Cornell's costs amount to $1.4 million over nine years. Exogenous disturbances might result in insignificant increases in cost, but can increase time expenditure significantly. A sensitivity analysis revealed that the total cost is markedly influenced by technical parameters determining the production and identification of the pre-commercial LBr transgenic event.

Vitamin A, C and some minerals were analysed in five (5) different samples of wheat flour that are commonly found in Kano metropolis. Out of the five samples only Golden penny were found with the lowest concentration of Vitamin A content, all the rest are within the normal range(375 - 1300µg/kg). The Vitamin C content in the five (5) wheat flour samples showed that Supreme had lowest concentration of vitamin C(13.80mg/kg) and Golden penny had the highest (92.40mg/kg), the rest are within the normal range(30 - 95mg/kg). The concentration of Zn is significantly higher in Honey well(4.50mg/kg) and Dangote(4.33mg/kg) then the rest. The concentration of Cu is higher in Golden penny(0.59mg/kg) and BUA(0.42mg/kg), the rest are below the range. Higher concentration of Fe in Golden penny(3.72mg/kg) and Honey well (3.12mg/kg)then the rest. Higher concentration of Mg in Golden penny (30.08mg/kg) and BUA (29.96mg/kg). The concentration of Na , K, Ca, Mn, was higher in Golden penny then the othe...

A presente brochura apresenta os principais materiais pedagogicos tecnicos da area de extensao do projecto de relance da producao agricola na regiao Sul de Cabo Delgado. Sao guioes e fichas tecnicas que visam apoiar os enquadradores, chefes de zona., assistentes de associacoes e animadores na nobre tarefa de formacao de produtores, na promocao e acompanhamento de associacoes. Para nos. os documentos em referencia foram concebidos para facilitar a preparacao e animacao de sessoes de formacao aos produtores dai que teve em consideracao as limitacoes de caracter academico da maioria dos monitores bem como dos beneficiarios. Fazem parte da lista de documentos desta brochura. urna descricao exaustiva dos principais temas de formacao na cultura de algodao. a conservacao pos-colheita, a organizacao associativa e o programa piloto de alfabetizacao funcional. Como conteudo, os guioes comportam: a definicao dos objectivos (gerais e especificos) que se pretendem alcancar com as formacoes, o it...

Fish cake with the local name as pempek, is one of traditional foods from south Sumatra, Indonesia. The main ingredients in pempek include minced fish meat and tapioca. The large portion of tapioca in the pempek’s dough resulted in the texture of pempek is firming during storage. Modification of tapioca was conducted to retard the firming texture of pempek. This research focused on the sensory evaluation of the pempek with the addition of modified tapioca. The selected modification methods included microwave, ultrasonic, and combination of microwave and ultrasonic methods. There were 50 panelists to judge the preferences on the texture, color, taste and appearance of pempek based on the hedonic scores of 1 (dislike), 2 (like moderately), 3 (like extremely). Results showed that the addition of modified tapioca significantly affected the texture, color, and taste of pempek. The most preferred treatment was found to be pempek with the addition of tapioca modified by combination of micr...

The mock debate was presented to introduce the theme and structure of the upcoming workshop sessions to the assembly of NABC 2001 attendees. The participants were: • Moderator, Ralph Hardy, NABC President • The affirmative team, both portrayed by Mary Ann Smith -Professor Norton, land grant university faculty member and proponent of GM technology, -Ms. Braun, corporate representative for a major biotech firm, and proponent of GM technology • The negative team, both portrayed by Colin Scanes -An incognito aristocratic English gentleman/organic farmer, and opponent of GM technology -Damon Proudon, founder of an anti-technology activist group, and opponent of GM technology

The Great Agricultural Biotechnology Debates: Outcomes from the Workshops MARY ANN LILA SMITH University of Illinois, Urbana, IL COLIN SCANES Iowa ... The topic resolution for the debates was: Be it resolved: that GM technology is a sound and safe innovation, and should ...

Cuttlefish is one of the most economically important cephalopods with rich taste and few inedible parts. The study was aimed at evaluating the nutrient, non-nutrients, free fatty acid and cholesterol compositions and functional properties of raw and processed Sepia officinalis using standard methods. Moisture and raw protein in raw sample of the cuttlefish were significantly higher (𝑃&lt; 0.05) than in processed samples. Raw fat showed significant differences with fried sample having highest value (22.39±0.54 %) to raw (16.24±0.10 %) and boiled samples (4.09±1.42 %). Raw sample contained more ash with highest mg/100g levels of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, iron and manganese. Processed cuttlefish registered significant reduction in levels of trypsin inhibitor, phytate and oxalate compared to the raw. Raw protein of fried cuttlefish exhibited positive relationships with all the non-nutritionalfactors while total ash only showed positive relationships with phytate (𝑟 = 0.998) and tr...

Religion, particularly Islam, plays an important role in lifestyle as well as in shaping cultural beliefs, including the teachings on consumption ethics. This ethics is based on the Sharīʿah—which is derived from the Qurʾān and the Sunnah by Muslim jurists—and is aimed at avoiding plagues and ensuring health security. Accordingly, this article discusses some lessons on Islamic ethics regarding the consumption and hunting of wild animals for food. A scholar of Islamic jurisprudence, Shaykh Muḥammad Arshad al-Banjārī (1710–1812), authored a work on fiqh entitled Sabīl al-Muhtadīn li al-Tafaqquh fī Amr al-Dīn (The Way of the Rightly Guided People in Mastering the Commandment of Religion) which has successfully managed to enjoin people to protect many species of wildlife in the Malay World, particularly, and in the larger region of South East Asia generally. A list of around 627 species from four major animal orders in Indonesia are listed as the following: primates, carnivores, reptiles, and amphibians—all of which are prohibited from being consumed and hunted by Muslims. They include important varieties of species the populations of which are decreasing, for example: numerous species of monkeys, bats, pangolins, tigers, and many more which are mentioned in al-Banjārī’s work. The work, thus, has helped conserve the said species of wild animals that are still present predominantly in the areas where the Muslim populations reside. If this consumption ethics can be shared with the rest of the world, it could contribute to the conservation of nature.

For full article please visit: https://tafhim.ikim.gov.my/index.php/tafhim/article/view/224

Banana chips are very common snacks like potato chips, all over the world. These are produced by deep frying in edible oil which are then either plain salted or spiced before packaging. The primary packaging of the chips depends on the desired shelf life of the products. If these are sold fast, then normally these are packed in polyethylene bags or poly propylene bags, heat sealed and sold. The oxygen from the trapped air do not generate fatty acid peroxides to the extent, which could be harmful to human health, nor does the moisture in the trapped air alter the texture of the chips inside. However, the free fatty acid content of the cooking oil also plays an important role, in making the products safe at the same time extending the shelf life a bit longer than usual. In this study the 2 edible oils used were refined sunflower oil and palmolein. The chips were crispier for 45 days (total shelf life checked was 60 days) when fried in sunflower oil than in palm oil, when packed in low...

Consumption of noodles in the world is always increasing. Noodles made from wheat flour are unhealthy because they cause diabetes, so alternative noodles are needed, such as modified cassava flour and seaweed. Modification cassava is used because it does not contain gluten and seaweed has nutritional value to make healthy, low-calorie noodles. The purpose of this study was to determine the temperature and time of the drying parameters of seaweed noodles. The drying method uses an oven with variable temperature (60, 70, 80, and 90 ℃) and drying time (2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 hours). The results of the study obtained optimal water content at 60 ℃ with 6 hours of 11.75%. The drying kinetics evaluated by logarithmic equation, optimal drying constant value at 80 ℃ of 0.67 h-1 with R2 0.9391. Effective moisture diffusivity (Deff) maximum evaluated by second Fick law obtained 9.35×10 7 m 2 /sec at temperature 90 ℃ with R2=0.9227. The proximate value of ash content is 12.11%, protein is 9.46%, lipid is 0.10%, and carbohydrates is 65.08%.

Wheat flour commonly used in making noodles is rich in starch but poor in protein and fiber. Wheat flour substituted with soybean and carrot pomace flours were used to produce instant fried noodles. Soybean is high in protein while carrot pomace is rich in dietary fiber. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of substituting wheat flour with soybean and carrot pomace flour on the physicochemical, cooking and sensory properties of instant fried noodles. Four flour blends in ratios of 100:0:0, 80:15:5, 70:20:10, 60:25:15 wheat, soybean and carrot pomace flour respectively were prepared. The results indicated a significant difference (P<0.05) in protein and crude fiber content of the noodles made from the flour blends. The cooking loss and water absorption increased with increase in the amount of substituted soybean and carrot pomace flour. There was no significant difference in the tensile strength among noodles. However, breaking length of the noodles decreased with increase in replacement of soybean and carrot pomace flour. The noodles decreased in brightness with increased carrot pomace substitution. Noodles made from 80% wheat flour, 15% soybean flour and 5% carrot pomace were the most preferred by the sensory panelist. Incorporation of soybean flour and carrot pomace flour improved the nutritional quality and sensory attributes of the instant fried noodles.

The present study involved the processing and testing of two formulations of mango doughnuts. The mango pulp formulations were combined either with maize or rice flour. The dough from both formulations was fried in immersion oil using a gas-fueled fritter and a crepe maker in controlled conditions. Levels of moisture, titrable acidity, total ash, fat, proteins, total sugars and beta-carotene were determined for the dough and for the mango doughnuts by using physicochemical standard methods. Sensory evaluation of the end-products with respect to aroma, color, taste and texture were performed. Results showed that the moisture contents of mango doughnuts obtained using the gas fryer which contained maize (DMMgf) or rice (DMRgf) flour were significantly lower than the same formulations obtained using the crepe maker (DMMcm, DMRcm). The highest fat contents for the DMRgf and DMMgf doughnuts were 25.34 and 29.78%, respectively. The beta-carotene contents of the doughnuts fried with the crepe maker (110.32 and 107.92 µg/100 g) were significantly higher than those doughnut fried with the gas fryer (90.91 and 85.49 µg/100 g). The yellow color of the DMRcm formulation was found to be very attractive by 70% of the tasters. In contrast, the DMMcm sample was found to be fairly attractive by 56.70% of the tasters. This method of processing mangos into doughnuts is convenient, requiring only common household equipment. The product is an innovative way of utilizing and adding value to over-ripe mango fruit, to reduce post-harvest loss and increase food and nutrition security.

Dapatan terdahulu telah menunjukkan pengetahuan ialah satu daripada elemen tanggungjawab manusia. Kaitan antara pengetahuan dan tanggungjawab telah terbukti dengan penjelasan kerangka dalam pemikiran Islam dan undang-undang Islam. Objektif utama makalah ini adalah untuk memahami asas pengetahuan dalam agama Islam dan mengenal pasti justifikasi pengetahuan yang dapat mengesahkan tanggungjawab manusia. Kajian ini menggunakan penulisan klasik dan terkini dalam pelbagai disiplin terutamanya dalam pemikiran dan undang-undang Islam. Metode kajian yang digunakan ialah kaedah induktif untuk memahami pandang para cendekiawan Islam terhadap tanggungjawab pengetahuan, kaedah deduktif juga digunakan untuk mengumumkan pandangan-pandangan ini dan mengenal pasti prinsip Islam berkaitan tanggungjawab pengetahuan. Di samping itu juga, kajian ini memberi tumpuan pada kaedah perbandingan dengan membandingkan pelbagai pandangan agar dapat melihat persamaan dan perbezaan dalam kalangan cendekiawan Islam...

Fried foods occupy a large portion of the fast-food market. However, growing consumer health awareness is driving research to minimize the oil content of products. The use of specific barriers such as hydrocolloid coatings can avoid high oil absorption. Herein, the physicochemical characteristics of banana fruit cultivars and the effects of hydrocolloid coatings on the quality attributes of banana chips were evaluated. The unripe fruits were analyzed for length, diameter, mass, pulp/peel ratio, firmness, and color. The pulps were analyzed for moisture, total and reducing sugars, crude fat, total soluble solids, pH, titratable acidity, and maturation index. Pulp slices were coated before frying with four hydrocolloid solutions: guar gum, carboxymethylcellulose, sodium alginate, and maltodextrin. The fruits of the cultivar BRS Platina were larger, with a more yellowish pulp and those of FHIA 18 had smaller lengths and diameters. After frying, higher moisture losses were observed in th...

Traditionally, method of producing pounded yam by pounding cooked yam using pestle and mortar is time and labour consuming, thus discouraging consumption of the food among urban elite. Conversion of yam tubers to instant-pounded yam flour requires quantifiable magnitudes. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine energy conservation potentials of the established three instant-pounded yam flour methods of production. Data were collected from nine instant-pounded yam flour producing factory using structured questionnaires, oral interview, and direct measurement of processing parameters. The data were fit into standard equations to estimate energy demand. Energy required for processing 1000 kg of yam to instant-pounded yam flour using cooking method, steaming method and wet-milling methods were 6720.15MJ, 6934.48MJ and 4296.56MJ respectively, equivalent to 6.7 MJ/kg, 6.9 MJ/kg and 4.3 MJ/kg respectively. Energy intensity for peeling, washing, slicing and packaging were 0....

Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) allows efficient biological confinement of transgenes if pollen-mediated gene flow has to be reduced or eliminated. For introduction of CMS maize in agricultural practice, sufficient yields comparable with conventional systems should be achieved. The plus-cultivar-system in maize offers a possibility for biological confinement together with high and stable yields whereas pollinator amount and distribution within the CMS crop is crucial. The aim of this EU-funded study was to identify the best proportion (10, 15, and 20%) and spatial arrangement (inserted rows, mixed seeds) of the pollinator within the CMS maize cultivar under field conditions in the Czech Republic, in Germany and in Spain. In Germany and in the Czech Republic, a pollinator proportion of 10% produced significantly lower yield than the treatments with a pollinator proportion of 15% and 20%. Differences in yield between row and mix arrangements were not detected. No differences between the tested arrangements occurred in Spain. With respect to practical conditions, a pollinator proportion of 15% can be recommended for achieving a satisfactory yield. CMS maize cultivar released no or merely a small amount of pollen and self-pollinated plants developed no or only a small number of kernels indicating that currently recommended isolation distances between genetically modified (GM) and non-GM fields can be substantially shortened if the CMS confinement tool is used.

The review focuses on how the protein, fats, carbohydrates and water interact and form the complexes during different stages of processing of instant noodles. Moisture is needed for dough formation and chemical interactions therein. Appropriate moisture content is required for proper gelatinization of noodle strand during steaming and eventually moisture is evaporatedoff by drying and frying to increase its shelf life. Frying oil may undergo degradation process invited by high frying time and temperature, high moisture in oil and polyvalent metals. Various intermediate products like dimers and polymers accelerate the oil degradation finally changing the physiochemical properties of oil rendering it unacceptable for processing. Gliadinand glutenin gives noodle its viscoelastic character. The polymeric glutenin network develops throughout the process of mixing, resting and subsequent stages of sheeting. Protein content and amylose content in noodle are inversely proportional to the oi...

Losses of agricultural produce between harvest and consumption have been estimated at nearly 40% in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), including Nigeria.  The world is facing a confluence of challenges impacting global food security, including climate change, increased input costs, and disruptions to supply chains due both to the recent COVID-19 pandemic and the wars in many countries of the world. It is critical that postharvest losses and waste in agriculture are rapidly minimized at all levels and in all geographies to increase access to food. A General Household Survey of the World Bank, shows that the agriculture sector is the largest employer of labour and income-generating activity in Nigeria. The initial stage of any economy is the agricultural phase, then gradually moves to industry and then to service. Hence, it may be difficult to transit to industry if the agricultural stage is not well managed. Most basic industrial materials come from agriculture and mining. It is confirmed that growth in agriculture is more effective in reducing poverty than growth in other sectors. Hence, this article aimed unveiling the processing technologies and innovations for reducing postharvest losses in Nigeria, to enhance food availability, accessibility and affordability. The article x-rayed the concept, benefits and different types of agricultural processing with focus on local, improved and developed technologies. Different ministries, departments and agencies (MDAs) involved in processing of agricultural/food products were discussed and as well as consideration of factors in the reduction of postharvest losses in Nigeria. Ultimately, greater cohesion and urgency is needed among policymakers, researchers, private industry, sociologists, agro-economists, public sector, local-leaders, among others, to meet this call to action to finally make significant reductions in postharvest losses in Nigeria through concerted efforts and research into postharvest technologies and innovations.