Translation universals

Investigating the avoidance-of-lexical-merging hypothesis in human and machine translation.
The avoidance-of-lexical-merging hypothesis is a sub-hypothesis of the asymmetry hypothesis. According to the asymmetry hypothesis, translators tend to prefer transfer operations that involve explicitation (lexical concretization, lexical unpacking, lexical addition, grammatical concretization, grammatical unpacking, grammatical addition) over those that involve implicitation (lexical generalization, lexical merging, lexical omission, grammatical generalization, grammatical merging, grammatical omission) (Klaudy 2001).The free accessibility of machine translation programs has recently created new opportunities for investigating whether transfer operations are carried out automatically or consciously. We can now systematically examine whether machine translation systems perform the operations previously identified on the basis of analyses of human translations (Klaudy 1999). In the present study, I investigate lexical merging, one of the presumed implicitation operations which, according to the asymmetry hypothesis, translators are generally reluctant to apply regardless of translation direction. However, the material analysed suggests that in English-Hungarian translation (there are only literary translations examined in my study), Hungarian translators frequently apply lexical merging, whereas machine translation systems almost never do so.

Este estudo propõe a Tradução Audiovisual Acessível (TAVa) em Libras do discurso de posse do ex-presidente Barack Obama sob o viés funcionalista (NORD, 2016), e sua análise se propõe a compreender as estratégias tradutórias propostas por Baker (1996) – Universais da Tradução. A metodologia seguiu os procedimentos técnicos em Tradução Audiovisual, levando em consideração a segmentação retórica como parâmetro para uma recepção confortável. Conforme afirma Nord (2016), os resultados sugeriram que as escolhas tradutórias foram determinadas pela cultura e situação do receptor do texto alvo e, nessa produção audiovisual, essas escolhas também foram influenciadas pela harmonização proporcionada pela segmentação retórica.

Das Präsenspartizip (Partizip I) ist im Deutschen und im Finnischen eine von dem Verb abge-leitete synthetische Form, die besonders in verschiedenen schriftsprachlichen Texttypen an-gewendet wird. Im Deutschen hat das Partizip I nur eine Aktiv-Bedeutung während das finni-sche Partizip I eine Aktiv- und eine Passivform hat. Nach einer Zusammenfassung der Anwen-dung des Präsenspartizips in beiden Sprachen vergleichen wir seinen Gebrauch in zwei finni-schen Romanen und ihren deutschen Übersetzungen.Peer reviewe

In recent years, the Italian rap scene has undergone a significant transformation, driven by the rise of trap music. This evolution has affected not only technical and stylistic aspects but also linguistic practices. Contemporary Italian trap is characterized by a strong multilingual dimension, blending Italian with English, Arabic, French, and Spanish. Its lyrics frequently feature extensive code-switching and the borrowing of foreign lexicon. This paper analyzes French and Spanish loanwords in the works of three influential artists – Baby Gang, Rhove, and Simba La Rue – whose use of a glocal vocabulary reflects the interplay between local identities and global cultural flows.

A tanulmány célja az aszimmetria hipotézis (Klaudy 2001) fogalmának továbbfejlesztése, és összekapcsolása a Venuti (1995) által bevezetett honosítás/idegenítés fogalompárral olyan nyelvpárok esetében, melyek egyik tagja nagy vagy szélesebb körben elterjedt nyelvnek tartható (mint pl. az angol és az orosz), a másik tagja kis vagy kevésbé elterjedt nyelvnek tartható (mint pl. a finn és a magyar). Vagyis a nyelvi és műveleti aszimmetria mellett, amelynek már több tanulmányt szenteltem (2001, 2009), szeretném a kulturális aszimmetria kérdésre is kiterjeszteni a vizsgálatot. A tanulmányban négy nyelvre utalok: angol, orosz, finn, magyar, de a finnre csak érintőlegesen. Az aszimmetria hipotézisről először a X. MANYE Kongresszuson tartottam előadást (Klaudy 2001). Az aszimmetria hipotézis egyik előzménye kétségtelenül Blum-Kulka (1986) explicitációs hipotézise volt, mely annyira elterjedt a fordítástudományban, hogy szószerinti idézésétől eltekinthetek. Blum-Kulka hipotézise szerint a fordítás eredményeképp keletkezett célnyelvi szövegben a kohéziós és koherenciális kötések terén eltolódás figyelhető meg, melynek az a lényege, hogy ezek a kötések kifejtettebbé, explicitebbé válnak. Az aszimmetria hipotézis másik előzménye számomra a nyelvek közötti szimmetria és aszimmetria jelensége volt. Bár egyetértek Catforddal (1965) abban, hogy a nyelvi 1 A tanulmány a szegedi XXII. MANYE Kongresszuson 2012-ben tartott előadásom szerkesztett változata. Ezzel szeretném köszönteni születésnapján kedves barátomat Tóth Szergejt, akinek mint a MANYE akkori elnöke azóta is hálás vagyok, hogy vállalva a rövid határidőt 2012 tavaszán megrendezte a XXII. MANYE Kongresszust, és ezzel "visszaállította " a húsz éve megszokott tavaszi menetrendet. A XXII. MANYE Kongresszus szervezésébe rengeteg újítást vezetett be, többek között a műhelymunkával egybekötött plenáris előadások számának megnövelését, és az alkalmazott nyelvészeti MA hallgatók párhuzamos konferenciáját. Nagyon sajnáltam, hogy a kongresszus után nem tudtam megírni előadásomat a kötet számára, most ezt az adósságomat szeretném törleszteni.

In Brazil, all and any documents and papers, when in a foreign language, need to be translated by public sworn translators if they are to be used for any official purposes. Such documents will normally range from school papers needed for a student's transfer from one country to another, birth, marriage or death certificates for naturalization, marriage or inheritance purposes, up to contracts, powers-ofattorney, promissory notes and articles of incorporation or other commercial documents for international transactions. In principle however, any text may be submitted to a "sworn" translation procedure if such text, for any reason, is to be processed by government authorities, at any level, or by the Courts. Thus, for instance, a love letter may well have to be translated by a public sworn translator if such letter is used as evidence in a divorce suit. A translation of a play may give rise to a suit for copyright infringement, and, as a consequence, even a literary text may have to be dealt with by a sworn translator, back-translating it into the initial source language, as documentary evidence in the records of the suit. (See also . Public translators must register these translations (i.e., true and unabridged copies of each translation delivered to the clients) in a special 'book of records', conforming to a certain number of rules. Upon their retirement or death, these books are turned in to the Board of Trade of the state in and for which they are qualified (the Junta Comercial). The Board of Trade of the State of São Paulo (JUCESP) has approached the University of São Paulo, where a large corpus for teaching and translation purposes is being built -the COMET -offering this material for inclusion in the corpus. It covers a period of over one hundred years and is written in more than 20 languages. However, this offer is not without problems: a large part of the material will require a long and strenuous work of restoration, which, in turn will demand substantial fundings. To bring the project off the ground in a relatively short period of time, it has been decided to first concentrate our efforts on the books of the last thirty years with translations into and out of Portuguese, English, German and Spanish, the languages presently addressed by the COMET. This material will not only allow for research in linguistic and translation matters, such as, contrastive stylistics, lexicography, legal terminology, translation norms and translationese, but also in studies of a more historical nature, especially Brazil's immigration waves, periods in which there is a high demand for public translations to comply with the legal aspects of immigration. We can envisage historians and sociologists as interested researchers. The article will discuss the relevance of this unique material, the design and structure of the corpus, its population, the audience it is aimed at, the problems expected in the preparation of the texts, the header, and possible research areas. This project grew out of two experiments in teaching English into Portuguese translation to students at the Specialization in Translation course at the University of São Paulo (Tagnin 2002a; 2003b to

A fordításkutatás kezdeteitől fogva központi helyet foglal el a fordított szöveg jellemzőinek feltárása. A téma nagyrészt annak a mindennapi tapasztalatnak köszönhetően került középpontba, amely szerint a fordítás eredményeként létrejövő szövegek lényegesen eltérnek az azonos nyelven, de nem fordítás révén keletkezett szövegektől. A kezdetben csupán intuíciókra épülő megállapítást mára már több kutatás is igazolta konkrét adatokkal (pl. Blum-Kulka 1986, Lindström 1996, Räisänen 2000), de időszerűsége miatt a kutatási terület a gépi fordítás megjelenése után is kiemelt figyelmet kap (vö. Riley és mtsai. 2020, Zhang és Toral 2019).
Számos ezredfordulót követő kutatásnak is az a célja, hogy mélyebben megvilágítsa a fordított szövegek sajátosságait (pl. Chou és mtsai. 2023, Götz 2018, Károly és mtsai. 2022a, 2022b, Kenny 2001, Klaudy 2004, 2006, Klenk 2019, Laviosa 2001, Robin 2018). Ezek a kutatások arra törekednek, hogy azonosítsák azokat a nyelvi tényezőket, amelyek miatt a fordított szövegek különböznek az autentikus szövegektől. A fordítás során végbemenő nyelvi kódváltás számos esetben strukturális változásokat eredményez, amelyek befolyásolják a szövegek koherenciáját, kohézióját és stilisztikai jellemzőit.

Am Beispiel der finnischsprachigen Trilogie Peiton paikka (2015, Peyton Place) der Autorin Eppu Nuotio beschäftigt sich der Beitrag mit literarischer Mehrsprachigkeit, die aus der Perspektive des Kulturerbes analysiert wird: Literatur wird als ein Medium betrachtet, das kulturelles Gedächtnis über Sprachen einer Umgebung an zukünftige Generationen vermittelt. Methodisch an den Aufsatz Sternbergs (1981) anschließend wird gezeigt, durch welche Art von Techniken, Entscheidungen und Interpretationen dieses Werk kollektive Erinnerungen an Sprachen weitergibt. Die Berücksichtigung der Frage, wessen Sprache in den literarischen Repräsentationen der Mehrsprachigkeit hörbar wird, macht die Analyse gleichzeitig zu einer Analyse der Repräsentation der soziolinguistischen Variation.

The purpose of this study is to determine whether English-French and French-English translations of press releases on aviation accident investigations contain differences in textual elements which influence readers’ comprehension, and whether translators tend to create target texts which are more or less comprehensible than their source texts. It also seeks to identify whether such differences are attributable to the translation process itself (bidirectional) or a specific language direction. The paper begins with a theoretical framework on technical communication and translation, popularization, and explicitation. It then discusses the method and findings. Twenty English-French translations and twenty French-English translations were analyzed. All translation choices involving changes in elements affecting comprehensibility were recorded for each language direction. Elements which influence comprehensibility include those which are typical in technical and popular texts, and explic...

The introduction presents an overview of traditional research methods in Legal Translation Studies and discusses new developments as represented by the papers comprised in the special issue. The predominant methodology is corpus-based; there is a clear shift from qualitative to quantitative methods. Corpus-based methods are applied to the study of local phenomena, such as terms or phrasemes, and of global phenomena, such as genres and macrogenres, as well as they analyse practical decisions made by legal translators with a view to developing new tools and resources for translators. Other directions include: the application of comparative law methods, sociology of translation and Critical Discourse Analysis. Overall, there is growing interest in the communicative, pragmatic, cognitive and social aspects of legal translation. As the papers demonstrate, research into legal translation requires methodological eclectism and triangulation, as well as further integration along the interdis...

Kivonat A cikkben bemutatjuk a StaffTalk nevű, nagy méretű, kézzel annotált korpuszt, mely magyar nyelvű spontán beszélgetéseket tartalmaz. A korpusz létrehozásával elsősorban ahhoz szerettünk volna vizsgálati anyagot teremteni, hogy zárt közösségeken belül az informális kommunikáció és a megbecsültség hogyan befolyásolja a közösség működését és normarendszerét. A munka első lépéseként a hanganyagokat legépeltettük, amelynek során a verbális információn túl egyéb, nem verbális információk megjelölésére is megkértük az annotátorokat. A legépelt hanganyagokat ezt követően három szinten annotáltuk: a beszélgetésekben megjelenő pletykát, beszédaktusokat és egyéb pragmatikai jegyeket, valamint bizonytalanságra utaló szavakat egyaránt megjelöltünk. Mindezeknek a sajátságoknak köszönhetően a kiinduló kutatási kérdéssel összefüggésben, valamint azon túl is a korpusz sokféle pragmatikai szempontú elemzés elvégzésére is alkalmassá vált. Kulcsszavak: korpusz, spontán beszéd, kézi annotálás, pragmatika, szemantika, pletyka Manapság a társadalomtudományok területén is egyre népszerűbbé válnak a korpuszalapú, illetve számítógépes nyelvészeti eszközöket alkalmazó vizsgálatok. Je-

Il corpus Univers-ITA 1 consente di svolgere una verifica estesa, qualitativamente significativa, su alcune tendenze dell'italiano contemporaneo attraverso i testi di registro formale raccolti ad hoc per la ricerca. L'indagine presenterà in sintesi i dati sull'uso del gerundio ( §1), si soffermerà sulle strutture perifrastiche che lo coinvolgono ( §2) e sul costrutto andare a + infinito ( §3), per concludersi con alcune considerazioni sulla vitalità di tali forme nel quadro della varietà neo-standard ( §4).

This study deals with the different distribution of Complex Conditional Connectors (CCCs) in a monolingual comparable corpus made up of judicial rulings in Spanish delivered by two high courts, one Spanish (Tribunal Supremo de España, TSE) and one European (Court of Justice of the EU, CJEU). After observing the logic functions and the normalised frequency of such connectors in both subcorpora and in a comparison corpus of standard Spanish, the asymetric distribution of these conditional operators in the rulings of these two judicial authorities is highlighted. The Appraisal Theory is brought to bear in order to interpret the results, emphasizing that the Spanish and the European judges negotiate the interpersonal meaning of their rulings differently, through an idiosyncratic use of CCCs. In fact, both courts show dissimilar heteroglossic positioning, opening up or closing the argumentative space to possible dialogistic alternatives in a divergent way.

The higher degree of morphosyntactical complexity that "Complex Conditional Connectors" (CCC) show in comparison with "if clauses" is due to the higher specificity of the syntactical functions which they perform. In fact, the high CCC frequency in specialised genres, such as legal or bureaucratic texts, is related to their expression of "necessary and sufficient condition". Starting from the taxonomies suggested by and and from the analysis of two homogeneous corpora, this paper analyses the typology of CCC used in Spanish and Italian Criminal Legislation. The observation of typical contexts of occurrence reveals that the semantic traits of each CCC determine its appropriateness conditions and justifies its possible absence in the textual genre of reference. The conventions of Spanish and Italian legislative genre favour the occurrence of CCCs which are neutral towards the epistemic status of the statement (p) and which rigorously express the point of view of the institutional norm -hence avoiding exposing the writer's attitude. Contrastive analysis of both corpora also shows that a different "coercive force" in Spanish and Italian may be associated to identical signifiers, for example "a condizione che" and "a condición de que".

The article presents some considerations on the non-sexist use of the Italian language, which arise from an Italian L2 grammar, in which there is a specific section on the topic of gender language. The grammar takes into account national and supranational institutional documents that promote respect for differences and education against gender discrimination, then examining some Italian grammars to observe how some gender-sensitive linguistic phenomena are treated. The paper concludes by recalling the importance of reflecting in language education on the evolutionary phenomena of language and the use of an inclusive language, which considers the changes in Italian society, supported by the use of appropriate teaching materials.

The empirical study presented in this paper is an attempt to link two important concepts that have emerged-not exclusively, but predominantly-within the descriptive approach to studying translation and thanks to the use of translation corpora: explicitation and translator style. We present the aims, methods and results of a pilot study for a dissertation exploring how explicitation contributes to translator's style in literary prose, within the context of the design of the whole dissertation project.

The article describes a preliminary study conducted as part of a broader project regarding the phenomenon of explicitation in audiovisual translation. Following a brief theoretical introduction on the determinants of voi-ceover modality in audiovisual translation and selected issues in the field of explicitation, the article presents the  results  of  an  analysis  of  the  explicitation  surface  manifestations  according  to  the  taxonomy  proposed  by  Perego  (2003),  based  on  the  reasons  for  its  emergence  (i.e.,  as  a  result  of  cultural  differences,  lexicalization  of  non-  verbal  content,  or  the  need  to  reduce  the  target  text).  Analysis  of  the  cited  examples  illustrates  the  most commonly used techniques enabling text reduction while emphasizing certain content, and answers the research questions posed at the outset, i.e. Does explicitation occur in the voice-over modality of translation despite probable reduction of the text? If it does occur - what are its surface manifestations and which of these are dominant?

Cikkünkben bemutatjuk a gépi tanítási feladatokban gyakran előforduló kiegyensúlyozatlan tanítóhalmaz probléma egy lehetséges megoldását az alacsony elemszámú kategóriák szöveg-augmentálásával. Az összevethetőség érdekében egyszerű szövegaugmentálási technikákkal (EDA) és egy szóvektor alapú módszerrel is kísérletet teszünk. A módszerek hatékonyságát politikai doménbe tartozó szövegek szentimentelemzési feladatán teszteljük, amihez a TK-MILAB szentiment korpusz egy kisebb szeletét használjuk. Az alulreprezentált kategória bővítésével elért eredményeket a kiváltott F-érték változás függvényében értékeljük

This paper focuses on translational shifts with respect to the demonstrative determiner in French and Dutch in parallel corpora. The paper aims to identify the types of translation shifts that occur systematically, and to explore the underlying mechanisms and semantic effects of this process. For this purpose, a well-balanced sub-corpus of the Dutch Parallel Corpus is used, making it possible to analyze both directions (French – Dutch and Dutch – French). In this corpus, 50% of the demonstrative determiners are translated by a demonstrative in the target text (in both directions). In 20% of the cases, the demonstrative is translated by a definite article, or vice versa, while 30% are translated by another grammatical element (e.g., indefinite determiner, adverb, personal pronoun) or vice versa. The parallel corpus study reveals that translational shifts with respect to French and Dutch demonstratives can be attributed to three different mechanisms: (1) translator preference related ...

This article introduces a systematic approach to legal translation, highlighting the importance of specific strategies. It emphasizes the need for translators to have the necessary knowledge, skills, and attitudes. Termed the "approach-from-the-macro-to-the-micro-level," it involves understanding the text's main idea, purpose, and audience. Contextualizing texts within legal and cultural frameworks is crucial, considering differences in legal systems and terminology. Employing reliable sources and consulting legal experts enhance translation accuracy and reliability, facilitating effective navigation of legal language complexities.

The article is focused on analysing linguistic deformations in translating modern Ukrainian war fiction into English. The research material is the novel "Інтернат"/ The Orphanage by Serhiy Zhadan and its translation into English. Translation deformations, or "deforming tendencies" (Berman, 2000), are viewed as systemic psycholinguistic distortions, arbitrary and non-arbitrary, of formal and content source text characteristics. Three main groups of translation deformations have been identified in the text under analysislexical, stylistic, and grammatical. Lexical deformations include calque translation, concretisation and modulation. Due to their low frequency, they are not viewed as typical. Stylistic deformations fall into synonymous substitution, logisation, explication, expressivation, modernisation, antonymous translation, and compensation. Synonymous substitution and logisation are the most frequent types; therefore, they may be considered prototypical. They are mainly concerned with reproducing characters' names and descriptions, names or descriptions of military and civil vehicles and tools, colloquial expressions and 'surzhyk'. Grammatical deformations constitute the most significant group. They comprise substitutions and permutations of different types, deletion of words/phrases/sentences, addition of words/phrases, and changes in punctuation. The style of Serhiy Zhadan is characterised by specific syntactical-stylistic features, such as the tendency to use extremely long sentences, high frequency of repetitions of different types, and specific punctuation. Therefore, deleting repetitions, intensifiers, discourse markers, and even sentences is the most recurrent type of grammatical deformation, followed by substitution-division of sentences, which may be treated as prototypical grammatical deformations in the analysed text. The results of the psycholinguistic analysis show the availability of normalisation, implicitation, emotional amplification, levelling-out, and simplification in the target version of the novel.

Szövegkohézió és fordítói szabadság Egy angol forma-és felhívásközpontú szöveg magyar és olasz célnyelvi újraalkotásainak szövegszempontú elemzése Kivonat: A tanulmány egy angol forrásnyelvi verset vet össze annak két magyar és két olasz fordításával kvalitatív szemléletű szövegtani módszerek alkalmazásával a grammatikai és lexikai kohézióra fókuszálva. Az elemzés célja megfigyelni a szövegszintű fordítói átváltási műveleteket, különös tekintettel a szövegkohézió és lexikai ismétlés (re)produkciójára. Az eredmények azt mutatják, hogy a fordítás során jelentős mértékben változnak a szövegkohéziót biztosító eszközök főként a nyelvi a rendszerek különbségei miatt. Ezzel szemben a műfaji sajátosságok-a felhívásközpontúsággal kombinált formaközpontú szövegben a felhívás funkció, valamint az esztétikai aspektusok dominanciája-nagy fokú szabadságot biztosítanak a fordítók számára, amellyel különböző mértékben élnek. A vizsgálat rávilágít a nyelvi rendszerek különbségei, a szövegtípusok és a szövegszintű fordítói műveletek közötti összefüggésekre, amiktől a kommunikációs cél megvalósulása is függ.

Kivonat: A jelen tanulmány középpontjában egy hatásvizsgálat áll, amelynek eredményeit a szerző a fordítási norma, ezen belül is az elfogadhatósági norma (acceptability) és az elvárási norma (expectancy norm) felől értelmezi. Az elfogadhatósági norma Toury nevéhez köthető (Toury 1980), és azt jelenti, hogy a fordító a fordítási folyamat során főként a célnyelvi normákhoz alkalmazkodik annak érdekében, hogy fordítása a célkultúra tagjai számára elfogadható legyen. Az elvárási norma fogalma Chesterman rendszerében jelenik meg (Chesterman 1993), és azokra az elvárásokra vonatkozik, amelyeket a célnyelvi olvasók fogalmaznak meg. A bemutatott vizsgálattal kapcsolatban feltett egyik legfontosabb kérdés az, hogy az elfogadhatóság normáját követő fordítói viselkedés eredményeként keletkezett fordítás minden esetben találkozik-e a befogadók által képviselt elvárási normákkal. A kutatás korpuszát J.D. Salinger The Catcher in the Rye (1951) című regényének egy részlete alkotja Gyepes Judit (1964), illetve Barna Imre (2015) fordításában, a kérdőíves vizsgálatban 168 kitöltő vett részt.

This paper analyzes the translation of Manner-of-motion in a Swedish>Spanish parallel corpus of crime novels by Henning Mankell (and more specifically, a selection of the Wal-lander series). Since Swedish is a satellite-framed language, while Spanish is a verb-framed language, the aim of the research is to identify translation techniques adapted to the issue of translating Manner-of-motion in an intertypological translation scenario. The results of this study are compared with previous research on the topic, which has focused mainly on general prose fiction and fiction for children and young adults. Our findings confirm that Manner-of-motion is omitted to a great extent in the Spanish translations, compared with the original texts in Swedish. Moreover, some differences are encountered in the translation of original fragments, including general and specific Manner-of-motion verbs.

A tanulmány a tolmácsolás szempontjából vizsgálja, hogy milyen kihívást jelent egy intertextuális utalás a Bibliára a szinkrontolmácsok számára, arra a kérdésre keresve a választ, hogy elvárható-e a Biblia idézése idegen nyelven, és hogy milyen szerepe lehet a bibliafordításoknak a tolmácsolás kutatásában. A kutatás szövegvizsgálati módszerrel elemez egy magyar–olasz–angol párhuzamos és többnyelvű korpuszt, amelyet egy olyan bibliai szakasz alkot, aminek a tolmácsolása során a magyar anyanyelvű tolmácsok különböző megoldásokat alkalmaztak. Az eredmények arra engednek következtetni, hogy az intertextuális utalások a Bibliára speciális felkészültséget követelnek a tolmácsoktól az egyházi kontextusban, akik szakterületi jártasságuk mértéke szerint képesek lehetnek ezeket az intertextuális utalásokat az idegen nyelven is reprodukálni, s ami alátámasztja a katolikus egyház azon elvárásait, miszerint a tolmácsok kiválasztásában a teológiai, terminológiai jártasságot és a Biblia alapos ismeretét első helyen kezeli.

The question if regular patterns detected and theoretical approaches used in the context of translation studies apply to all types of translation or only to technical translation often raises. Is it possible to analyse the translation of technical texts and literary texts in the same theoretical framework? The answer is yes. The process, product and context of literary translation can be studied in the paradigm of linguistic translation studies. Present article reveals how the aspects, approaches and methodologies of linguistic translation studies can be applied in analysing literary translation. Clearly defining the aim of the research and the research question, as well as the theoretical background and the research database is of utmost importance, together with the detailed description of the applied methods and the self-reflection of the researcher.

Training Association) elnöke szerkesztette New Frontiers in Translation Studies sorozat 2015-ös indulásától kezdve számos kötetet szentelt a korpuszalapú kutatások ismertetésének, ezen belül is több teljes kiadás a hazánkban kevésbé kutatott kínai-angol nyelvpárral foglalkozik. A 2018-as megjelenésű Making Way in Corpus-based Interpreting Studies szerkesztői-Russo, Bendazzoli és Defrancq-valamennyien korpuszalapú tolmácsoláskutatással foglalkoznak, és mindannyian tevékeny részt vállaltak az EPIC (az Európai Parlament Tolmácsolási Korpusza), illetve az EPICG (az Európai Parlament Tolmácsolási Korpusza-Gent) megalakulásában. A kiadvány megismerteti az olvasót a szakképzett tolmácsok nagy mennyiségű tolmácsolását tartalmazó adatbázissal, azaz a korpusznyelvészeti módszer szerint csoportosított korpuszokkal, amelyek segítségével mind a tolmácsolás folyamatát, mind eredményét vizsgálni lehet. (Részletesen bemutatja például az EPIC és a fordításokat is tartalmazó EPTIC-az Európai Parlament Fordítási és Tolmácsolási Korpuszát, illetve a NAIST-Korpuszt-a japán Nara Tudományos és Technológiai Intézet összeállítását.) A kötet ezen kívül Miriam Shlesinger 1998-as felhívását értelmezi újra és

This article studies the explicit and implicit meaning potential which can change in the process of translation from the Indonesian text to the English one in Tempo magazines. The study is focused on Tempo magazines of the Indonesian version and the English one in the period of 2011-2013. The data were gathered qualitatively by using library research. The objective of the study was to find out the explicit and implicit meaning potential of the SL changed through the translation. The result of the study showed that there were the implicit meaning potentials of the SL which changed to explicit meaning potential through translation. There were explicit meaning potentials which changed to implicit meaning potentials of TL through the process of translation even though this type of change is rarely found in the process of translation, and there were the shifts of cohesion in text meaning potentials which changed through the process of the translation viewed from the cultural point of view which influenced the use of language.

La traduzione giornalistica è diversa dalla traduzione generale poiché è influenzata dal linguaggio giornalistico e dalle esigenze editoriali dei giornali. Questa ricerca analizza i problemi affrontati dai traduttori nei giornali egiziani, esaminando i diversi tipi di testi e metodi di traduzione utilizzati. Si esplorano i concetti di Monitoring e Managing, ovvero la semplice descrizione degli eventi e la manipolazione dei testi per influenzare un determinato obiettivo. L'obiettivo è fornire agli studenti di traduzione strumenti specifici per studiare la traduzione nel campo giornalistico.

The present paper explores simplification as one feature of translation universals from English into Arabic. It aims at investigating how much the translators were aware of lexical simplification as a universal feature in the translated texts and discovering to what extent the language of translation is simple in order to preserve the meaning and information to make the translated texts more reader-friendly .this study hypothesizes that the language of translation is assumed to be lexically simpler than that of non-translated target-language texts and characterized by a low level of information flow by reducing lexical density. This study adopts certain lexical simplification strategies like using more frequent words, methods to avoid lexical repetition and lexical omission of unnecessary word. The data chosen for analysis in the current study include a test involving 10 English literary texts selected from the famous novel the Pride and Prejudice written by Jane Austen in 1813 and translated by six participants as Junior teachers and M.A. students in the Department of Translation-College of Arts-University of Mosul, some of them were provided deliberately with a list of recommended strategies.

A freskoemlekek reszletes dokumentaciojahoz korszerű digitalis fenykepeszeti apparatust szereztunk be, adatbazis-programot vasaroltunk es azt testre szabtuk. A harom es fel ev alatt elkeszult az emlekanyag teljes fotodokumentacioja: 280 helyszinen tobb mint 50 ezer felvetel keszult (ehhez adodik meg kb. 60 olyan helyszin, ahova előzetes szakirodalmi informaciok alapjan eredmenytelenul szalltunk ki, mert az emlekről kiderult, hogy elpusztult vagy nem barokk). Parhuzamosan megkezdődott az emlekek kutatasa, a korpusz teteleinek megirasa, amelyen 30 szerző dolgozik. Eddig 100 tetel keszult el teljesen, szerkesztve, a korpusz keziratanak egeszet jovő evre tudjuk elkesziteni. A digitalis adatbazis teljes kiepitese a kutatasok lezarulasaval valosithato meg. Addig is ez ev őszetől az erdeklődők szamara mar biztositani tudjuk a fenykepek internetes adatbazisunkban valo elereset. Ez evi maradvanyunk lehetőve tette egyseges grafikai szisztema szerinti alaprajzok kesziteset is. | The research p...

The article deals with the role of corpus in translation and translation studies. The paper focuses on different aspects which should be taken into consideration when compiling a representative corpus. The researchers focus on the role the corpus of professional texts plays when choosing translation equivalents for terms, including just created and not yet registered in terminological dictionaries. The aim of the research is to elaborate the approach to the use of corpus material in the course of translation in specialized and professional fields, with particular attention to some aspects of translation competence development. The analysis based on the comparative, definitional and contextual methods proved that parallel text corpora provide professional experts, as well as students of translation, with reliable knowledge of linguistic units functioning and semantic meaning actualization within certain contexts in the Language for Specific Purposes (LSP) domain. The studies have sho...

The aim of this study is to train a computer system to distinguish between translated and original text, in order to investigate the simplification phenomenon. The experiments are based on Spanish comparable corpora with two different genres: medical and technical texts. The classifiers ...

This study examines how the insights provided by the models of translation derived from the disciplines of linguistics and cultural studies contribute to our understanding of the translation decisions undertaken in the act of translating Newsweek International from English into Arabic. The main argument is that the aforementioned models are complementary and should be taken into consideration in the analysis of journalistic texts that have been translated between two languages and cultures that are very distant. To show how these models can both be applied to translation studies, the study examines how the cohesive devices, the ideological images pertaining to the Arabs, Muslims and Islam and the ideologically significant instances of passivization employed in Newsweek International are rendered in Newsweek in Arabic.

This study aims at investigating 'explicature' as a quadruple norm in translating Arabic modern fiction into English on the basis of the translator's visibility. It is to show how explicature focuses on the author's background knowledge and appreciates the reader's language peculiarities by means of language catalysts in parentheses (i.e. interpolations). Four levels of explicature were found out: literal, formal, usable and liberal. Protracting and interjecting the potential reader's flow of attention, the translator's interpolations were obligatorily filling-out or specifying, optionally text-building or aesthetic, pragmatically local or global and technically inherent or revelatory. They could be modified by either full insertion, direct replacement, reverse replacement or full deletion. As the two medial types (formal and usable) are the most notable, this quadruple model of explicature is intended to be a distinct norm in translating texts of fiction across such two completely different linguistic systems and cultural backgrounds as Arabic and English.

The social background of Hungarian translators-language policy and translation policy in Hungary after the second World War Before the second World War the most important and most frequently used foreign language in Hungary was German, which has a centuries' old history and tradition in the country and used to be a veritable second language even of the state up to the middle of the last century. Hence, the Hungarian middle-classes, and professionals in particular, were practically bilingualto some extent, even in the interwar period-, with at the most 20% having French as a third language, while the knowledge of English was rather rare. After the communist takeover, when the country's Western ties were radically cut overnight, the knowledge of both German and French became useless. The middle-classes themselves were ousted of power and dispossessed, professionals lost their status and in most cases their livelihood as well. The country was facing East and the newly forged political links created a huge demand for the new lingua franca of the region, that is Russian. In Hungary, a non-slavic country, the study of Russian had no traditions at all. By an act of political will-an early example of conscious language-policy-, a new academic field was created, clearly with the aim of building a large body of Russian speakers to link up Hungary and the Soviet Union for the foreseeable future. During the forthcoming 40 years, every Hungarian student, in fact, every single Hungarian child-not only in the cities-but even in the smallest of village schools, was taught Russian as a first foreign language, from the age of ten. Russian became the only mandatory foreign language under high school level. Where did Russian translators come from? By force of the situation, almost exclusively former Greek, Latin, German and French teachers were made to teach Russian, though most of them were only a few lessons ahead of their pupils-obviously, the level of tuition was abysmal. The Hungarian school system was not able provide the country with well trained Russian translators for a long time. The majority of Russian translators were trained in the Soviet Union. The sons and daughters of the new ruling class,-of previously underprivileged classes-were sent by the brought to you by CORE View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk