Media Framing

This study used a qualitative research design to examine the ways six chosen Filipino social media influencers framed their Facebook posts regarding various issues and happenings that arose during a specific period in the Duterte presidency. The study is based on the multi-authored Framing Theory, external concepts related to the theory, identification of top Facebook posts by the chosen influencers about various issues during the Duterte presidency, and a content analysis on the way they framed these issues—all of which have led to the surfacing of the top three mostly used techniques by the chosen media influencers in framing their Facebook content: Negative spin, catchphrase, and story. Negative spin, the process of attaching a negative connotation to an issue, person, etc., was seen to be heavily used by pro-Duterte social media influencers. On the other hand, story, the process of presenting content in a narrative, emotional, and appealing manner, was seen to be employed more by anti-Duterte social media influencers. The catchphrase, lastly, was equally employed by both sides in framing their content. The aforementioned techniques, moreover, were seen to have been used to frame issues that are closely attached to government affairs, including the Dengvaxia controversy, New People’s Army (NPA), extrajudicial killings (EJKs), fake news, and the war on drugs.

Adakah media massa di era Reformasi ini yang benar-benar netral ? Benar-benar menyuguhkan kebenaran di atas segala-galanya? Menyuguhkan fakta yang benar-benar murni dan bukan hasil rekayasa? Masih adakah media massa yang benar-benar peduli kepada nilai-nilai hakiki yang diperjuangkan oleh manusia dari jaman ke jaman, dari ke abad?

ahora me digo: mira, el mundo acepta tus golpes, el conductor y la persona que te presentaron permanecieron en silencio cuando tú te alejaste, y el último de ambos incluso te saludó. Pero esto no significa nada. No puedes conseguir nada si te abandonas, pero cuántas cosas desatiendes además dentro de tu círculo. A estas palabras, respondo tan sólo: prefiero dejarme golpear dentro de este círculo, que dar golpes yo mismo fuera de él, pero ¿dónde diablos está este círculo? Hubo una temporada en la que lo veía en el suelo, como marcado con cal; pero ahora anda flotando a mi alrededor, no, ni siquiera flota.

The present study addresses the question if visual framing is a "fractured paradigm". Based on a systematic meta-analytical literature review of research on visual framing, which we consider an increasingly important sub-concept of the broader framing approach, research articles were coded focusing on seven theoretical-based pre-identified categories: 1) reference to (visual) framing theory, 2) definition of (visual) framing, 3) level of framing research, 4) operationalization of visual frames, 5) applied empirical method, 6) examined modalities, and 7) examined media sources. Besides offering an overview of a vivid research field, the results

This study used an international perspective to analyze how newspapers in the United States and China framed a specific global sweatshop issue: a continuous spate of suicides at the Foxconn Technology Group, a major supplier to Apple, Dell, and Hewlett-Packard. Through a quantitative and qualitative analysis of 92 newspaper articles appearing in US and Chinese newspapers, this study found Chinese newspapers framed the suicides mainly as the psychological problems of a young generation rather than a sweatshop issue. Newspapers in the US used a traditional human rights abuser frame to portray the suicides. Foxconn was the main social actor cited in most news coverage. Both the US and Chinese newspapers framed the case as a China-specific problem, ignoring global social justice and world economy aspects. This study contributes more broadly to framing research by developing an approach that is distinctly used for cross-cultural framing studies about a global issue.

A large and growing body of mass media research centers on the concept of "framing." The purpose of this essay is to respond to call for the establishment of a paradigm of news framing research. Drawing on work in the sociology of knowledge, I argue that news framing research operates according to principles of a Lakatosian research program in which researchers employ and refine specific theories in order to generate findings in particular studies about a common core of irrefutable conjectures. In the metatheory developed here, the research program is inclusive of three paradigmatic outlooks, called cognitive, constructionist, and critical, that provide researchers with specific images with which to examine the interaction of media frames and individual-or social-level reality. Thus, contra Entman (1993), I argue that there is not, nor should there be, a single "mended" paradigm of framing research. The research program has benefited the communication discipline by encouraging researchers to use specific theories to progressively explicate a complex process.

This is the final program of BRAFFTV International Conference 2014 held at the University of Toronto from October 23rd to 25th with the focus on Interactive Narratives, New Media and Social Engagement.

How has the digital screen changed our world in general and narrative and visual arts in particular?
    The second edition of the BRAFFTV International Conference was organized by the Department of Spanish and Portuguese at the University of Toronto and BRAFFTV – Brazilian Film & Television Festival of Toronto.

      The prevalence of new interactive digital narrative in all areas from games, to literature, to films, to video art has resulted in new forms of storytelling and, accordingly, provoked new practices of reading that transforms readers/viewers into active collaborators.
 
    Physical public space is increasingly being substituted or augmented by virtual space through digital screens (e.g. video, film, computer).
 
    What effect do these new developments have on social space, seen here as encompassing both physical public spaces (streets, hotels, coffee shops) as well as virtual space (YouTube, Vine, Facebook, Twitter, Tumblr, etc.)?

      How do  these novel practices effect previously clearly demarcated frontiers between the public and the private? Throughout the world, from Brazil to Turkey to Canada, we have recently witness the influence of social media on political participation. How have these new platforms engendered innovative forms of expression?

In the American political process, news discourse concerning public policy issues is carefully constructed. This occurs in part because both politicians and interest groups take an increasingly proactive approach to amplify their views of what an issue is about. However, news media also play an active role in framing public policy issues. Thus, in this article, news discourse is conceived as a sociocognitive process involving all three players: sources, journalists, and audience members operating in the universe of shared culture and on the basis of socially defined roles. Framing analysis is presented as a constructivist approach to examine news discourse with the primary focus on conceptualizing news texts into empirically operationalizable dimensions-syntactical, script, thematic, and rhetorical structures-so that evidence of the news media's framing of issues in news texts may be gathered. This is considered an initial step toward analyzing the news discourse process as a whole. Finally, an extended empirical example is provided to illustrate the applications of this conceptual framework of news texts.

La tesis doctoral elaborada se estructura en dos bloques: uno primero destinado al estudio del marco contextual de la inmigración y las teorías de la comunicación que sirven como base del estudio, y una segunda parte donde se plasman los resultados de las investigaciones realizadas. Apoyándose en los postulados de la Teoría del Framing o Encuadre, en su traducción al español, se desarrolla el primer estudio un análisis de contenido de los mensajes informativos de la prensa y televisión españolas. Los resultados muestran que los medios españoles realizan una cobertura de la inmigración mediante noticias más bien negativas, apoyándose en ciertos encuadres negativos. Así, los principales encuadres noticiosos que se localizan en los mensajes informativos analizados son los que vinculan a la inmigración con la delincuencia y el que enfoca la llegada irregular de inmigrantes en pateras. Con todo, se observa un repunte del encuadre que presenta la contribución económica que supone la inmigración para el país.

En el segundo estudio de la tesis se realiza una investigación experimental en la que los sujetos son expuestos a una noticia con cuatro versiones diferentes, dependiendo del encuadre noticioso (conflicto versus contribución económica) y el origen geográfico de los inmigrantes (latinoamericano versus marroquí) enfatizados en su texto. Los resultados confirman que los encuadres tienen la capacidad de canalizar las respuestas cognitivas elaboradas por el público, en función del enfoque utilizado en la noticia. Asimismo, se comprueba que el encuadre de conflicto afecta positivamente a la percepción de la inmigración como problema, así como en la actitud que tienen los sujetos hacia este hecho informativo que es más favorable. A partir de los resultados se debate sobre la importante labor de los medios de comunicación en el conocimiento público de la inmigración y la integración real de los inmigrantes en la sociedad española.

We hypothesize that generic frames influence what news people share on Facebook and Twitter through three different routes: emotions, motivations, and psychological engagement. Using a mixed-methods design, a content analysis of a representative sample of articles published in six Chilean outlets was combined with in-depth interviews with digital journalists. After controlling for issue, newsworthiness, informational utility, valence, and other confounds, results show that—across platforms—a morality frame increases news sharing, whereas a conflict frame decreases it. Emphasizing economic consequences also decreases sharing, but only on Facebook. Surprisingly, the human interest angle has no noticeable effects. These results show that news frames can have behavioral consequences, and confirm the existence of a gap between preferred frames of journalists and users.

Effects of metaphorical framing of political issues on opinion have been
studied widely by two approaches: a critical-discourse approach (CDA) and a response-elicitation approach (REA). The current article reports a systematic literature review (N = 109) that examines whether these
approaches report converging or diverging effects. We compared CDA
and REA on the metaphorical frames that were studied and their reported effects. Results show that the CDA frames are typically more negative, nonfictional, and extreme than REA frames. Reported effects in CDA and REA studies differ in terms of presence, directionality, and strength, with CDA typically reporting strong effects in line with the frame, compared to REA. These differences in effects can be (partly) explained by the different frame characteristics. However, differences in the methods applied by CDA and REA could be (partly) responsible for these differences as well. In all, we conclude that the research field is fragmented on the impact of metaphors in politics.

The public develops interpretations of physical and mental disabilities through a variety of resources, most notably representations presented by the news media. While disability scholars have long lamented negative portrayals of disabilities in the mass media (e.g., movies, fictional television programs, songs) as dehumanizing and devaluing, studies of news media depictions have been scant. The present study focuses on a salient mental disability—autism—to advance current scholarship about representations of disabilities in the news. Stigmatizing cues and framing techniques from news coverage of autism over a period of approximately 15 years suggest that journalists may be creating a threatening space for autism, particularly through the perpetuation of stigmatic cues in more than two-thirds of news coverage of autism, coupled with the selection of certain news frames. Implications for media and disabilities practice and scholarship are discussed.

saat ini struktur dan kehidupan masyarakat telah mengalami banyak perubahan, perubahan tersebut terjadi bukan semata-mata tanpa sebab dan alasan. Banyaknya aspek dalam kehidupan masyarakat yang mengalami telah dimasuki oleh berbagai tatanan sosial sehingga perubahan sosial merupakan hal yang lebih mudah terjadi untuk saat ini. Kepentingan-kepentingan para elit maupun aktor politik menyebabkan masyarakat yang mengalami akibatnya karena untuk mengimplementasikan kepentingan-kepentingan para elit maka masyarakat harus dapat ikut andil didalamnya. Ketika pihak masyarakat tidak ingin ikut andil untuk melaksanakan kepentingan-kepentingan elit maka para elit pun akan melakukan banyak hal agar masyarakat dapat menuruti dan mengikuti keinginan mereka (Jainuri, 2012). Kendati demikian kerap kali mereka melakukan cara yang tidak seharusnya sehingga hal tersebut menyebabkan salah satu pihak dirugikan dari implementasi tersebut. Dalam kehidupan sosial saat ini sebenarnya masyarakat telah banyak yang menyadari ketika para elit negara melakukan penyimpangan namun, masyarakat belum bisa menemukan tempat untuk menyampaikan aspirasi tersebut karena pihak pemerintah kerap kali membatasi suara-suara masyarakat. Tetapi keadaan ini juga kerap kali dimanfaatkan oleh beberapa elit ketika mereka telah mengetahui keinginan masyarakat maka mereka mencoba masuk ke dalam kehidupan sosial dengan membingkai bahwasannya mereka dapat dijadikan tempat untuk menyampaikan aspirasi mereka. Tetapi disini masyarakat juga digiring oleh para elit agar dapat melakukan kepentingan-kepentingan yang mereka harapkan. Salah satunya ialah populisme islam saat ini melalui aksi 212 melalui gerakan 212 masyarakat merasa ada tempat untuk menyalurkan aspirasi politik mereka melalui gerakan islam ini (Mudhoffir, 2017). Tetapi apabila kita tilik lebih mendalam gerakan ini dijadikan alat untuk beberapa kepentingan elit politik. Maka tulisan ini akan menyajikan analisis tentang kemunculan Gerakan Aksi Bela Islam 212 dilihat dengan analisis framing? TINJAUAN LITERATUR Teori Cultural Framing Cultural framing merupakan teori yang dianggap kerap kali digunakan oleh setiap individu dalam setiap aktivitas sehari-harinya. Sehingga teori pembingkaian ini merupakan teori yang memiliki kaitannya dengan setiap aktivitas individu. Seperti yang dikatakan oleh Erving Goffman dalam Sukmana (1974) yang sekaligus sosiolog beliau mengatakan bahwa teori pembingkaian ini ialah desain bingkai penafsiran yang digunakan individu sehari-hari merupakan pengalaman untuk memahami dunia sehingga tidak heran apabila teori ini dianggap penting dalam media. Media dalam konsep disini memiliki pengaruh terhadap pembentukan opini yang terjadi dalam realitas peristiwa kepada

Peace journalism is a new concept in the academic field and the media sector.  It is important to stress that peace journalism is a new kind of reporting, and it involves news selecting and news framing for the journalism profession. This dissertation, which conducted on the Cyprus Conflict present for more than five decades, makes a contribution to the peace journalism conception of Johan Galtung. The findings of this dissertation, which analyses the coverage of the Cyprus Conflict on the press from the perspective of peace journalism, can also be applied to the other conflict zones of the world. In this study, the notion of peace journalism is explained by means of various examples taken from the Cypriot media. This study looks at the news stories reported by the Turkish Cypriot and Greek Cypriot newspapers on the matters relating to one another, from the perspective of peace journalism. The Cypriot media do allocate sizeable coverage for the stories related to the Cyprus Conflict. However it is observed that journalists do not necessarily stick to the principles of peace journalism as they prepare the reporting of the newsworthy stories on the conflict. The media in which peace journalism is not employed turns into a media instigating violence, hatred, and storm.  Among the roles of journalists in battle areas include the crucial significance of approaching incidents from peace journalism perspectives. In light of the renewed negotiations in Cyprus for reunification, the Cypriot media should engage in responsible reporting.

Peter Ullrich: Die Linke, Israel und Palästina. Nahostdiskurse in Großbritannien und Deutschland, Berlin: Dietz, ISBN 978-3-320-02156-6, € 19,90.

Peter-Ullrich-Die-Linke-Israel-und-Palaestina-Texte-48-Berlin-2008 Die Debatte um das Thema „Die Linke und der Nahostkonflikt“ erhitzt seit Jahren die deutschen Gemüter. In der Diskussion wird immer wieder auf „typisch deutsche“ Bedingungen, Ideen und nicht zuletzt Verdrängungen der Vergangenheit verwiesen.
Mit diesem Band wird erstmals eine Studie vorgelegt, die diesen Fragen wirklich auf den Grund geht, indem sie die linken Nahost- und An­ti­semitismusdiskussionen in verschiedenen Ländern untersucht. Im Vergleich des linken Umgangs mit dem Nahostkonflikt in der Bundesrepublik und Großbritanni­en zeigt sich, dass zum Verständnis der deutschen Besonderheiten tatsächlich die Erinnerung an die NS-Zeit einen entscheidenden Schlüssel liefert.
Doch diese Nachwirkungen der deutschen Ge­schichte haben paradoxe Folgen: sie produzieren einerseits extreme Identifikationen mit den nahöst­lichen Konfliktparteien (Israelis oder Palästinensern) und damit eine aggressive innerlinke Aus­einandersetzung.
Andererseits stellt dieser konflikthafte deutsche Diskurs den Ausgangspunkt für einen kollektiven Lernprozess und damit für eine vergleichsweise komplexe Wahrnehmung des is­raelisch-palästinensischen Konflikts dar.

This book is concerned with the role of news media in an increasingly globalized society. It tries to unravel how news as an institution and a genre is both affected by globalization and itself an agent of globalization. A recurrent theme in all of the articles is the impact of globalization on information supply, public debate, and the exercise of democracy. The articles are organized around four themes: Globalization and the role of news media; New media, global news, and democracy; Regionalization and domestication of global news, and War news in global media.

Content

Stig Hjarvard: Introduction
Stig Hjarvard: News Media and the Globalization of the Public Sphere
Daniel Biltereyst: Global News Research and Complex Citizenship. Towards an Agenda for Research on Foreign/International News and Audiences
Ingrid Volkmer: International Communication Theory in Transition. Parameters of the New Global Sphere of Mediation
Chris A. Paterson: Media Imperialism Revisited. The Global Public Sphere and the News Agency Agenda
Klaus Bruhn Jensen: Why Virtuality Can Be Good for Democracy
Hans-Henrik Holm: The Effect of Globalization on Media Structures and Norms. Globalization and the Choice of Foreign News
Tore Slaatta: Transnational Politics and News Production. Norwegian Correspondents on the Brussels Beat
Norbert Wildermuth: Striving for Credibility. News and Current Affairs on Star TV India
Claes de Vreese: Frames in Television News. British, Danish, and Dutch Television News Coverage of the Introduction of the Euro
Rune Ottosen, Stig A. Nohrstedt: Globalisation of War News. Challenges for Media Research
Daya Kishan Thussu: An ‘Insight’ into CNN’s Coverage of NATO’s First War

This study explored the War on Terror framing process through interviews with journalists at USA Today, testing the presumption that, because frames are organizing principles whose manifestations extend beyond the level of content alone, journalists’ personal discourse will reflect and reinforce frames found in the text. Results show that reporters “transmitted” the War on Terror as shorthand for policy, “reified” the frame as concrete and uncontested, and “naturalized” it as a taken-for- granted condition. These findings suggest broader lessons for the U.S. press in becoming more aware of the words and catchphrases that signify the prevailing wisdom of public officials.

Framing—selecting certain aspects of a given issue and making them more salient in communication in order to " frame " the issue in a specific way—is a key concept in the study of communication. At the same time, it has been used very differently in scholarship, leading some to declare it a " fractured paradigm, " or an idea whose usefulness has expired. In studies of climate change communication, frame analyses have been used numerous times and in various ways, from formal framing approaches (e.g., episodic vs. thematic framing) to topical frames (both generic and issue-specific). Using methodological approaches of frame analysis from content analysis over discourse analysis and qualitative studies to experimental research, this research has brought valuable insights into media portrayals of climate change in different countries and their effects on audiences—even though it still has limitations that should be remedied in future research.

Framing is an important concept in communication, yet many framing studies set out to develop frames relevant to only one issue. We expand framing theory by introducing figurative framing. We posit that figurative language types like metaphor, hyperbole and irony are important in shaping public discourse, because these figures contain important linguistic and conceptual content about the issue under discussion. We first explicate the role of each individual figure (metaphor, hyperbole, and irony) in the framing of important societal issues. Then, we focus on complex figurative frames (combinations of metaphor, hyperbole, and/or irony). The article concludes with a research agenda, connecting figurative framing to the four key processes in framing research (frame building, frame setting, individual-level effects, and feedback loop).

Loadenthal, Michael. “‘Eco-Terrorism’: An Incident-Driven History of Attack (1973-2010).” Journal for the Study of Radicalism 11, no. 2 (Fall 2017): 1–106.

Abstract:
The animal and earth liberation movements (i.e. “eco-terrorists”), are characterized by autonomous cells of activists utilizing a diverse tactical array to cause financial disruption and damage to businesses, governments and individuals seen to be contributing to animal exploitation and ecological degradation. Though the movement has produced an extremely limited amount of “violence,” and despite its strong tendency to target property, authoritative labeling has termed such actions terrorism. This study adds to the discourse concerning the political violence of “eco-terrorism” by examining the movement’s historical timeline through a statistical analysis of more than 27,000 events drawn from nearly three hundred sources including movement ephemera, government reports, academic articles and books, media accounts, and security briefings produced by besieged industries. This historical analysis demonstrates the atypicality of violent attacks qualifying as terrorism, and establishes that “eco-terrorism” is far more frequently a defamatory political label applied to small-scale criminal acts targeting property that present no risk to human life. This incident-based historical analysis, attempts to correct methodological flaws grounded in incomplete datasets which serve to skew findings through an over representation of attacks involving arson and explosives.

Video games are increasingly becoming an important media today, despite the light connota-tion of its initial categorization. Today they are an industry that produces billions of dollars and employs engineers and artists alike in an art form spanning interactive games, to virtual socie-ties where millions of people dwell. However, like all human products, our same fears, flaws and xenophobia show in the games, with the reflection of hatred, racism and stereotypes that are our everyday experience. Also, because of the influence of other media, like television, with misrepresentations of blacks, Latinos and other races, or the objectification of women are pre-sent in video games. The significant thing found researching for this assignment is that most of those who use these games are themselves part of minorities or races that are not exactly white Americans. Abuse of the frustrations and desires of the user, handling codes and the system an-swers of gamers to maintain the player engagement, has more resemblance to the use of illegal drugs than with art, but however, the complexity of the design, stories and global assessment, have led to other considerations by experts. Competing in the games could be considered as having more of escapism that the reality of engaging, but all human beings are expected in their tribes to compete and demonstrate their value as a member while complying with social norms or expectations. Same as satisfying or surrender to corporate or group interests. Here are some thoughts for the purpose of this study.

In social media, acceptance equals propagation, as the act of sharing posts exposes a larger number of users to the preferred content of their peers. As users select or discard content, they collectively highlight facets of events or issues as to promote a particular interpretation. In this article we take on the challenge of analyzing how social media users frame political events by selectively sharing content that is cognitively congruent with their beliefs. We exemplify the proposed theory with a study of recent protest events in Argentina.

Grâce à l’émergence du gros plan, le visage a trouvé au cinéma un pouvoir expressif inédit, un lieu d’expérimentation et de représentation privilégié. Le cinéma classique, dont l’échelle de plans et les codes narratifs sont entièrement structurés par cette "unité expressive", a forgé un véritable langage du visage. Mais si la fonction identificatoire et immersive du gros plan s’est banalisée au point de devenir la pierre de touche émotionnelle du film, le cadrage du visage a une histoire très riche, révélant un face-à-face entre la caméra et la physionomie bien plus surprenant et varié que l’on ne pourrait l’imaginer. Nous envisageons ici les théories et pratiques du gros plan développées en amont et en marge de sa codification narrative classique: des "portraits vivants" aux "films à expressions faciales"; des "vignettes" de protogénérique aux "plans emblématiques" ; en passant par la réception critique des premiers gros plans (taxés de "monstrueux", "minimalistes" ou "révolutionnaires"), et jusqu’à leur interdiction –mêlée d’adoration.

Given the increasingly pervasive and spectacular role of celebrities in humanitarian and environmental campaigning since the late 1990s – as spokespeople for NGO campaigns (Anderson, 2013) and as creators of their own organizations (Alexander, 2013) – it is surprising that relatively little research has been undertaken to explore celebrity involvement in climate change campaigning and communication. Indeed, as the COP21 Paris negotiations in December 2015 indicated, high profile A-list celebrities were the “charismatic megafauna” (Boykoff et. al., 2010) lending global star power to this high-profile political event, ‘expertly’ navigating the intersections between media, politics and science through speeches at the UN conference from actors Leonardo DiCaprio and Alex Baldwin, and former celebrity politician and actor, Arnold Schwarzenegger. With the rise of “Celebritus Politicus” (Goodman, 2013) in recent years, it is not surprising that a global political event about the future of our planet would garner elite celebrity endorsement, yet research on understanding this growing “celebritization of climate change” (Boykoff and Goodman, 2009b, p. 395) is relatively scarce.

A critic inquiry on "Cloud Computing" as a buzzword obscuring today's crucial issue of the reterritorialization of internet.

* * *

Un enquête critique sur le "Cloud computing" comme buzzword occultant l'enjeu actuellement crucial de la reterritorialisation d'internet.

Framing is an important concept in communication, yet many framing studies set out to develop frames relevant to only one issue. We expand framing theory by introducing figurative framing. We posit that figurative language types like metaphor, hyperbole and irony are important in shaping public discourse, because these figures contain important linguistic and conceptual content about the issue under discussion. We first explicate the role of each individual figure (metaphor, hyperbole, and irony) in the framing of important societal issues. Then, we focus on complex figurative frames (combinations of metaphor, hyperbole, and/or irony). The article concludes with a research agenda, connecting figurative framing to the four key processes in framing research (frame building, frame setting, individual-level effects, and feedback loop).

Communication dans le cadre du 2e congrès international du GIS Institut du Genre, à l'Université d'Angers :

Que peut-on dire de la couverture médiatique des violences sexuelles en
France près de deux ans après le lancement du #MeToo ? Nous proposons de comparer
les représentations des violences de genre véhiculées par les producteurs de l'information,
de la naissance du mouvement numérique en octobre 2017 à l'anniversaire de sa
première année d'existence en octobre 2018. Nous étudierons à cette fin les évolutions
du cadrage des violences sexuelles par une analyse des contenus produits par six quotidiens
français de presse écrite nationale (Le Monde, Le Figaro, Libération) et régionale
(Le Parisien, La Dépêche du Midi, La République du Centre), aux lignes éditoriales et
commerciales divergentes. La réalisation d'une série d'entretiens avec les auteurs de ces
articles et leur chef de service nous permettra par ailleurs d'interroger le poids relatif des
logiques internes de production (commerciales et hiérarchiques) sur les différentes stratégies
éditoriales identifiées.

Media dan politik adalah dua hal yang memiliki keterkaitan yang berlangsung sejak lama. Hubungan keduanya telah terjalin sebelum ilmu politik berdiri menjadi displin ilmu tersendiri. Hubungan yang begitu erat antar keduannya mengakibatkan para ahli ilmu sosial memberikan tempat tersendiri bagi kajian hubungan media dan politik dalam kurikulum pembelajaran ilmu politik saat itu. 1 Dewasa ini terdapat beragam media dengan karakteristik tersendiri. Mulai dari media yang hanya menyalurkan ucapan (the spoken words), tulisan (the printed writing) ataupun keduanya yang menampilkan gambar hidup (the audio visual media). 2 Dari segi kemampuan menjangkau partisipan komunikasinya, media dapat menjangkau mulai dari satu orang saja sampai kepada sejumlah orang yang tidak terbatas jumlahnya. Jenis media yang dapat menjangkau paling banyak khalayak yakni media massa.

The USA and North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) have been waging war against the Taliban in Afghanistan for more than a decade, with territorial gains by coalition forces often proving to be ephemeral. This paper traces the origins and
evolution of the current Afghan insurgency and explores the framing of the Taliban movement’s discourse on Twitter and other interactive websites. The paper postulates that Taliban activists are utilizing social media to disseminate their views and frame their movement in the phraseology of militant Islamism, traditional Pashtun folklore, anti-imperialism, social justice, and universal human rights. Taliban militants are attempting to align their discursive frames with various transnational ideologies that resonate not only with prospective recruits and supporters in Central and South Asia and the Middle East, but also potentially receptive audiences in the West. Such frame alignments are essential components in the micro-mobilization of movement participants. Taliban activists apparently recognize that there are important symbols, narratives, and channels already in existence that can facilitate the growth of their insurgency, while effectively discrediting coalition forces. This paper examines frame alignments and other insurgent-mobilization communication strategies by conducting a content analysis of recent tweets and blogs written by Taliban cyber-activists.

Violent spates of the longstanding conflict between herders and farmers in Nigeria have become amplified and persistent in recent times, and these have naturally elicited media focus. The media, ordinarily, are a major player during periods of conflict as they can influence the direction of a conflict situation and the public's understanding and interpretation of conflict issues. Using the content analysis research method, this study examined coverage patterns of the herders-farmers conflict by three Nigerian national newspapers-The Punch, The Guardian and Vanguard-between January 2015 and August 2016. Findings showed that the newspapers were majorly reliant on government officials, security operatives and victims/eyewitnesses as sources of their reports on the herders-farmers conflict. The newspapers indicated herders as the principal perpetrators of violence, framing the herders-farmers conflict more as criminal attacks by herders on farming communities than as resource-use clashes between both parties. It was also discovered that the newspapers in their editorial reactions were mainly critical of the Nigerian government's level of intervention in the herders-farmers conflict.

With social-media driven protests erupting across the Arab world, this content analysis of Egyptian protest coverage in The New York Times, the Twitter feed of Times reporter Nick Kristof, and the citizen media site Global Voices, examines whether the delegitimizing "protest paradigm" found in mainstream media is replicated in social media and blogs, and what impact their protest coverage has on their credibility. Results showed that The Times adhered to the paradigm by emphasizing the spectacle, quoting official sources, and de-valuing protesters as reporters maintained an impartial role. In contrast, Global Voices and Kristof's Twitter feed took different approaches, legitimizing protesters and serving as commentators/analysts, even actors, in the unfolding events.

This paper introduces unpacks media favorability into two dimensions and investigates their relationship with firms 'public esteem. A firm's focal media favorability refers to the overall evaluation of a firm presented in a stream of media stories. A firm's peripheral media favorability refers the overall evaluative tone accumulating from a stream of media stories where a firm is mentioned, yet is independent of how the focal firm is portrayed relative to the content. The study used a content analysis of The New York ...

This study employs a content analysis to examine news coverage concerning Toyota’s recall crises from January 16, 2009, through November 21, 2012, in the following media: The New York Times, The Washington Post, USA Today, and the news releases listed on the Toyota official website. We examine how the media frame Toyota’s crises and responses, and whether the news coverage varied between mass media and Toyota’s releases. The findings shed light on the crisis communication in terms of response strategy selection. In tracking the ethics of the Toyota crisis in the years since its inception, combined with a content analysis conducted in this paper, the authors attempted to integrate the literature of crisis management with that of ethics in public relations. Ethics should be foremost among the considerations of an organization’s reputation and a primary factor of successful crisis management. The Toyota case has far reaching implications for ethical crisis management and recall strategy in the auto industry as a whole.

News media portrayals of climate change have strongly influenced personal and global efforts to mitigate it through news production, individual media consumption, and personal engagement. This chapter explores the media framing of mitigation strategies, including the effects of media routines, factors that drive news coverage, the influences of claims-makers, scientists, and other information sources, the role of scientific literacy in interpreting climate change stories, and specific messages that mobilize action or paralysis. It also examines how journalists often explain complex climate science and legitimize sources, how audiences process competing messages about scientific uncertainty, how climate stories compete with other issues for public attention, how large-scale economic and political factors shape news production, and how the media can engage public audiences in climate change issues.

This essay undertakes a detailed frame analysis of print media coverage of the Matthew Shepard murder in three nationally influential newspapers as well as Time magazine and The Advocate. We contend that the media’s tragic framing of the event, with an emphasis on the scapegoat process, functioned rhetorically to alleviate the public’s guilt concerning anti-gay hate crimes and to excuse the public of any social culpability. It also functioned ideologically to reaffirm a dominant set of discourses that socially stigmatizes gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgendered persons and to hamper efforts to create and enact a social policy that would prevent this type of violence in the future. A concluding section considers Burke’s notion of the “comic frame” as a potential corrective for the media’s coverage of public tragedies.

Recently governments and foreign ministries (MFAs) have embraced Social Networking Sites (SNS) in a practice referred to as digital diplomacy. By using SNS to comment on world events, MFAs utilize such channels in order to frame, or portray, foreign governments. This study examined how a dyad of nations, US –Russia, framed one another on MFA twitter channels over a three months period encompassing the Crimean crisis. Methodology used for detecting frames in traditional media was adjusted and employed to >100 tweets. Results demonstrate that the manner in which both nations framed one another altered dramatically following the onset of the Crimean crisis, from rare usage to frequently employing the morality frame in order to exhibit their own morality while questioning the other's. Specifically, the morality frame became the second most prevalent frame used by the US (38% of tweets) and the third by Russia (16%). Results indicate that during conflicts, nations use SNS as arenas for moral de-legitimization of adversaries. As morality contributes to a nation's soft power, such delegitimization constitutes diplomatic pressure which depletes soft power resources of an adversary and undermines his ability to exercise hard power. SNS may, therefore, be regarded as novel platforms for diplomatic symbolic violence.

This paper investigates how British and American newspaper coverage of the 2011 Egyptian Revolution framed the protest movement that led to the resignation of Hosni Mubarak as the President of Egypt. Previous studies examining Western media coverage of domestic protests indicate that news media often covered movements and protesters with the expectation of violence occurring, or whose motivations, aspirations, and actions were trivialised and marginalised, while Western media coverage of the Middle East and North Africa often contextualised the region's nations, peoples, and politics in ways that promoted negative stereotypes. In analysing British and American newspaper coverage of the 2011 Egyptian Revolution, this paper demonstrates the opposite to be true through a content and framing analysis of relevant news stories (n=611). Results from British and American newspaper samples offer strong evidence for not only reassessing the dominance of the reportorial paradigms by which the news media covers political and social dissent, but also normative Western media portrayals of the nations and people within Middle East and North Africa.

The emergence of the revolutionary movements of the ‘Arab Spring’ surprised the world. The often violent reaction of the ruling regimes in the countries caused moral challenges and geopolitical debates for the Western democracies. In the light of these geostrategic reactions, this thesis examined the cross-national coverage of the Syrian war in De Telegraaf (the Netherlands), Le Figaro (France), the Daily Telegraph (the United Kingdom), the New York Times (the United States) and the Moscow Times (Russia). A quantitative content analysis measured the attention paid to the war and investigated the prevalence of the five generic frames of Semetko and Valkenburg (2000), the diagnostic and prognostic frames of Benford and Snow (2000) and the nationalisation frame of Van Cauwenberge, Gelders and Joris (2009). We analysed 637 articles published between July and October 2013. Our results showed that the newspapers report about the war according to their geopolitical role as reflected in the number and length of the articles as well as in the frequent use of the nationalisation frame. The study concluded that there are significant differences in framing between the newspapers as well as across periods (i.e., before the gas attack on 21 August vs. after the attack vs. after the agreement on the destruction of Syria’s chemical weapon stockpile on 14 September).

Key words: framing, news media, media effects, Syria, ‘Arab Spring’

Greece and Turkey are neighboring countries with a complex and contradictory past of coexistence, intense conflict, and tension. The people of both Greece and Turkey have much in common and yet are prejudiced in their perceptions of the other. Importantly, Greeks and Turks have achieved their nation status through armed struggles against each other and thus their depictions of the past are ethnocentric and cultivate strong national discourses and identities. While both Greek and Turkish mass media promote negative stereotypes of the other through the appropriation of these nationalist discourses in their interpretation of contemporary and historical events, this article is concerned with the key factors that generate stereotypes of Turkey and the Turkish people in the Greek press. Specifically, the article highlights the most common stereotypes of Turks in the Greek press during the 1996 Imia/ Kardak crisis. The article draws on content analysis to critique the editorials of four prestigious left and right wing Greek newspapers. Analysis reveals a prevalent tendency toward negative stereotyping in terms of aggressiveness and hostility and suggests that these are both time and event dependent. The present study contributes to the understanding of the portrayal of the other and demonstrates the role of the press in constructing national identity.

Drawing from critical-cultural scholarship, this quantitative content analysis systematically interrogates national network television news coverage of the same-sex marriage debate in 2003 and 2004. Analysis of sourcing patterns and sound bite length indicate the debate was dominated by conventionally ‘‘straight’’ perspectives. While gay and lesbian couples were visually prevalent in news stories, they were largely seen and not heard. Scrutinizing the visual narratives about gay and lesbian life in television news reports, this study found gay and lesbian representation was largely normalized and mainstreamed in typically heteronormative ways.