Spain (History)

THE FOLLOWING TEXT is a summary of a book published in 2014 (in French), Kropotkin and the Great War, whose subtitle is “The anarchists, the CGT, and the social democracy in the face of war.”1 The year 2016 marked the centenary of the publication of the famous Manifesto of the Sixteen in which a small number of anarchists took position in favour of the countries of the Entente against Germany and its allies. What motivated my writing the book is that Kropotkin’s signing of this Manifesto has always aroused – and rightly so – a malaise in the anarchist movement, but that no one, to my knowledge, dared to address the issue head on.

The subtitle aims to suggest that Kropotkin was not an isolated actor in this matter: the other actors are anarchists in general; the General Confederation of Labour (CGT), the trade union organisation that had managed to organise a general strike against the war in 1912 but eventually joined the Sacred Union; and the German social-democracy, which was also an essential actor in defining the context in which a handful of anarchist activists signed this controversial Manifesto. I tried to understand the reasons that led Kropotkin to this unfortunate and useless initiative – useless insofar as there were other means of conveying the message that the Russian revolutionary wanted to convey

Este artículo analiza un conflicto legal en la Sevilla del siglo XVI en torno al monopolio del oficio de carenero, otorgado a Andrea Barrasi y Pablo Matía. A través del pleito con el también carenero Juan Guillermo, se revelan las tensiones entre saber técnico, justicia y poder económico en el contexto del comercio atlántico. El estudio pone en evidencia la participación de marineros, jornaleros y técnicos en disputas jurisdiccionales, así como la presencia activa de los venecianos en el puerto de Sevilla. La circulación de conocimientos y tecnologías entre el Mediterráneo y el Atlántico muestra cómo los márgenes técnicos eran fundamentales en la configuración del Imperio. El enfoque microhistórico permite iluminar procesos globales desde una perspectiva local. Palabras clave: microhistoria; comercio atlántico; pleito; conocimiento técnico; venecianos.

Tierra de Cáceres conserva uno de los conjuntos más elocuentes y a la vez más enigmáticos del occidente peninsular: centenares de tumbas excavadas directamente en la roca granítica. Diseminadas en colinas suaves, afloramientos de lanchares y bolos, junto a cursos de agua o próximas a antiguas vías de comunicación, estas estructuras constituyen un testimonio material que, pese a su aparente simplicidad formal, encierra una complejidad histórica notable. El fenómeno no es exclusivo de Extremadura. Las tumbas excavadas en la roca constituyen uno de los vestigios arqueológicos más abundantes de la Península Ibérica, con hallazgos que se extienden desde Cataluña hasta Andalucía, quedando al margen determinadas zonas del Norte Cantábrico. Sin embargo, en la Tierra de Cáceres su densidad, variedad tipológica y estado de conservación convierten el territorio en un auténtico laboratorio para el estudio del tránsito entre el mundo romano y el medieval. La tierra aparentemente silenciosa revela, a quien la observa con detenimiento, las huellas de comunidades que eligieron inscribir su relación con la muerte directamente en el paisaje. Desde un punto de vista académico, el desafío es aún mayor: interpretar cronológicamente y funcionalmente estructuras que, en su inmensa mayoría, han perdido el contexto arqueológico que permitiría una datación precisa. Uno de los rasgos más llamativos de estas tumbas es que casi ninguna ha conservado restos humanos. Carecen igualmente

Kurtuba (Córdoba) şehri Fenikeliler tarafından kurulmuştur. Roma İmparatorluğu, Vandallar, Vizigotlar gibi farklı devletler tarafından idare edilmiştir. 711'deki Müslüman fethinden sonra bir İslâm şehri olmuştur. Kurtuba) Müslüman idaresi altında fetihten itibaren önem verilen bir yer olmuştur. Kurtuba, uzun yıllar Endülüs'ün başkenti konumundaydı. İşgaller, doğal afetler, çeşitli sıkıntılara rağmen şehrin önemi hiçbir zaman azalmamıştır. Kurtuba 711-1236 tarihleri arasında Endülüs Müslümanlarının hâkimiyetinde kalmıştır. Mezkûr şehir Endülüs tarihine, kültürüne ve bilimine yüzyıllarca ışık tutmuştur. İber Yarımadası'nda bir yıldız gibi parlayan Kurtuba şehrinde Müslümanların bıraktığı en büyük miras kültürel miras olmuştur. Kurtuba Ulucâmii, Medînetüzzehrâ Yönetim Külliyesi, Rusâfe Sarayı gibi yapılar bu mirasın en önemli örneklerindendir. Müslümanların elinden Reconquista hareketleri sonucunda çıkmasından sonra bile şehrin önemi azalmamıştır. Hristiyanlar şehirdeki kültürel birikimden istifade etmişlerdir.

El presente trabajo tiene la intención de afrontar el estudio detallado de
las dos primeras muestras de prensa femenina publicadas en España durante la
segunda mitad del siglo XVIII, La Pensadora Gaditana y La Pensatriz Salmantina.
Abordamos este trabajo como un proceso que se inicia con la presencia de la mujer
en el espacio público dentro del ámbito cultural y culmina con la aparición de estos
dos periódicos de firma femenina. Asimismo, pretendemos realizar su estudio en
relación con la prensa del Setecientos, que será donde de manera clave se refleje la
nueva actividad que la mujer tiene en la sociedad dieciochesca como lectora,
escritora y redactora.

This article analyzes the role of religious and ecclesiastical factors in the emergence of anti-totalitarian resistance in Eastern European countries from the late 1940s to the 1980s. Using a comparative approach and discourse analysis methods, the article examines the transformation of church rhetoric from a strategy of preserving institutional structure
to the active defense of human rights. The application of V. Benda’s concept of the «parallel polis» and V. Havel’s concept of «living in truth» made it possible to deconstruct religious activism as a specific form of socio-political resistance to totalitarian ideology. The scientific novelty lies in a systematic re-examination of the religious factor as an independent component of anti-totalitarian discourse, which has made it possible to generalize the typology of resistance strategies in Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Hungary based on the criteria of their communicative and organizational structure (institutional, intellectual-underground, and network models). The conceptual link between the social doctrine of the Catholic Church and the theory of the «parallel polis» has been substantiated, revealing the mechanism by which metaphysical categories («life in truth», «dignity of the person») were transformed into an effective tool of the human rights movement and the political delegitimization of communist regimes. It is concluded that religious and ecclesiastical resistance was not only a form of rejection of communist ideology
but also a component in the formation of an autonomous space for civil society under totalitarianism. It is summarized that the Catholic Church in Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Hungary transformed into a conduit for a worldview doctrine opposed to the communist regime, based on moral and ethical anthropology. It is highlighted that the Catholic Church’s
ethical concept undermined the existential foundations of the communist system in Eastern European countries and laid the intellectual groundwork for a gradual, peaceful transition to democratic change.
Key words: religion, church, Eastern Europe, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, «parallel polis».

Propuesta didáctica para tratar la figura histórica, literaria y legendaria de Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar en su época para el nivel de 2º de la ESO, dentro del marco de las XVII Jornadas de Intercambio de Experiencias Didácticas en Ciencias Sociales, Geografía e Historia.

This book review is brought to you for free and open access by the Association for Spanish and Portuguese Historical Studies. It has been accepted for inclusion in the Bulletin for Spanish and Portuguese Historical Studies by an authorized editor of the Association for Spanish and Portuguese Historical Studies.

The Durruti Column of the Spanish Revolution is justifiably famous - but seldom analysed beyond the anarchist hagiography (and communist disinformation). Also, the key roles played by this volunteer unit in defending Madrid in November of 1936, when Durruti was killed, its subsequent battle record under Ricardo Sanz, and most significantly, what happened when its veterans reformed to take the battle to the Nazis in WWII, becoming the first troops to liberate Paris in August 1944, is a story seldom told. So here is the first attempt at the holistic story of a group of men (and initially some women) who fought on the front-lines against fascism for nine years.

El artículo se adentra en el contexto político y económico de México en 1861. Se discuten algunas de las consecuencias de haber adoptado una postura triunfalista al dar por concluido un conflicto —la Guerra de Reforma—, aunque las hostilidades seguían activas. Específicamente, se destaca cómo la deuda adquirida con particu-lares entre 1858 y 1860 se convirtió en un problema toral para el gobierno liberal y evidencia la tensión entre el discurso oficial y la realidad financiera del Estado.

Reservados todos los derechos. De acuerdo con la legislación vigente, y bajo las sanciones en ella previstas, queda totalmente prohibida la reproducción o transmisión parcial o total de este libro, por procedimientos mecánicos o electrónicos, incluyendo fotocopia, grabación magnética, óptica o cualesquiera otros procedimientos que la técnica permita o pueda permitir en un futuro, sin la expresa autorización por escrito de los propietarios del copyright. La presente edición puede consultarse en Otras consultas o petición de ejemplares en

Reservados todos los derechos. De acuerdo con la legislación vigente, y bajo las sanciones en ella previstas, queda totalmente prohibida la reproducción o transmisión parcial o total de este libro, por procedimientos mecánicos o electrónicos, incluyendo fotocopia, grabación magnética, óptica o cualesquiera otros procedimientos que la técnica permita o pueda permitir en un futuro, sin la expresa autorización por escrito de los propietarios del copyright. La presente edición puede consultarse en Otras consultas o petición de ejemplares en

América en Madrid. Cultura material, arte e imágenes, libro editado por Luisa Elena Alcalá y Benito Navarrete (Madrid: Cátedra, 2023) demuestra, a partir de distintos ejemplos, que para entender a cabalidad la configuración del patrimonio artístico español es preciso volver la mirada a América, no solo a Europa. La obra analiza la presencia de objetos, imágenes, artistas y devociones americanas en el Madrid de los siglos XVI al XVIII, así como cuestiones contemporáneas relacionadas con la investigación, el coleccionismo y la exhibición del arte hispanoamericano en España. En conjunto, los estudios que conforman este libro abren nuevas perspectivas para una comprensión más amplia e interconectada de la historia del arte español y americano.

Este estudio analiza el proceso de construcción cultural del estudiante como tipo social en el costumbrismo español entre 1843 y 1872 mediante un análisis cuantitativo longitudinal de la prensa histórica. Frente a interpretaciones que han considerado el costumbrismo como un reflejo de la realidad social, el artículo propone una aproximación empírica al estudio de los procesos de tipificación social mediante el análisis longitudinal de la prensa.
Los resultados permiten identificar una transformación significativa en las representaciones del estudiante, evidenciando su progresivo desplazamiento desde su asociación con la pobreza universitaria hacia su integración en los imaginarios festivos y carnavalescos del periodo. Este proceso revela el papel activo de la prensa en la selección, reiteración y estabilización de rasgos culturales que contribuyeron a la configuración del estudiante como tipo social reconocible.
Desde esta perspectiva, el estudio plantea que el costumbrismo no sólo funcionó como un género descriptivo, sino como un mecanismo cultural de producción de tipos sociales mediante el cual la cultura impresa participó en la organización simbólica de la sociedad decimonónica. El trabajo contribuye así al estudio empírico de los procesos de construcción tipológica en la historia cultural del siglo XIX.

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This study analyzes the cultural construction of the student as a social type in Spanish costumbrismo between 1843 and 1872 through a quantitative longitudinal historical press analysis. Moving beyond interpretations that have understood costumbrismo as a mere reflection of social reality, the article proposes an empirical approach to the study of social typification processes based on longitudinal press analysis.
The results reveal a significant transformation in the representations of the student, showing a gradual shift from associations with university poverty toward their integration into the festive and carnivalesque imaginaries of the period. This evolution highlights the active role of the press in the selection, repetition, and stabilization of cultural features that contributed to shaping the student as a recognizable social type.
From this perspective, the study argues that costumbrismo functioned not only as a descriptive literary genre but also as a cultural mechanism for producing social types through which print culture participated in the symbolic organization of nineteenth-century society. The article thus contributes to the empirical study of typification processes within nineteenth-century cultural history.
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actualidad, haciendo un repaso a los hechos que marcaron su historia. «En el crepúsculo de sus días, uno se enfrenta a su lugar de nacimiento y a los misterios o enigmas que pueda encerrar su lugar de nacimiento», explica José Antonio. El antropólogo es profesor en la Universidad de Granada desde 1992 y fue uno de los primeros en traer la disciplina a la ciudad. Sus campos más estudiados han sido Andalucía y Marruecos, pero ahora se ha querido enfrentar a una investigación «estrictamente local, circunscrita a Granada». Esta no es la primera obra en la que el investigador habla de la ciudad: en 2005 ya dedicó parte de su trabajo a Granada. 'Vórtice' hablaba de la localidad como un lugar problemático, «que tiene muchos encantos, pero también muchos

En 1649, el tribunal de la Inquisición de Zaragoza inicia un proceso de fe contra varios religiosos del colegio de la Compañía de Jesús en Huesca a raíz de una delación misiva de un jesuita que, dos años atrás, residió en dicho colegio y fue testigo de una serie de actos que considera tocantes al Santo Oficio. El padre Juan Antonio Diago, durante la confesión, enseñaba y practicaba que la sodomía era “lícita y aun virtuosa” para evitar la concupiscencia, y varios hermanos lo asumieron como doctrina verdadera. Este proceso nos permite ver cómo funcionaba el colegio y la Compañía a la vez que cómo se entendía (y entendían) la religiosidad y sexualidad en el siglo XVII.

Spain remained neutral until the end of the First World War. The political and social crisis and internal polarisation contributed to this. Although its geopolitical influence was limited, neutrality allowed it to play an unexpected leading role. King Alfonso XIII offered himself as a mediator, as he was related to the dynasties on both sides of the conflict.
Spain's neutrality led to its participation in the first large-scale international humanitarian aid operation: the Commission for Relief in Belgium (CRB). When Germany occupied neutral Belgium, the survival of the Belgian people was threatened. The CRB then brought together three neutral states, the United States, Spain, and the Netherlands, in a joint effort to feed Belgium and the border areas of France. This unprecedented instrument made it possible to overcome both Germany's refusal to supply food and break the British blockade against Germany by providing guarantees to the Central Powers and the Entente at once. Spain's ambassador in Brussels, the Marquis of Villalobar, a close friend of the king, played a prominent role.
An emotional propaganda campaign focusing on child victims of war spurred global solidarity. The Belgians created a specific section for children, which eventually became the Œuvre nationale de l’enfance (ONE), a model parastatal organisation that in turn promoted an international organisation for the protection of children. As it competed with a similar agency sponsored by Save the Children, the League of Nations had to intervene. Being the only neutral country to sit on the first Council, Spain achieved a preminent position to mediate, and was at the forefront of resolving this dispute.
Moreover, Esperanto, the neutral language, was at the centre of a humanitarian action that brought 326 war-stricken Austrian children to Spain between 1920 and 1923. This is a little-known case of social microhistory, far removed from the mass Kindertransport to other neutral countries such as Denmark, the Netherlands, Switzerland, and Sweden, which involved children being sent abroad for recovery stays. Nevertheless, it had some unique characteristics that deserve to be known.

'…Mart ayına dek Budin ile Peşte kal' aların da 5, 10 bin tüfengçi gelüb dâhil olmaya el-'iyâzu billâh-i te'alâ hâl müşkül olur , amma bu canib de 10 bin tüfenger asker kanda bulunur?...' (1593-1606 Macar cephesinden vezir-i âzama hitaben) .

The “Martyrs’ of Córdoba,” forty-eight Christians executed by the Islamic authorities in the city between 850 and 859 either for apostasy or for blaspheming against Islam, are often viewed as a tiny minority of fanatics out of step with the majority of Christians in Muslim-ruled Iberia. While they were undoubtedly a minority, there is some evidence in the work of their hagiographers, Eulogius and Paul Albar, that they had a wider network of active and passive supporters than is usually assumed. Those sympathizers included the inhabitants of a network of rigorist monasteries outside Córdoba and unnamed “intermediaries” who helped to hide and transport the future martyrs. This article seeks to place the martyrs at the peak of a pyramid of dissident Christians who opposed the church leadership’s collaboration with the Muslim authorities.

obtenidas gracias a la investigación exhaustiva de mi señor abuelo materno, el Ilmo. Sr. D. Edgar Juan Aparicio y Aparicio, V marqués de Vistabella (1910-1982) benemérito de la Asociación de Hidalgos a Fuero de España (hoy Real Asociación de Hidalgos de España) quien, junto a su primo hermano, don José Manuel Montúfar Aparicio (1907-2012) hidalgo a Fuero de España, y ambos académicos de número y fundadores de la Academia Guatemalteca de Estudios Genealógicos, Heráldicos e Históricos, la emplearon para hacer sus extractos en la década (1930)(1931)(1932)(1933)(1934)(1935)(1936)(1937)(1938)(1939)(1940) y en la Biblioteca Nacional de Guatemala. En algunas partes de este estudio (compilación) he decidido conservar expresiones, palabras y ortografía existentes en los originales que he examinado. Este trabajo también pretende dar a conocer uno de los nobiliarios (el militar) del reino de Guatemala, debido a mi autoría exclusiva, indispensable para reunir los nombres y los apellidos de los antepasados de muchísimas personas, guatemaltecas de origen, que gozaron de privilegios de nobleza en el pasado, previo a la independencia de ese reino de la Corona, efectuada el 15 de septiembre de 1821, por sus servicios activos en los distintos cuerpos o pies de Ejército de los Reales Ejércitos de Su Majestad Católica, y en el reino aludido, e incluso antes de la confusión de Estados, transmisibles a sus descendientes, según los principios jurídicos del Derecho Nobiliario, pues es de recordar que «Con Carlos III se instituye la creación de la Escuela Naval y la profesionalización del Ejército, dando por derecho opción nobiliaria a los nobles e hidalgos [...]». (Adolfo Barredo de Valenzuela, "Noble, Nobleza: sus características", Gacetilla del Estado de Hidalgos -Madrid: Gráficas Arias Montano, año XXXI, núm. 305, octubre de 1988-, pp. 113, 119 y 125)

This review examines the article “Politics, Drama and Poetry in Fray Hortensio Paravicino’s Baroque Sermon, Jesucristo desagraviado (1633),” which analyzes the sermon's function as both a religious and political instrument during the Counter-Reformation in Spain. The study argues that Fray Hortensio Paravicino employed elaborate Baroque rhetorical techniques, including emotional dramatization and sermocinatio, to reinforce Catholic doctrine and legitimize the authority of both the Catholic Church and the Spanish monarchy. By situating the sermon within its historical and ideological context, the article demonstrates how religious oratory operated as a persuasive medium that shaped socio-political values and collective belief. The review highlights the paper’s strengths in historical contextualization, textual interpretation, and rhetorical analysis, while also noting areas for further development, particularly regarding methodological clarity and ethical engagement with the sermon’s anti-Semitic elements. Overall, the article contributes to scholarship on Baroque preaching, rhetoric, and political theology by illustrating the enduring cultural and ideological power of religious discourse in early modern Spain.

Throughout his career, Francisco de Goya drew, etched, and painted several recurrent themes. One which began early in his career and was revisited by the artist even in the last years of his life while in exile in Bordeaux was anticlericalism. Goya lived during turbulent times in Spanish history, with the role of the Catholic Church changing as governments and kings also changed. His art reflects the many abuses of power the Church and its clerics perpetrated on the Spanish people during this period. Throughout his oeuvre, Goya critiques the clergy and the Catholic Church for misconduct such as sexual abuse, greed, acts of violence, and hypocrisy. If we consider the decades in Spanish history in which Goya lived we note that the clergy and the church were reformed under the enlightened monarchs of the Bourbon dynasty and were almost completely disbanded under French control during the War of Independence against Napoleon. We subsequently see a complete reversal with a reinvigoration of the Church and the Inquisition under the restoration of Fernando VII. It makes sense that Goya, an artist who used his art to provide us with a social critique of Spanish life, would have turned to the many wrong doings of the Church since it was one of the most important and powerful institutions in Spain during his lifetime. Goya's critiques of the Church were harsh, humorous, and many times intentionally ambiguous. My dissertation examines a still much neglected facet of Goya's art, namely his depictions of anticlericalism throughout his career. I address how the cultural, religious, social, political, and literary history of Spain help to explain why the artist denigrated members of the Catholic Church in his art. A great deal has been written on some of Goya's well-known religious paintings, yet his fierce anticlericalism that informs so much of his art has been largely overlooked. The first chapter introduces anticlericalism and examines the historiography of Goya's works. It also explains my methodological approach and how my dissertation seeks to expand upon the scholarship that discusses Goya's complex relationship with religion. My second chapter addresses the role of religious commissions in Goya's early career from his training to his beginnings in the royal court of Madrid. I emphasize how even in his early career, Goya's religious paintings had begun to satirize the Catholic clergy as well as depart from traditional religious iconography. Subsequent chapters focus on works he created while he was becoming the most famous and sought after artist in Spain. Specifically in chapters three and four I examine anticlericalism in his print series Los Caprichos and Disasters of War as well as in his paintings and drawings completed while living in Spain. My final two chapters examine Goya's anticlericalism in the last years of his life, first under the restored monarchy of Fernando VII and then during his self-imposed exile in Bordeaux. The late works reveal the extent to which Goya continued to meditate on and represent the abuses of the Catholic clergy in Spain, a topic that would be on his mind until his final days.

THE FIRST WORLD WAR WAS, MOST LIKELY, THE FIRST GLOBALLY MEDIATED CONFLICT. IN FACT, TECHNICAL INNOVATIONS IN TEXT AND IMAGE PRINTING, ADVANCES IN PHOTOGRAPHY, AND COMMUNICATION AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES, MADE IT POSSIBLE TO FOLLOW THE MAIN POLITICAL AND MILITARY EVENTS. THUS, PROPAGANDA ACTIONS GAINED PROMINENCE, ESPECIALLY ON THE PART OF THE BELLIGERENT COUNTRIES, WHICH USED NEWSPAPERS TO CONVEY THEIR MESSAGES TO THE PUBLIC. IN THIS REGARD, PHOTOGRAPHS AND IMAGES SERVED AS VISUAL SUPPORT IN DISSEMINATING NEWS ABOUT THE EVER-CHANGING BATTLEFRONTS, PROVIDING READERS WITH MAPS THAT DEPICTED THE FRONTLINES, TROOP ADVANCES AND RETREATS, AND CHANGES IN THE POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THIS GLOBAL CONFLICT. IN THE CASE OF PORTUGAL, WE CAN HIGHLIGHT THE CONTRIBUTION OF O COMÉRCIO DO PORTO, A DAILY NEWSPAPER PUBLISHED IN THE CITY OF PORTO. SINCE THE BEGINNING OF THE CONFLICT, IT PROVIDED EXTENSIVE JOURNALISTIC COVERAGE, RICHLY ILLUSTRATED WITH MAPS, AND, IN SPECIAL EDITIONS, PHOTOGRAPHIC REPORTS. IN ADDITION TO FULFILLING THEIR INFORMATIVE FUNCTION, THE MAPS IN THE PORTO NEWSPAPER – MOSTLY OF BRITISH ORIGIN – PLAYED A ROLE AS VEHICLES OF ALLIED PROPAGANDA, SPREADING A UNIQUE TYPE OF "SUGGESTIVE" AND "GEOPOLITICAL" CARTOGRAPHY AMONG THE PORTUGUESE PUBLIC. THIS KIND OF CARTOGRAPHY WOULD CONTINUE TO DEVELOP IN THE DECADES THAT FOLLOWED, UP TO THE END OF THE SECOND WORLD WAR. THEREFORE, IN THIS TEXT, WE WILL ANALYSE THE MAPS PUBLISHED IN THIS NEWSPAPER, PAYING ATTENTION TO THEIR TYPOLOGY AND RESPECTIVE PROPAGANDISTIC MESSAGES, SEEKING TO IDENTIFY SOME OF THE FOUNDATIONS OF PORTUGAL'S EMBRYONIC GEOPOLITICAL REFLECTION

The battle of Waterloo took place in what is now southern Belgium in June 1815, more than two hundred years ago. It has been able to remain as a European lieu de mémoire since that moment, remembered recurrently in many ways for decades. The main argument of this article is how that circumstance benefited the Swedish group ABBA when they participated in the 1974 Eurovision Song Contest. The success with the song 'Waterloo' was possible because of a sense of remembrance towards Napoleon's final defeat, shared even by people who did not know anything about history. But they were not the first who used Napoleonic references in their music: the emperor and his wars had been chosen many times before by singers from several countries. The role of ABBA in reinforcing Europop through a historical event connected with a love situation is the other main point of this research.

After Emperor Constantine defeated his pagan god-backed opponent, Maxentius, in
October 312, with the help of "the god of the Christians," he issued the Edict of Milan
in February 313, about six months later, in which he declared Christianity
religio licita, i.e., free to practice Christianity alongside the pagan Roman religion.
When the theological controversy, later known as the Arian controversy, broke out,
he called on the disputants to behave in a similarly understanding way: this time not
in a way that reflected peaceful coexistence of religions but in mutual acceptance of
42 Odrobina László
different theological opinions for the greater good, that is, for the salvation of the
Church.
The paper will examine what symbolism and meaning the Council of Nicea had for
its (pagan and Jewish) contemporaries: what considerations led Emperor Constantine,
who had previously followed the pagan Roman religion, to take this decision,
and what impact the Council had on the self-definition and the narrative of history of
contemporary Jewry.

Este número del Boletín BAMCo examina la emigración de habitantes de Olmeta-di-Capocorso, en el Cabo Corso, hacia Puerto Rico durante los siglos XIX y XX, documentando uno de los núcleos migratorios más significativos de la diáspora corsa en el Caribe. A partir de registros censales, genealogías familiares, documentación archivística y el Diccionario biográfico de corsos en Puerto Rico, este estudio reconstruye las trayectorias de 107 emigrantes procedentes de esta comuna, identificando sus lugares de asentamiento, ocupaciones, vínculos familiares y procesos de movilidad social en pueblos como Yauco, Adjuntas, Ponce y otras regiones de la isla.
El número presta especial atención a la figura de José Pietri Moretti (1840–1913), hacendado y emigrante retornado cuya trayectoria entre Yauco y la aldea de Celle ejemplifica la formación de una identidad transatlántica expresada tanto en la acumulación de capital agrícola como en la construcción de las llamadas casas de americanos en Córcega. Mediante la integración de microhistoria, genealogía, análisis prosopográfico y estudio del patrimonio arquitectónico, este trabajo demuestra cómo una pequeña comunidad montañosa del Cabo Corso participó activamente en la transformación económica, social y cultural tanto de Puerto Rico como de su territorio de origen. Desde la perspectiva del proyecto BAMCo, Olmeta-di-Capocorso emerge como un laboratorio privilegiado para comprender la formación de redes familiares, memorias compartidas y paisajes transatlánticos dentro de la diáspora corsa.
Palabras clave: diáspora corsa; Olmeta-di-Capocorso; Puerto Rico; Cabo Corso; genealogía; migración transatlántica; prosopografía; historia familiar; patrimonio arquitectónico; casas de americanos; microhistoria; estudios caribeños.

Ayer, vol. 142, n. 2 (2026), pp. 187-209

Desde un punto de vista cultural y de la comunicación simbólica,
el potencial de las reliquias reside en su capacidad de reinvención,
tanto en su materialidad —a través del enriquecimiento de los relicarios
y su despliegue en ceremonias de distinto tipo— como en las representaciones
en las que se insertan, resultando formas de apropiación
variables en función de diversos momentos. El estudio del uso
público de los restos sagrados por la monarquía de Isabel II nos aproxima
a las dinámicas políticas y culturales del entorno de la reina, que
van más allá de los marcos institucionales diseñados por el liberalismo
triunfante, y se acoplan a una realidad multisecular como es el palacio,
donde fueron a converger el peso de la tradición y la modernidad política
posrevolucionaria. Entre una y otra cultura política se abría un espectro
amplio para la acción simbólica, en el que se ventilaban cuestiones
de calado como la legitimidad de la monarquía, la nacionalización
de la Corona o la representación pública de la figura regia.

The Víctor Balaguer Library-Museum at Vilanova i la Geltrú (Catalonia, Spain) contains several copies of a map and key navigation chart to understand the history of Spanish colonization of the Philippines. The history of the conservation and cataloguing of this map, by the famous Jesuit cartographer Pedro Murillo Velarde, constitutes a good example of the contributions that provenance research can offer to enrich, nuance, and even transform the story that museums draw around their pieces and collections.

Los límites de la nación economía y representación del indiano en la prensa (1868–1898)

Resumen: La figura del indiano ha sido objeto de un amplio corpus de estu-
dios. La historiografía ha documentado los grandes flujos de capital movi-
lizados por estos sujetos, los circuitos portuarios que los sustentaron y las
significativas cifras de emigración española hacia Cuba y otros territorios
(Rodrigo y Alharilla). Por su parte, la crítica literaria ha mostrado cómo
estos personajes encarnan narrativas sobre la decadencia imperial, a la vez
que ocultan problemáticas como la esclavitud o el comercio ilícito de mate-
rias primas (Surwillo; Davis). Este ensayo analiza la presencia del indiano
en la prensa decimonónica, a partir de la investigación en la Hemeroteca
Digital Nacional. Argumento que la prensa contribuyó a construir un tópico
literario sobre su riqueza y opulencia, desvelando narrativas sobre la deuda
pública controlada por potentados como el Marqués de Comillas. Estos
motivos se proyectan en los textos periodísticos de Benito Pérez Galdós y
José Martí. Ambos elaboran un discurso sobre movilidad y nación en un
momento de crisis imperial en el Caribe.

Palabras claves: Indiano; prensa decimonónica; Benito Pérez Galdós; José
Martí; movilidad socioeconómica.

Abstract: The figure of the indiano has been the subject of extensive schol-
arly research. Historiography has documented the large flows of capital
mobilized by these individuals, the port networks that sustained them, and
the significant Spanish emigration to Cuba and other territories (Rodrigo y
Alharilla). Literary criticism, in turn, has shown how these characters em-
body narratives of imperial decline while concealing issues such as slavery
and the illicit trade of raw materials (Surwillo; Davis). This essay examines
the presence of the indiano in nineteenth-century press sources, based on
research in the National Digital Newspaper Archive. I argue that the press
helped construct a literary trope centered on their wealth and opulence,
revealing narratives about public debt controlled by magnates such as the Marquis of Comillas. These motifs appear in the journalistic writings of
Benito Pérez Galdós and José Martí. Both develop a discourse on mobility
and nationhood at a moment of imperial crisis in the Caribbean.

Keywords: Indiano; Nineteenth-century press; Benito Pérez Galdós and José
Martí; Socioeconomic mobility.

Rodríguez, F. (2026). Late Roman Amphorae in the Western Mediterranean. A Typology and Economic Study: la evidencia anfórica del siglo VII e inicios del siglo VIII en Tarragona 40 años después. In: K. Strutt, A. Collar, P. S. Johnson and K. Crawford (eds.), Archaeologies of the Roman Mediterranean. Papers Presented in Honour of Professor Simon Keay. Archaeopress Archaeology, Oxford, 180-192. ISBN: 978-1-80583-178-5

Os textos reunidos nesta obra são resultado de submissões espontâneas de pesquisas apresentadas e avaliadas no âmbito do evento acadêmico que lhe deu origem. Cada capítulo reflete o percurso investigativo, as escolhas metodológicas e as interpretações próprias de seus respectivos autores. A organização do volume implicou a disposição temática dos textos e a realização de algumas padronizações formais, especialmente no que diz respeito à normalização bibliográfica, uniformização de títulos, subtítulos e aspectos gráficos, com o objetivo de favorecer a coesão editorial e a fluidez da leitura. Procurou-se, contudo, preservar a originalidade da escrita, o estilo e a estrutura argumentativa de cada contribuição, respeitando a autonomia intelectual dos autores. Os organizadores não se responsabilizam pelas opiniões expressas, pelo conteúdo das informações apresentadas, pela exatidão das referências bibliográficas, nem pelos direitos autorais relativos a imagens, citações ou quaisquer outros materiais utilizados. Tais responsabilidades são de inteira competência dos autores de cada capítulo.

Memories are a doorway to the past, and the more one treasures the memories, the wider the door will open" (Sparks, 2018: 198) "As a tunnel through which ways of life are passed down from generation to generation, language helps store and articulate memory" (Ngom, 2022: 45). Summary. The current research highlights memory as a central element in memoir writing, which shapes the narrative through both distant and recent recollections. It is based on the book "The Rooster House: A Ukrainian Family Memoir" by Victoria Belim (2024), which was written during the current war unleashed by Russia against Ukraine. It makes the article vital and testifies to its novelty. In the discussed memoir, memory plays a multifaceted role, being represented explicitly and implicitly within the narrative structure. Distant memories are mostly related to the author's childhood experiences, going back to the Soviet times, while recent memories provide a lens for contemporary reflection and identity construction. Explicit representations of memory are conveyed through direct references using such words as recall, recollection, memories and remember. However, implicit memories can be perceived through vivid descriptions of details, events, emotions and physical sensations which bind the past with the present and bring them to life. It is notable that both explicit and implicit layers of memory enable the author to connect her personal experiences with the historical and cultural background, making the issues touched upon in the memoir not only personal but universal, too. Victoria Belim's personal recollections turn out crucial in the complicated process of redefining her Ukrainian identity. The memoir's timeline spans from the author's personal past to her present, extending toward her personal hopes for the future, for the victory of Ukraine in the war which has been going on for three years. Despite the fact that the author and her family experienced tragic events and were exposed to trauma, and the memoir is permeated through with pain and grief, it affects the reader by its optimism and life-assertiveness.

This article examines the conceptual vocabulary through which violence against women during the Spanish Civil War has been interpreted, with particular attention to the longstanding predominance of the category 'sexed violence' (violencia sexuada). While this terminology played an important role in early efforts to highlight the gendered nature of violence and the symbolic targeting of women's bodies, it also introduced conceptual ambiguities that continue to inform historiographical debates. Drawing on contemporary feminist theory and international scholarship on wartime sexual and gendered violence, the discussion reassesses the analytical usefulness of the sexed framework and identifies its limitations, particularly its tendency to obscure the structural dynamics of gendered inequality. By situating the Spanish case within broader theoretical currents, this article argues that a shift toward the terminology of sexualized violence (violencia sexualizada) offers greater analytical precision and better captures the performative, symbolic and systemic logics that shaped female aggression during the Spanish Civil War.

Настоящая работа исследует правовые представления об отношениях между королем и его подданными, отраженные в изображениях и повествованиях о чудесах «Кантиг о святой Марии», созданных при дворе короля Кастилии и Леона Альфонсо X Мудрого. В частности, в статье сначала рассматривается, как законы, регулирующие публичный образ правителя, отразились на изображениях короля Альфонсо X и Девы Марии в манускриптах «Кантиг». Во второй части статьи детально анализируется один из рассказов сборника, который особенно интересен с точки зрения правовых представлений. В приложении к статье приведен первый
полный перевод этого рассказа на русский язык.

investigación concluye que su ascendencia peruana constituye un hecho histórico verificable y representa uno de los ejemplos más notables de proyección internacional de una familia peruana, evidenciando cómo una élite republicana logró integrarse, mediante legitimidad histórica, poder económico y estrategia matrimonial, en una de las principales estructuras nobiliarias de Europa central.

The cultural and engaged orientation of the anarchist historian Max Nettlau (1865–1944) is emphasized. In this vein, his notion of a “mysterious anarchism” would designate an open-ended project for the various libertarian epithets (Panarchy), aimed at addressing the unpredictabilities of the post-revolutionary context. The supporting bibliography used comprises all available sources, especially those by Rudolf Rocker, Manfred Burazerovic, and Bert Altena. The work is divided into three main parts: The Limits of Mystery, Insubordination, and Cultural Renewal. The Limits address the intellectual causes and effects of the notion of mystery. Insubordination presents the rational and ethical dimension of the anarchist individual. Cultural Renewal, in turn, relates to the aesthetic-creative, tactical, and operational elements of the project. Finally, it is concluded that Nettlau sought to rationalize anarchist militancy in order to increase the efficiency of its dissemination.