Media Framing

This study examines the 2024-2025 martial law crisis in South Korea as a pivotal "stress test" for democracy in the digital age, analyzing how an initial constitutional shock transitioned into a protracted battle of frames driven by a fragmented media landscape. The analysis first explores the drastic volatility in approval ratings immediately following the crisis, highlighting

This study investigates the sociological impact and linguistic characteristics of memes, focusing on their prevalence in online social media platforms. Utilizing content analysis, a diverse collection of memes was systematically analyzed to identify themes, linguistic elements, and cultural references embedded within them. In the age of information, memes are cultural units that are replicated and widely disseminated from one person to another through jokes, rumors, videos, animation, photographs Dube, et al (2018).). The data collection process involved gathering memes from various online sources, while the data analysis encompassed thematic exploration and linguistic examination of the memes. The findings reveal insights into how memes serve as mirrors of societal trends, generational disparities, and cultural dynamics. Memes emerged as potent vehicles for social connection, selfexpression, and cultural commentary within digital communities. This study underscores the multifaceted nature of memes and their significance in contemporary digital discourse, emphasizing the need for a nuanced understanding of their sociological and linguistic dimensions.

This article investigates the concepts of "crime" and "justice" as they are constructed and negotiated within literary discou rse, arguing that these notions function not as fixed legal categories but as dynamic, cognitively and culturally mediated constru cts. The primary aim of the study is to conceptualize "crime" and "justice" as narrative-based moral phenomena that emerge through language, perspective, and cultural framing rather than through institutional legal definitions. To achieve this aim, the res earch sets out several objectives: (1) to examine philosophical, psychological, and cognitive-linguistic approaches to crime and justice; (2) to identify dominant discursive and metaphorical patterns through which these concepts are represented in literary texts; and (3) to compare culture-and genre-specific configurations of crime and justice across selected English, American, Russian, and Uzbek works. Methodologically, the study adopts a qualitative, theory-driven research design grounded in interpretive and constructivist epistemologies. An interdisciplinary analytical framework is employed, integrating philosophical ethics, moral psychology, discourse analysis, and cognitive linguistics. The analysis proceeds through three stages: conceptual-semantic reconstruction of core moral components (e.g., guilt, responsibility, punishment, restoration); discourse-pragmatic analysis of evaluative language, modality, narrative voice, and focalization; and cognitive-linguistic modeling of underlying conceptual metaphors and blending processes. Comparative analysis is applied to identify both shared and culture-specific patterns in the literary construction of crime and justice. The findings demonstrate that literary discourse consistently reframes crime as a cognitive-moral process involving intention, justification, and internal conflict rather than a discrete legal violation. Justice, in contr ast, is characterized by semantic indeterminacy and narrative postponement, frequently realized through psychological recognition, moral reckoning, or symbolic closure rather than institutional punishment. Across different literary traditions, justice is systematically relocated away from formal legal systems toward narrative meaning-making, although the specific metaphorical models-such as justice as revelation, control, suffering, or survival-vary culturally and generically. In conclusion, the study argues that literature functions as a cognitive-ethical laboratory in which societies explore moral ambiguity, test competing value systems, and reimagine the relationship between transgression and responsibility. By offering an integrated interdisciplinary model, the article contributes to discourse studies, cognitive linguistics, and literary ethics and provides a theoretical foundation for future comparative and empirical research on moral concepts in narrative discourse .

This article examines the 2024-2025 scandal at Japan's Fuji Television, in which a sexual assault allegation against celebrity host Nakai Masahiro exposed deep dysfunction in the broadcaster's corporate culture and governance. It analyzes how the storyinitially ignored by mainstream media-was broken by tabloid magazines and amplified by foreign press and social media, bypassing the gatekeeping mechanisms that normally protect powerful institutions in Japan. The article shows how Fuji TV's attempts at public damage control backfired, triggering an unprecedented advertiser exodus, a damning third-party investigation, and lawsuits against former executives. It also reveals how the scandal laid bare the systemic exploitation of women in Japan's broadcasting industry, sparking an online #MeToo movement in which women shared their own experiences of workplace harassment. The article asks whether this crisis marks a genuine turning point for accountability and gender equality in Japanese media, or whether it will fade as previous scandals have.

This study examines how Western media frame violent incidents involving Muslims, either as perpetrators or victims, and analyzes the resulting asymmetry in representation. Using a structured content analysis framework informed by framing theory, cultivation theory, and social identity theory, the study investigates differences in religious attribution, narrative structure, and contextual framing across news coverage. The analysis is based on synthesis of peer-reviewed literature in media studies, sociology, and psychology. Findings indicate a consistent pattern in which violence involving Muslim-identifying perpetrators is more likely to be framed through religious or ideological lenses, while violence targeting Muslim communities is more likely to be individualized and decontextualized. This asymmetry contributes to distorted public perceptions of Islam and Muslims, reinforcing associations between Islam and violence while minimizing recognition of anti-Muslim violence. The study highlights the role of media framing in shaping intergroup perceptions and public discourse in Western societies.

When former U.S. Speaker Nancy Pelosi visited Taipei on August 2, 2022, China launched one of its largest military drills around Taiwan, escalating China-United States conflicts. This study analyzes the Guardian’s coverage of the controversial visit during three research periods. It examines the extent to which peace journalism frames were present in The Guardian’s news stories, as well as the Facebook comments posted in response to the newspaper’s articles. Quantitative findings reveal that the news coverage before, during, and after the visit was dominated by quotes from the United States (23.2%), Chinese (30.4%), and Taiwanese officials (25.4%), with minimal representation of activists (0.6%) and ordinary people (1.15%). Additionally, the newspaper’s articles prominently applied the solution (38.1%) and people (14.3%) frames. However, the study argues that such applications were influenced by developments on the ground and what was happening “here and now.” Interestingly, Facebook comments on The Guardian’s coverage showed a notable tendency to apply peace journalism frames (22.9%), with a strong emphasis on peace initiatives. More than half (55.5%) of the peace journalism-oriented comments applied the solution frame. Contrary to dominant literature, this study concludes that digital platforms may provide greater opportunities for audiences to consider nonviolent responses to conflicts.

over the allocation of airtime and space plays a crucial role in shaping political and social agendas. This article examines Arab media coverage of the Ukraine crisis, addressing a gap in the literature that has largely focused on Western media. Through content analysis, the study identifies the dominant themes in Arab media reporting on the conflict. The findings reveal that 'politics' received the highest level of attention (50%) across the selected outlets. Coverage of the 'humanitarian situation' ranked second (20%), followed by the 'military' (18.4%) and 'financial' (16.9%) aspects of the conflict. In contrast, categories such as 'sports politics,' 'other,' and 'difficult to determine' received minimal attention. Although humanitarian concerns constituted the second most frequently covered theme, the substantial disparity between the prominence of 'politics' and 'humanitarian issues' suggests that humanitarian aspects were not prioritized by the Arab media. The study highlights the need for media outlets to strive toward more balanced reporting that remains independent of personal opinions, biases, ideologies, or institutional agendas.

This study investigates how the two Canadian media outlets CBC News and CTV News construct and interpret narratives of economic leadership through the combined lenses of agenda-setting and framing theory. Focusing on the Canadian Prime Minister Mark Carney, the research employs a qualitative comparative analysis of 164 news articles published between November 2025 and February 2026. Methodologically, the study employs a qualitative comparative approach informed by Entman's framing model to examine how CBC News and CTV News construct narratives of economic leadership. Framing is treated as a process through which media selectively emphasize particular aspects of economic reality, while Entman's model serves both as the study's theoretical foundation and as the analytical framework guiding the qualitative interpretation of media discourse. Specifically, the analysis examines how economic challenges, policy commitments, and reported achievements are prioritized and framed within each outlet's coverage. The findings reveal a clear distinction between convergence in issue salience and divergence in interpretive framing. Both outlets consistently prioritize key economic concerns which include inflation, cost-of-living pressures, and international trade tensions. However, significant differences emerge in how these issues are constructed. Drawing on Entman's four framing functions, the study shows that CBC News adopts a thematic and structurally oriented framing approach that situates economic challenges within broader global and institutional contexts, accompanied by balanced and moderated evaluations of leadership. In contrast, CTV News employs a more episodic and politically driven framing style that emphasizes immediacy, policy contestation, and leadership accountability. These framing differences produce distinct representations of economic leadership that shape how responsibility, effectiveness, and policy responses are understood. By integrating agenda-setting and framing theory, the study demonstrates that media influence operates not only through the prioritization of economic issues but also through the construction of competing interpretive narratives.

The aim of this study is to examine how Slovak media portray science and scientists, what discursive frameworks they use and what image of science they convey to society. We pay special attention to artificial intelligence (AI) tools in media production – from the automation of routine tasks through text generation and subtitle optimization to algorithms affecting the visibility of scientific topics in the online environment. Methodologically, we combine content and discursive analysis with qualitative interviews with journalists and experts in science communication. The illustrative findings identify dominant stereotypes, ways of framing science, and ethical dilemmas arising from the use of AI. Finally, we propose recommendations for editorial practices and media literacy of audiences.

Previous studies on parental involvement or parents acting as learning facilitators were
conducted prior to the pandemic. Thus, to give another light on parents working as
learning facilitators, this research study on the experiences of parents working as learning
facilitators in the new normal was conducted. Adhering to the phenomenological
approach, the researcher used the semi-structured method of an in-depth interview to
gather the data. After undergoing phenomenological analysis, the data revealed eight (8)
themes focusing on the parents acting as learning facilitators’ emotions, the problems and
the convenience of facilitating education in this new normal, the importance of learning
facilitators even in the current setup, their motivations, and their coping mechanisms. The
researcher concluded that the experiences of the parents acting as learning facilitators in
the new normal is a combination of difficulty, convenience, happiness, coping, and
motivation. Though modular instruction is perceived as hard by the new learning
facilitators, it is still more convenient given their financial matters. The educational
sector, in general, was recommended to implement innovations responsive to the needs
and problems of the parents acting as learning facilitators in the new normal by designing
technical assistance on how to facilitate learning in a modular setting effectively.

President Donald J. Trump’s attacks on CNN and other mainstream news media for presenting “fake news” (typically anything critical of him or his policies) are dangerous. Yet perhaps even more troubling is CNN’s and other corporate media’s tendencies to create and reinforce false narratives regarding US history, US foreign policy, and US military adventures, in keeping with a long-embraced “master narrative” about the US’s benign interactions with the world. The mainstream media’s master narrative about the US is easily disproved by the abundance of alternative information now available through reliable sources and documents on the internet. Ironically, the fake-news attacks on corporate media have worked to shield those media from more legitimate and significant criticism, because progressive critics fear being seen as supporting president Trump. A case study related to the hagiography surrounding the memorializing of President George Herbert Walker Bush is presented. (Powerpoint with embedded 6-min YouTube video link)

This study introduces Visual Conflict Moralization (VCM), a typology explaining how news organizations embed moral cues in the visual and narrative architecture of conflict reporting to shape audience perceptions on digital platforms. Drawing on Moral Foundations Theory (MFT), framing theory, and platform affordances, the authors analyze 736 video journalism artifacts from six global outlets covering the Israel–Gaza war (October 2023–April 2025). Care/Harm and Sanctity/Degradation were most prevalent, while Fairness/Cheating and Loyalty/Betrayal, though rarer, drove higher engagement. Narration and visual richness enhanced engagement; text-heavy formats mitigated it. They also propose two new moral dimensions, extending MFT for conflict contexts. By centering coverage of the Israel–Gaza war, their analysis foregrounds disparities
in visual representation, especially of human experiences. This article offers a replicable model for multimodal analysis in digital journalism, and provides theoretical and practical guidance for ethical, engagement-driven visual communication across platforms, with implications for both scholarly critique and newsroom practice.

Climate debt consumes farms. I explored how small-scale sugarcane farmers perceive and navigate environmental and economic volatility. Using a qualitative descriptive design, I thematically analyzed interviews from 10 purposively selected sugarcane farmers to examine disturbances, absorptive capacity, and transformation after threshold.  I disclosed that extreme weather and predatory credit force are thresholds of asset liquidation. I recommend a multi-sectoral integration of local governance and the Strengthened SHS Curriculum to build farmer resilience through cooperative support and student-led innovation. Future research may use mediation models for adaptive capacities, mixed-methods for validation of claims, longitudinal vulnerability tracking to trace impacts, and contextual factor analysis for comprehensive understanding agricultural resilience.

Öz Ruh sağlığı, biyolojik, sosyal ve kültürel faktörlerin etkileşimiyle şekillenen, günlük yaşamda işlevselliğin sürdürebilmesini sağlayan kritik bir unsurdur. Türkiye'de ruhsal hastalıkların yaygınlığı %20 civarında olup, ruhsal hastalığı olan ebeveynlerin çocukları çeşitli risklerle karşı karşıya kalabilmektedir. Ruh sağlığı ve çocuk koruma sistemleri arasındaki etkileşim ve medyanın olayları çerçeveleme biçimi, kamuoyu algısını ve politika süreçlerini etkilemektedir. Bu çalışma, 10 Şubat 2025'te Ankara'da meydana gelen ve geniş yankı uyandıran bir olayın medya haberlerinde nasıl çerçevelendiğini analiz etmektedir. Şizofreni tanılı bir annenin üç çocuğuna fiziksel şiddet uygulaması ve iki çocuğun hayatını kaybetmesi olayına odaklanan çalışmada, Türkiye'de en çok takip edilen 13 haber sitesindeki haberler incelenmiştir. Çalışma, nitel içerik analizi yöntemiyle tasarlanmış olup, haberler Çerçeveleme Kuramı temel alınarak analiz edilmiştir. Haberler dil kullanımı, damgalama unsurları, etik ihlaller ve çözüm önerileri açısından değerlendirilmiştir. Sonuçlar, medyanın olayı bireysel bir trajedi olarak sunduğunu, sansasyonel bir dil kullandığını göstermektedir. Haberlerde kullanılan ifadeler damgalamayı artırmıştır. Mahremiyete saygı gösterilmemiş, sistemsel sorunlar göz ardı edilmiştir. Uzman görüşleri ve çözüm odaklı yaklaşımlar yerine duygusal tepkiler öne çıkarılmıştır. Sorumlu haberciliği teşvik etmek için etik gazetecilik rehberleri oluşturulmalı, mahremiyet korunmalı ve sansasyonel dilden kaçınılmalıdır. Medya, ruh sağlığı ve sosyal hizmet uzmanlarıyla iş birliği yaparak toplumun farkındalığını artırmalı, damgalamayı önlemeli ve ruh sağlığı ile çocuk koruma hizmetlerine erişimi desteklemelidir.

This article examines South Korea's strategic communication directed at a Japanese audience during the 1973-1975 crisis in bilateral relations through an analysis of a journal established by the Korean government as a tool of public diplomacy and directed at a Japanese audience. Despite Seoul's acute dependence on Japanese economic aid and technology, and its stated goal of promoting partnership and cooperation, the narratives presented in the journal were dominated by historical grievances and references to Korea's cultural superiority. The study situates this paradox within the literature on strategic narratives, highlighting the structural constraints imposed by domestic master narratives. It demonstrates how deeply embedded master narratives constrain the agency of actors responsible for crafting strategic narratives, even in a tightly controlled political context. More broadly, the findings caution against equating state-produced narratives with policy goals, underscoring the need to account for structural discursive constraints when analysing strategic communication in international relations.

This article argues that thanks to its unique interdiscursive character, American Orientalism, as a hegemonic discourse, constitutes the most realized expression of historical Orientalism. To this end, the article employs an interdiscursive analytical framework to map the specific "tributaries" that feed into and shape present-day American orientalist discourse. The study is systematically structured to define and explore these tributaries across three main analytical sections: firstly, an examination of American Exceptionalism as the primary tributary, encompassing foundational concepts such as the Monroe Doctrine and Manifest Destiny; secondly, an analysis of frontier mythology including the tropes of the "Wild West" and "Indian Country" and their applications to orientalist constructions; and thirdly, an investigation of postwar novel orientalist paradigms, including Modernization and Democratization theories, neo-orientalism, and the "Clash of Civilizations"/new barbarism theses. Through the systematic analysis of these primary discursive streams, the study reveals how American Orientalism operates as a complex interdependent system of colonial and intellectual discourses. In so doing, it demonstrates that post-9/11 imaginaries represent not a departure from but rather an intensification of historical orientalist constructions, employing familiar frontier metaphors and exceptionalist rationale to justify contemporary foreign interventions. By tracing the genealogical connections between Orientalism, America's founding myths and neo-orientalist discourses, this article seeks to illuminate how the United States has inherited and transformed the imperial mantle from declining European colonial powers while infusing it with distinctly American discursive features that are rooted in its own colonial and expansionist history. The findings contribute to understanding how American orientalist constructions that are permeated with national mythologies continue to inform American foreign policy formulation in the Middle-East and beyond.

This article examines how Israeli combat soldiers' war songs function as a cultural medium for constructing and performing enmity against Palestinians. Through an analysis of original, soldier-composed lyrics from the First and Second Intifadas, the study traces a shift from ambivalent depictions of Palestinians to open calls for their elimination. Drawing on Carl Schmitt's theory of political enmity, James Ron's frontier/ghetto framework, and Judith Butler's theory of performativity, the article argues that enemy-making is not merely a product of formal military policy or top-down propaganda. Rather, it emerges through informal, emotionally charged, and creative practices that sediment over time. These songs reveal how military culture helps reproduce ethno-national hierarchies and normalize extreme violence, transforming Palestinians from internal subjects into existential threats. By linking cultural performance to shifting legal and spatial regimes of control, the article sheds light on how permanent war is sustained not only through political strategy, but through affective and symbolic labor within settler-colonial military institutions.

Política informacional e intermediación a través de las redes sociales del ayuntamiento de Sant Cugat del Vallès Open government in the management of city halls Informational policy and intermediation through the social networks of the Sant Cugat del Vallès town hall Política informativa e intermediação através das redes sociais da prefeitura de Sant Cugat del Vallès RESUMEN La política informacional ha propiciado un cambio de relaciones entre la administración pública y los medios de comunicación, entre el político y el periodista o entre el alcalde y el ciudadano; ha estrechado el contacto y generado nuevas formas de comportamiento y de relaciones entre ambos espacios y actores de la vida social. Este trabajo pretende mostrar cómo las redes sociales han trasformado la relación entre ayuntamientos y medios de comunicación, así como evidenciar el papel de los ciudadanos en este nuevo marco de interacción social. palabras clave: comunicación política, política 2.0, sociedad red, medios de comunicación, gobierno abierto.

The corporate sustainability discourse has focused on the disparity between environmental compliance and the broader ESG commitment in the global energy sector. Whereas the carbon pricing policies have required the energy firms to deal with GHG emissions, the social aspect of the sustainability concept, especially the wellbeing of the surrounding community, has not received due consideration. This paper will examine whether the sustainability strategies adopted by energy firms in the LNG industry constitute a holistic sustainability effort or just selective compliance that is intended to maximize their profitability. In particular, the analysis will explore the extent to which the case of Petronas' participation in the LNG Canada Project reflects ESG cherry picking. In this regard, a case study analysis of Petronas' involvement, in terms of the 25% shareholding and 20-year transportation and liquefaction contract in Kitimat, British Columbia, has been carried out to explore whether there is ESG cherry picking. Using the TBL model, it has been established that Petronas engages in ESG cherry picking because of its overemphasis on Planet and Profit aspects at the expense of People aspect.

Among scholars of Islam and some Muslims today, a curious misperception dominates: that only the Shi c a believe in the coming the awaited Mahdi. Sunni Arab views of the Mahdi since the Six Days War of 1967 have reached heretofore unplumbed depths of eschatological belief and the vigorous debate among the Arab intelligentsia concerning these beliefs, as well as the degree to which they impact the Muslim social and political realms, have followed suit.

In The Law of Peoples, John Rawls proposes a set of principles for international relations, his "Law of Peoples." He calls this Law a "realistic utopia," and invites consideration of this Law from the perspectives of non-Western cultures. This paper considers Rawls's Law from the perspective of Engaged Buddhism, the contemporary form of socially and politically activist Buddhism. We find that Engaged Buddhists would be largely in sympathy with Rawls's proposals. There are differences, however: Rawls builds his view from the idea of independent nation-states, while the Buddhists see the world more in terms of a single humankind, the members being highly interdependent with one another, and also with the physical world. The Buddhists would also push harder than Rawls for global structures building multilateralism, restrict more severely justifications for war and behavior in war, stress economic justice more heavily, and insist on all the human rights in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

In this study, the aim was to observe the reporting pattern and methodology employed
by Haaretz, an Israeli newspaper of international repute, during the 2021 Haram Al-
Shareef conflict between the state of Israel, Hamas, Israeli far-right and Israeli
minorities. This conflict was selected because of its peculiar nature due to its multi-
faceted participation from all sides and not just Hamas. The observations were
quantified using the content analysis measure for frames developed by Semetko &
Valkenburg (2000a). The results revealed that, despite the rise in the usage of
Imagefare (Image Warfare) by the conflicting parties, Haaretz did not shy away from
criticizing the government and state institutions. It also employed reporters from Gaza
to bypass the information blackouts by the Israeli Defence Forces (IDF), usually during
the times of conflict.

Resumen El objetivo de este artículo es analizar el papel de los medios de comunicación como plataformas para el discurso democrático, en el contexto de la tensión entre su responsabilidad social respecto a los derechos de las audiencias y sus propios intereses, ya sean de carácter privado o como medio estatal. El estudio se inscribe en el enfoque del desarrollo mediático y recurre al análisis crítico de la participación en procesos mediáticos, con el propósito de comprender-desde la perspectiva de quienes participan en la producción de noticieros, así como de figuras con presencia política o activista-cómo se interpreta la relación con las audiencias en tanto ciudadanía. La metodología se basó en el estudio de tres casos de noticieros matutinos locales en la ciudad de Aguascalientes, ubicada en el centro de México. Se realizaron entrevistas a personas responsables de la producción, conducción y reporteo de dichos espacios informativos, así como a integrantes del sector político y de movimientos sociales. Los hallazgos evidencian un conocimiento limitado sobre las normativas vigentes y los derechos de las audiencias. Asimismo, se identificaron diversas estrategias empleadas por los equipos de producción, actores políticos y representantes del activismo local para influir en la opinión pública, junto con tensiones entre quienes conciben a los públicos como consumidores y quienes los interpelan como base electoral o agente de cambio social. El análisis muestra que estos noticieros brindan escasos espacios de interacción con las audiencias en torno a los principales problemas locales que les afectan e interesan. Palabras clave: Desarrollo de los medios de comunicación, participación del público, periodismo, noticias radiofónicas, información pública.

This paper examines the geopolitical developments of May 2026 in the Middle East, South Asia, and among major global powers. Drawing on journalistic sources, institutional documents, and data from international organizations, the study reconstructs four central nodes: the management of the Strait of Hormuz and its implications for energy security; Pakistan’s military deployment in Saudi Arabia and the Israel-Hamas conflict; the India-Nordic Summit and US-China engagement; health crises in Bangladesh and the role of media in shaping risk perception. The adopted approach is journalistic-historical, aiming to describe events neutrally and assess the interdependencies between energy, security, and diplomacy in a multipolar international system. The paper avoids value judgments and prioritizes primary source analysis and historical contextualization of events.

The global resurgence of nuclear power has reignited energy debates in the Philippines, a nation facing high electricity costs and the complex legacy of the mothballed Bataan Nuclear Power Plant (BNPP). However, public and academic discourse remains deeply fragmented, exposing a gap between global policy and local skepticism regarding safety and governance. This fragmentation underscores that public opinion is a mediated perception shaped by communication channels and institutional distrust rather than technical data alone. To address this divide, this narrative and thematic literature synthesis employs a framework anchored in Media Influence Theories (Agenda-Setting, Framing, and the Spiral of Silence) to analyze how risk, benefit, and authority are constructed. Synthesizing contemporary literature on global communication patterns and Philippine socio-political constraints, the paper identifies cross-cutting structural barriers like low scientific literacy and media populism. The synthesis reveals that public acceptance is determined by narrative framing, emotional governance, and institutional credibility rather than a simple deficit of technical knowledge. Ultimately, this study contributes to science communication by offering insights into how socio-technical controversies are mediated, providing implications for risk communication and democratic energy policy design in the Global South.

The media plays a crucial role in framing and representing humanitarian crises, significantly influencing public opinion. The representation of these crises in the media directly impacts the dissemination of information to the global public. One prominent international crisis is the plight of the Rohingya Muslims in Myanmar, which dates back to the 1970s. News about the Rohingya refugees has been a major humanitarian topic on the global stage. The findings of this study reveal that Rohingya refugees are predominantly represented negatively in popular media platforms in India. Negative framing, including dehumanization and misrepresentation, is often employed in political discourse and developments. The portrayal of Rohingya refugees in Indian media frequently resorts to one-dimensional and stereotypical depictions. The frequent occurrence of dehumanization and misrepresentation, identifiable through the use of language and selective reporting practices, indicates a strong alignment of most Indian mainstream media with the government's position. However, it is noteworthy that some platforms maintain a critical perspective. The portrayal of Rohingya refugees in India's mainstream news outlet's online platforms, such as Hindustan Times Online, NDTV Online, The Times of India Online, and India Today Online, reveals a complex landscape with varying narratives and governmental alignments.

The emergence of artificial intelligence (AI) within digital media has greatly changed the process of audiovisual communication on platforms such as TikTok and Instagram. In this study, transactional and interactional discourses are analyzed in relation to the construction of AI within AI-generated videos using the MCDA method. Specifically, the research explores selected AI-generated videos by focusing on the internal characteristics of the videos and analyzing key frames from each video. It was found that although transactional discourse serves the purpose of showing AI as an orderly system, interactional discourse becomes dominant by the means of multimodal elements which appeal to the emotions of viewers through their cinematic and extremely realistic quality. The use of emotional and other elements allows constructing an image of AI not only as a system but as a creative and emotionally intelligent agent as well. Thus, this study demonstrates the relationship between interactional and transactional discourse and the importance of their interplay for the construction of the image of AI within the context of its normalization. It fills the existing gap in literature which primarily focuses on textual or audience analyses rather than on the internal multimodal features of AI-generated videos themselves.

This paper examines how victims are represented in international news media coverage of the Gaza war, with reference to linguistic features of naming and numbering. The paper is based on ten news stories of CNN and Al Jazeera English about five similar events, which undergo qualitative analysis through Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) incorporating the ideas of Fairclough, Halliday, and van Leeuwen. The results show steady use of numerical representation in both outlets, with victims mostly described in aggregate numbers rather than as individual persons. There is no naming whatsoever in the dataset, which is indicative of a more general tendency towards abstraction in conflict coverage. But differences in framing arise. CNN often uses passive and indirect forms of constructions that background agency and focus on the results. Al Jazeera English, in turn, tends to employ active forms more frequently and include contextual or identity-related information, attributing actions to their actors and placing victims in particular situations. The research claims that the two outlets are similar in structural terms regarding their victim representations, but differences in linguistic decisions determine attitudes towards responsibility and human influence. The research provides a microlevel view of the media discourse and conflict coverage studies, by foregrounding naming over numbering.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis framing pemberitaan kasus dugaan pelecehan seksual terhadap 16 mahasiswa FH UI pada media Kompas.com dan Suara.com, mengidentifikasi penggunaan bahasa dalam konstruksi berita, serta menjelaskan pengaruh framing terhadap pemahaman masyarakat. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan analisis wacana. Data penelitian berupa teks berita dari Kompas.com dan Suara.com yang dipilih menggunakan teknik purposive sampling. Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui dokumentasi dengan cara membaca, mengunduh, dan mengelompokkan berita sesuai fokus penelitian. Analisis data dilakukan dengan mengidentifikasi struktur teks, pemilihan diksi, penyusunan kalimat, dan penempatan aktor dalam pemberitaan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Kompas.com lebih menonjolkan perlindungan korban, kritik terhadap institusi kampus, dan penegakan hukum, sedangkan Suara.com lebih menekankan tindakan tegas terhadap pelaku, solidaritas mahasiswa, dan pemberian sanksi berat. Perbedaan framing tersebut terlihat melalui penggunaan bahasa, fokus berita, emosi yang dibangun, serta cara media menempatkan aktor dalam pemberitaan. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa media online tidak hanya menyampaikan fakta, tetapi juga membentuk konstruksi realitas sosial dan memengaruhi opini publik melalui proses framing.

IL LINGUAGGIO BINARIO COME ARMA DI DOMINIO
Trump, Berlusconi, Salvini, Meloni: quattro stili, una sola grammatica del potere

Il saggio propone una mappa concettuale del cosiddetto "linguaggio binario", definito come quel registro retorico-politico che riduce la complessità del discorso pubblico a una dicotomia chiusa "noi/loro", "vincitori/perdenti", "patrioti/traditori".

L'analisi prende come casi di studio quattro figure politiche di rilievo: Donald Trump (Stati Uniti, 2015-2026), Silvio Berlusconi (Italia, 1994-2011), Matteo Salvini (Italia, 2013-2026) e Giorgia Meloni (Italia, 2022-2026). L'ipotesi di lavoro è che, pur nella diversità di stile, contesto e visione politica, i quattro leader condividano una grammatica retorica comune fondata su tre regole: polarizzazione assoluta, ripetizione ossessiva, semplificazione del nemico.

Il volume è strutturato in dieci capitoli e tre appendici. I primi due capitoli introducono il quadro teorico (basi cognitive del binario, riferimenti a Kahneman, Tajfel, studi neuroscientifici). I capitoli centrali (3-6) ricostruiscono il lessico specifico di ciascun leader, con tassonomie di parole-elogio e parole-attacco. I capitoli finali (7-10) affrontano i meccanismi psicologici di funzionamento (paura, rabbia, appartenenza), la vulnerabilità differenziale di alcuni gruppi sociali (giovani, donne, lavoratori), le conseguenze sull'erosione democratica, e una proposta di "consapevolezza linguistica" come pratica civica.

L'appendice C documenta gli sviluppi 2025-2026, con particolare attenzione all'inasprimento lessicale di Trump nel secondo mandato ("traitors", "human garbage", "demonic") e alla codificazione istituzionale del registro binario nella retorica governativa italiana.

Stile divulgativo, prima persona, lessico accessibile a un cittadino non specialista.

Licenza: CC BY-NC-SA 4.0

This study examined journalists' perception of conflict-sensitive reporting (CSR) during the 2022 Osun State Governorship Election, with emphasis on the influence of social characteristics and professional ethics. Adopting a quantitative research design, data were collected from 226 journalists registered with the Nigeria Union of Journalists (NUJ), Osun State Council, using a structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were used to assess journalists' understanding and perception of conflict-sensitive reporting, while Pearson Product Moment Correlation was employed to test the hypotheses at a 0.05 level of significance. Findings reveal that journalists demonstrate a high level of understanding of conflict-sensitive reporting, perceiving it as a peaceoriented, neutral, accurate, and necessary approach to election coverage. Descriptive results further indicate strong agreement that CSR plays a critical role in conflict management and deescalation during elections. Inferential analysis shows a statistically significant positive relationship between journalists' perception of CSR and their educational qualification (p = 0.017), years of professional practice (p = 0.025), media platform (p = 0.021), and age (p = 0.040), while gender showed no significant relationship (p = 0.204). In addition, professional ethics was found to have a significant positive relationship with journalists' perception of conflictsensitive reporting (r = 0.307, p < 0.05). The study concludes that journalists' perception of conflict-sensitive reporting is strongly shaped by professional ethics and experience, supporting the relevance of Social Responsibility Theory in explaining ethical orientation during election coverage. It recommends sustained training, ethical reinforcement, and supportive newsroom environments to enhance effective conflict-sensitive reporting in electoral contexts.

Given the lack of research on the intersection of media and religion outside the U.S. and in South Korea, this study analyzed how two mainstream daily newspapers have depicted Christianity and compared their tones and frames toward this religion and megachurches in Korea. News stories on three major religions-Protestantism, Buddhism, and Catholicismwere identified and collected from the newspapers' online archives. Overall, 302 out of 895 articles were focused on Christianity. Quantitative content analysis was utilized with a manual holistic approach. One of the major findings is that Chosun Ilbo, a conservativeleaning publication, described Protestantism in a more positive manner than Kyunghyang Shinmun, a liberal-leaning newspaper. Another finding is that there has been a shift in religion news coverage between 2011 and 2022 in terms of frames applied. Frames such as political power and corrupt were used more often in 2011, whereas the social work frame was employed more frequently in 2022, when covering Protestantism. The findings offer critical implications for journalists, religious communities, and the public by identifying journalistic practices that potentially fuel audience polarization. This exploratory study serves as a foundational step in advancing scholarly discourse on the media-religion interface in South Korea.

El capítulo analiza si el clima político populista y polarizado de México en 2024 se tradujo en expresiones de incivilidad dentro de los debates presidenciales. Desde una concepción de los debates como formatos de deliberación democrática mediada, se sostiene que éstos favorecen el voto informado, la comprensión política y el intercambio racional de argumentos, aunque el populismo contemporáneo —caracterizado por antagonismo, polarización y transgresión discursiva— podría erosionar dichas funciones. A partir de un análisis multimodal del primer debate presidencial mexicano de 2024, se examinan variables verbales y no verbales como ataques personales, lenguaje adversarial, tono hostil, expresiones faciales, gestos desafiantes y corporeidad asertiva. Los resultados muestran niveles bajos de incivilidad y una escasa presencia de ataques personales o comportamientos agresivos. Aunque la candidata oficialista exhibió mayor lenguaje agonístico de “nosotros contra ellos”, predominó en general un tono civil y relativamente positivo entre los contendientes. El capítulo concluye que, pese al contexto populista y polarizado del país, los debates mexicanos preservaron su carácter deliberativo y una tradición de civilidad política, posiblemente debido a incentivos estratégicos, restricciones institucionales y normas consolidadas de debate.

Bringing together narrative theory, migration studies, and contemporary discussions in the environmental humanities, this article considers the significance of the concept of scale for media narratives on migration. The starting point is that migration is a multiscalar phenomenon that ranges from migrants' personal experience to the global factors (such as poverty and climate change) that shape migration on a planetary scale. Media narratives are often unable to bring together those scales, privileging the scale of regional or national debates at the expense of migrants' experience or global phenomena. We discuss that idea through the qualitative analysis of migration coverage in the Italian media, focusing on two newspapers (Corriere della sera and Il Giornale) and two periods in 2015 and 2022. We thus compare what is frequently described as the refugee "crisis" of 2015 and the wave of migration created by Russia's invasion of Ukraine in February 2022. The analysis shows that, in both newspapers, migration coverage in 2015 was marked by a disconnect between local and global events, whereas in 2022 the event structure of the war afforded closer integration between scales. This suggests that, even when no simple causal link can be established between the causes of migration and its effects, more efforts are needed to project a complex, nuanced image of migration in media storytelling.

In this debate piece, we examine representations of postmenopausal motherhood in print media and online content of private clinics in India to show how the visual vocabulary of assisted reproductive technology (ART) reifies patriarchal logics of motherhood through a dance of science and spectacle. In particular, we draw on Franklin's (2013a) notion of 'embryo watching' and Thompson's (2005) 'ontological choreography' to argue how biomedical imaging technologies curate embodied encounters of ART and local-moral worlds where gerontological reproductive futures can be imaged and imagined. Crucially, we illuminate the ambivalent biopolitics of this (media) framing, where older women's bodies are simultaneously expressed through the promissory language of fertility and an erasure of sexuality. Ultimately, keeping in mind the current decade (2021-2030) as one focused on determinants of healthy ageing, this article sheds light on the policy blind spot of a persistent neglect of the sexual and reproductive health of older women in India. Keywords: menopause • ageing and sexual health • reproductive risk • assisted reproductive technology/in vitro fertilisation • media framing

This article examines how Israeli combat soldiers’ war songs function as a cultural medium for constructing and performing enmity against Palestinians. Through an analysis of original, soldier-composed lyrics from the First and Second Intifadas, the study traces a shift from ambivalent depictions of Palestinians to open calls for their elimination. Drawing on Carl Schmitt’s Theory of political enmity, James Ron’s frontier/ghetto framework, and Judith Butler’s theory of performativity, the article argues that enemy-making is not merely a product of formal military policy or top-down propaganda. Rather, it emerges through informal, emotionally charged, and creative practices that sediment over time. These songs reveal how military culture helps reproduce ethno-national hierarchies and normalize extreme violence, transforming Palestinians from internal subjects into existential threats. By linking cultural performance to shifting legal and spatial regimes of control, the article sheds light on how permanent war is sustained not only through political strategy, but through affective and symbolic labor within settler–colonial military institutions.

The concept of 'lived experience' has become increasingly important in activities such as campaigning, research, and policy design. Concurrently, and in slight contrast, 'framing approaches', have also become more popular. Whilst empirical work around emotions within social policy development remains limited, there have recently been a number of calls for compassion, kindness, and hope to form the basis of political and policy-related discussions. In this article, we explore the relatively simultaneous emergence and increasing profile of these three topics. We note tensions, contradictions, and generalisations within and between them, examining anti-poverty activities in the UK and the Talking about poverty (TaP) project between JRF and Frameworks as an exemplar. Drawing widely on literature relating to anger, we question the absence of this emotion in many of the stories of poverty and hardship presented by campaigners, researchers, and policymaking organisations.

This paper offers a multi-theoretical analysis of President Donald J. Trump's rhetorical strategies during the joint press conference with Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu (February 2, 2025). Combining Speech Act Theory and Gricean pragmatics with the Metaphor Identification Procedure (MIP), automated-assisted repetition detection, and Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), the study traces how clause-level moves accumulate into mesolevel frames and macro-level ideological effects. The primary dataset comprised a verbatim, manually transcribed clause-level corpus (241 clauses attributable to Trump), which was coded for speech acts, maxim observance/flouting, evaluative polarity, repetition, metaphor candidates, and delegitimizing language. The results show an assertive-dominated discourse (175 clauses; 72.6%) with substantive commissive presence (38 clauses; 15.8%) and strategic maxim flouting (34 clauses; 14.1%). Verified metaphors appeared in 24 clauses (≈ 10%); Israel/Israeli occurred in 36 clauses (≈ 14.9%) and clustered repeatedly with alliance and security frames. CDA reveals three intertwined operations: (1) nomination and positive predication that construct alliedness, (2) possession and managerial metaphors that recode intervention as stewardship, and (3) security framings and hyperbolic intensifications that legitimize coercive measures. Methodologically, this paper demonstrates an auditable micro→meso→macro pipeline (with appended codebook, MIP verifications, repetition clusters, and audit trails) and provides an adjudicated empirical resource for future research. The findings highlight how modest linguistic resources, when orchestrated, can produce disproportionate legitimate power in high-stakes diplomatic rhetoric.

This study investigates the dynamics of minority rights in Bangladesh, situated within regional diplomatic interference and international pressures.  It concentrates on Hindu societies who live in Bangladesh, a majority Muslim country and discovers blueprints of inspirations that transnational dogmas exert on native communal associations, media exposure, and governmental reactions. This study combines a qualitative method of interviews with religious authorities, scholars, political leaders and journalists including significant content reviewing of media output, research articles, policies and non-government publications to investigate interconnections amongst external pressures, governance and societal resilience.  The paper finds that even as extreme Hinduva ideas and discourses within India fashioned a sense of insecurity amongst Bangladeshi Hindus, although interfaith historical harmony is generally prevailed amongst the majority Muslims. Global powers such as Western actors and media tend to decrease the complications of socio-political realities. However, it wires Islamophobic ideas and contributes to the unsuspecting justification of global Hinduva extreme ideologies. The paper highlights the necessity to establish strong domestic legal systems, interfaith solidarity, regional diplomacy, and media reform. It posits that the ability of Bangladesh to protect minority rights, uphold secularism, and endure external forces is important not only to internal unity but also to the confidence of South Asian sovereignty.

This article examines how mental health discourse functions as a credibility technology in Portuguese news reporting on sexual violence between 2014 and 2023. Using Critical Thematic Analysis and grounded in feminist media studies and critical mental health scholarship, the article analyses a qualitative corpus of reporting-oriented news items published in Público and Observador. The dataset consists of systematically selected articles in which mental health discourse functions as a substantive explanatory frame for sexual violence. Psychiatric, psychological, therapeutic, and metaphorical registers grant, withhold, or condition believability, allocating responsibility and organising care through norms of stability, risk, and expert verification. The analysis identified eight recurring discursive clusters through which mental health language stabilises truth claims: it can legitimise institutional authority, regulate survivors' credibility, and explain perpetration through pathologising tropes, while often displacing structural accounts of gendered violence and reproducing ableist stigma. By specifying the credibility work performed by mental health discourse, the article contributes to debates on trauma-informed, survivorcentred, and anti-ableist reporting and proposes a transferable framework for analysing the sexual violence-mental health nexus in journalism.

With the help of Niklas Luhmann's social theory, we can affirm that society is the totality of communications over psychic systems, or, expressed in the language of Nicolai Hartmann's ontological theory, the intellectual-intellectual layer of existence above the psychic layer of existence. Through artificial intelligence and the platforms of cyberspace, most of people's communications have been transferred to cyberspace platforms (Facebook, Google, X, Tik-tok, etc.)  from physical space, and social communication, thus society became two-organized. However, cyberspace platforms do not simply complement and adopt physical space communications, but they also multiply this by making individuals' communications enormously easier.  In other words, if society is the totality of communications, then an explosion in communication density has also taken place, and even more condensation, it has been happening since the turn of the millennium in today's societies. 
    And this affects everything and changes it compared to how it has worked so far. I have been dealing with the shift of social activities from physical space to cyberspace and cyberspace platforms for years, but so far I have understood it to mean that what has taken place in direct, face-to-face interactions in physical space is now largely done through cyberspace platforms. By my own example, I vaguely knew that in the previously difficult conditions of physical space, I only carried out a fraction of the communication, compared to the fact that nowadays even the hourly emails and dozens of Facebook discussions, google searches and asking questions in Google's AI mode increase my daily communication in cyberspace to over a hundred a day. And this is the case with other people as well, and with this, the density of communication at the social level above individuals multiplies compared to before. This can increasingly be called a society of communication density explosion.

This article examines how leading Chinese media narrate Ukraine’s cultural and historical heritage during Russia’s full-scale invasion. A thirty-month sample reveals the relative invisibility of Ukraine’s heritage, which, when mentioned, is framed in sympathetic yet passive terms: Ukraine appears as a victimised repository of culture rather than an active political subject.
Narratives avoid condemning Russia, instead emphasising shared cultural loss in order to sustain China’s image as a neutral, morally superior observer and confident facilitator of cultural dialogue and exchange. Ultimately, these framings serve the broader objective of “telling China’s story well”, reinforcing China’s self-presentation as a civilised, stable, and globally respected power.

Mega sporting events such as the Olympics receive extensive media coverage across the world. News media play a crucial role in shaping public perception by highlighting certain themes, athletes, and narratives. The Tokyo Olympics, originally scheduled for 2020 but held in 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic, received significant attention from Indian news media. Indian athletes achieved notable success, including historic performances that generated national pride and widespread media coverage. This study examines how Indian news media represented the Tokyo Olympics 2021 using the content analysis method. By analyzing news reports, headlines, and television coverage, the research identifies dominant themes and patterns in media representation. The findings suggest that Indian news coverage primarily focused on national achievements, athlete success stories, and patriotic narratives, which contributed to strengthening public engagement with the Olympic Games.

Television news channels play a significant role in shaping public discourse and influencing perceptions of nationalism in India. News media not only report events but also frame issues in ways that shape how audiences interpret national identity, patriotism, and political narratives. Indian news channels increasingly covered issues such as national security, cross-border conflicts, political debates, and cultural identity through frames that emphasized nationalism and patriotic sentiment. This study examines how Indian news channels framed narratives of nationalism before 2019. Using a qualitative research approach, the study analyses news content, debates, and televised discussions broadcast on major Indian news channels. The findings suggest that news framing often emphasized patriotic rhetoric, national unity, and political symbolism, which contributed to shaping audience perceptions of national identity.

Media framing is a potent tool in shaping public perception, mainly in transitional democracies where the boundaries of acceptable discourse are contested. The paper presents a comparative content analysis of four Gambian media houses, the state-owned Gambia Radio & Television Services and the independent Kerr Fatou, The Fatu Network, and Alkamba Timesduring the period 2024-2025. It investigates how these outlets frame "the Other", defined as entities that are positioned in opposition to the dominant state narratives, including political dissenters, critical journalists, and civil society actors. The findings indicate a stark divergence in framing strategies emanating from ownership structures. The pro-government GRTS consistently deployed legitimising frames, framing government actions as progressive and dissent as a threat to national unity. Independent outlets, on the other hand, utilise accountability and rights-based frames, with state power and restrictive laws emerging as the chief threats to democracy. Other key findings also revealed how digital platforms have transformed the reach of independent frames at immense ethical costs and how the legal and economic constraints continue to disproportionately impact independent media and make them a fragile "Other" within the media landscape. The study concludes that the battle to define "the Other" is central in the fragile democratic consolidation of The Gambia, thus making legal reforms, economic sustainability, and reinforced journalistic ethics urgent imperatives for the nurturing of a media landscape supportive of pluralistic discourses.

Mass media is an effective instrument in shaping public opinion. Though mass media is believed to be principally transparent and independent, the information presented to the public is the result of human construction based on their understanding of the reality of knowledge. In this topic, majority of Moslem, recently, claim that some popular mass media are not objective in reporting terrorism. For that reason, this article efforts whether the image of Islam as a religion of terror is constructed, especially from the online media framing in Kompas.com about the incident in Charlie Hebdo’s media in Paris.

This paper discusses the construction of poverty in editorials of two leading Englishlanguage newspapers in Pakistan, Dawn and the News. The study is based on a qualitative review of five editorials that were released between 2022 and June 2024, examining how poverty is described, how blame is distributed, and what the proposals are in the discourse of elite media. The analysis combines the framing theory of Entman with the tools chosen in the Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) to include both macrolevel interpretive frames and micro-level linguistic strategies. The results indicate that the editorials fail to offer a consistent interpretation of poverty. Although there are those texts that focus on technocratic explanations based on economic policy and stateled reform, alternative texts anticipate social exclusion, community involvement, and rights-centered views. The presence of differences in lexical preferences, metaphorical language, and attribution of agency show differences in ideological habits of governance, accountability, and development. Although the study was limited in scope, it highlights that editorials are not just reflections of opinion, but constructs the perception of poverty in the society and legitimizes some policy decisions in the setting of Pakistan after 2022.

Climate change represents a serious and growing threat to developing nations, especially Pakistan, where extreme weather events have become very frequent and disruptive. This paper examines the ways in which the editorials of the Pakistani English-language newspapers framed recent climate-related incidents in May 2025, when the country experienced a series of severe hailstorms and unusual weather patterns in major cities. The study employs a qualitative analysis of four editorials published in Dawn, The Nation, Islamabad Post, and Pakistan Today, informed by framing theory and guided by Fairclough's three dimensional model of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA). The discussion of how responsibility and causality are presented is based on the analysis of lexical choices, metaphorical constructions, agency assignment and discursive silences. The findings show that the selection of framing is very diverse and that in general, it leans towards framing vague or passive constructions that blur institutional accountability. Moreover, the issue of climate justice and social inequity remains minor, and vulnerable groups and structural conditions are not considered seriously. The analysis shows that editorials serve as powerful ideological sources that influence the public perception of climate crises. It emphasizes the necessity of having more responsible and justice-oriented editorial discourse in the Pakistani media.