Transportation Studies

William Lane Craig ve J. P. Moreland'in derlediği Naturalism: A Critical Analysis, çağdaş analitik felsefenin baskın konumlarından biri olan natüralizmi sistematik bir incelemeye tabi tutar. Natüralizm, gerçekliğin yalnızca doğal dünyadan ibaret olduğunu ve doğaüstü hiçbir varlığın bulunmadığını savunan kapsamlı bir görüştür. Kitap, bu görüşün ontolojik ve metodolojik biçimlerini ayırt ederek bilinç, yönelmişlik, ahlaki olgular ve aklın güvenilirliği gibi alanların salt doğalcı bir çerçeveye sığıp sığmadığını farklı yazarların katkılarıyla tartışır. On bölümden oluşan eserin Türkçe çevirisi on ayrı çevirmenin ortak emeğiyle tamamlandı. Bu bölümlerden birinin çevirisini ben üstlendim, kitabın çeviri editörlüğünü ise Zikri Yavuz'la birlikte yürüttüm.

Este capítulo propone una revisión histórica sobre el desarrollo del transporte mecanizado fluvial en Bolivia durante el siglo XX como aspecto clave para comprender la construcción geográfica de este país. Planteamos que los principales proyectos de hidrovías concretados en este periodo expresan debates socioeconómicos y geográficos fundamentales para las problemáticas territoriales bolivianas. Por una parte, la hidrovía Ichilo-Mamoré pone en evidencia la necesidad de cohesionar el espacio interno boliviano a través de la comunicación entre regiones accesibles desde las tierras altas y aquellas más aisladas en tierras bajas. Por otra parte, la hidrovía Paraguay-Paraná responde al requerimiento de alcanzar una salida oceánica para el comercio boliviano, que facilite el acceso a circuitos globales de exportación e importación.

South Africa’s provincial and municipal road networks are dominated by low-volume gravel roads that are essential for service delivery and market access but are chronically under-upgraded. This paper argues that the persistence of repeated regravelling, reactive repairs, and post-disaster reinstatement is not primarily an engineering failure; it is an intergovernmental public investment problem. Responsibilities are decentralised across multiple principals and agents, benefits from upgrading are partly non-excludable and spill across jurisdictions, and budget holders face short-horizon fiscal constraints. The resulting wedge between national welfare and sub-national private incentives generates an underinvestment equilibrium in which economically justified upgrades are deferred and recurrent maintenance liabilities compound.
The paper’s core contribution is the design of an implementable financing reform: an Unpaved Roads Upgrade Facility (URUF). URUF is a conditional, multi-year capital instrument that finances upgrading priority unpaved roads to low-volume sealed road standards while hard-wiring maintenance performance and minimum service levels into the financing contract. It is designed to operate within South Africa’s existing public financial management architecture, aligning with infrastructure stage-gate controls and procurement standards, and using established enforcement levers (withholding, stopping and reallocation) to harden budget constraints and reward durable delivery. Project selection follows a published prioritisation schedule that protects constitutional access needs and maximises support for industrial activity.
A compact fiscal-dividend accounting framework is outlined to show why the national fiscus should sensibly fund the capital outlay. National Treasury internalises a disproportionate share of returns through higher tax revenues from increased economic activity and labour mobility, reduced expected maintenance and rehabilitation liabilities, and lower contingent disaster-response costs as resilience improves. The paper concludes with a practical implementation pathway - combining staged disbursement-linked indicators, independent verification, standardised designs, and targeted delivery support - intended to shift South Africa from ad hoc upgrading toward a predictable, rules-based mechanism that expands reliable rural access while reducing medium-term fiscal and climate-related road liabilities.

Aktivitas akademik di perguruan tinggi menyebabkan mahasiswa melakukan mobilitas secara rutin dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Salah satu faktor yang diduga mempengaruhi pola mobilitas tersebut adalah jarak tempat tinggal terhadap kampus, yang dapat berhubungan dengan moda transportasi yang digunakan, lama perjalanan, dan tingkat keterlambatan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara jarak tempat tinggal mahasiswa Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia dengan pola mobilitas mereka. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah kuantitatif deskriptif dengan pengumpulan data melalui kuesioner kepada 19 mahasiswa Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sebagian besar mahasiswa tinggal relatif dekat dengan kampus dan menjadikan sepeda motor sebagai moda transportasi utama. Mayoritas responden juga hadir ke kampus lebih dari lima hari dalam satu minggu dan hanya mengalami keterlambatan dalam kategori rendah. Temuan penelitian mengindikasikan bahwa jarak tempat tinggal berpengaruh terhadap pola mobilitas mahasiswa, meskipun keterlambatan tidak hanya ditentukan oleh faktor tersebut. Kondisi lalu lintas, pilihan moda transportasi, dan pengelolaan waktu turut berkontribusi terhadap mobilitas mahasiswa menuju kampus. Kata Kunci: mobilitas mahasiswa, jarak tempat tinggal, transportasi, aksesibilitas, keterlambatan.

Australia’s strategic anxiety and narrative emphasis on security “threats” in the Pacific Islands region have increasingly dominated bilateral affairs in the past decade. This has progressively reconfigured its valued development cooperation and risks a neglect of historical and contemporary reciprocal relations, which in turn can undermine diplomatic trust-building.

Deeper Pacific literacy — particularly through a whole-of-government Australian investment in strategic empathy — can meaningfully contribute to more enduring and resilient diplomatic relations with a key Australian neighbour: Vanuatu. The anticipated Nakamal Agreement with Vanuatu offers opportunities for Australia to “think outside the box” in its statecraft, with broader lessons for regional relations.

Leaning into an inclusive conceptualisation of the Vanuatu nakamal way — through joint crafting of a more comprehensive engagement model — will better enable the two countries to create a transformational economic partnership that responds to Vanuatu’s most pressing climate and development concerns, while alleviating Australia’s strategic anxiety.

Rapid urbanization, modifications in the design and construction of built environments, time spent indoors, and shifting exposure patterns have highlighted indoor air quality (IAQ) as a critical issue in public health and the environment. Today's populations will spend most of their lives (80-90%) indoors, making exposure inside the homes dominant in contributing to total burden. An indoor environment is a complex mixture of particulate matter (PM), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), biologic pollutants, combustion products, and gas phase pollutants from both outdoor and indoor sources. Previous studies have linked poor IAQ to respiratory disease, cardiovascular disease, neurocognitive dysfunction, allergies, reduced productivity, etc., and recently to microbial aerosols, carbon dioxide accumulation, and smart sensing technologies. In this paper, we review recent advancements in IAQ research and discuss the source and exposure routes, as well as the effects on health and new strategies in managing IAQ. Specific focus is given to sustainable building design, innovative technologies, and priorities for future research.

This paper documents the heritage-making process conducted by Ecomuseo Casilino Ad Duas Lauros on the Rome-Fiuggi narrow-gauge railway (Termini Laziali–Centocelle), threatened by conversion into a modern tram line (Linea G). Drawing on Italian cultural heritage law (D.Lgs. 42/2004) and comparative case studies from Blackpool, Lisbon, Genova-Casella and the Sila railway, the paper argues that modernisation and memory preservation are not mutually exclusive. Eleven years of participatory practice — tours, school programmes, institutional advocacy — demonstrate how community-led patrimonialisation can generate cultural value, sustainable tourism and social cohesion, offering a replicable model for post-industrial urban railway heritage management.

China has outpaced most countries in BRT expansion over recent decades, with 39 systems currently in operation. This study uses crisp-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (csQCA) to identify the multiple pathways through which major Chinese cities have adopted-or failed to adopt-BRT. Seven factors are considered: transport infrastructure, financial resources, competition with rail transit, opposition from motorists, political championship, urban rivalry, and public demand. The analysis reveals that none of these factors are individually necessary; rather, their interaction determines outcomes. Five pathways are identified: the 'high need', 'fiscal rationality', and 'urban boosterism' pathways enable BRT adoption, while the 'car culture' and 'content state' pathways hinder it. The study reveals configurational pathways rather than "silver bullet" explanations and offers practical guidance for policymakers in different urban contexts.

Safety concerns have become one of the major factors affecting the travel behavior of individuals in many communities. In the Philippines, transportation-related problems such as traffic congestion, reckless driving, road accidents, flooding, poor road infrastructure, criminal incidents, and limited police visibility continue to affect the safety and convenience of travelers. In Montalban, Rizal, these issues have become more noticeable because of the increasing population, rapid urbanization, and growing number of vehicles on the roads. Many commuters, students, workers, and residents experience risks and difficulties while traveling, which may affect their confidence and willingness to travel safely and comfortably. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of safety concerns on the travel behavior of individuals in Montalban, Rizal. Specifically, it aimed to identify the common safety concerns experienced by travelers, examine how these concerns influence route choice, travel time, and frequency of travel, and determine the relationship between safety concerns and travel behavior. The study used a quantitative descriptive-correlational research design. Survey questionnaires were distributed to selected respondents residing or traveling within Montalban, Rizal. Statistical tools such as frequency, percentage, weighted mean, and correlation analysis were utilized to analyze and interpret the gathered data. The findings revealed that travelers commonly experience safety concerns such as traffic congestion, reckless driving, poor street lighting, flooding, road accidents, lack of traffic discipline, and limited police visibility. These concerns significantly affect travel behavior, as many respondents avoid unsafe routes, reduce unnecessary trips, and limit nighttime travel due to fear and safety risks. The study concluded that improving road infrastructure, strengthening traffic management, increasing police visibility, and installing safety measures such as CCTV cameras and streetlights may help improve transportation safety and restore public confidence among commuters.

This study aims to evaluate the capacity and operational traffic performance of the Tentara Pelajar Street (Manunggal Intersection) in Bogor, West Java. The research method employed a 24-hour manual counting survey conducted from April 23rd to April 24th, 2026. Data analysis was carried out based on the 1997 Indonesian Highway Capacity Manual (MKJI) standards. The results showed a total daily traffic volume of 10,404 vehicles, dominated by Light Vehicles (LV) with 9,333 units (89.7%). Due to side friction activities such as stopped public transport and road repair projects, the actual road capacity was adjusted to 1,380 pcu/hour. During the afternoon peak hour (17.00-18.00 WIB), the traffic flow reached 552 pcu/hour with a Degree of Saturation (DS) of 0.40. According to MKJI 1997 criteria, this road segment operates at Level of Service B (LOS B). The study concludes that the performance of Tentara Pelajar Street remains stable; however, stricter side friction management is required to maintain future road efficiency.

Using a differentiation between ‘social support’ and ‘social leverage’ networks, this paper emphasizes recognizing the heterogeneity of social capital when considered a tool for upward socioeconomic mobility of women. The specific aims are to: a) asses if types of social capital women have access to, is similar; b) examine whether access to different types of social capital is connected to demographic and socioeconomic characteristics; and c) analyse the implications of different types of social capital on socio-economic mobility. The paper is based on quantitative and qualitative data from a purposive sample covering urban, rural and estate sectors in Sri Lanka. A survey of 534 women and in-depth interviews with 32 women were used for data collection. Ninety-nine percent had support networks, but less than half had leverage networks. Women with primary or no education/ in the poorest income group/in lower-level jobs had lesser access to leverage networks compared to the rich/ tertiary or higher educated/professionals and managers. The role played by leverage networks for women originating from lower socioeconomic strata to achieve upward mobility were clear. Leverage networks provided advice and information on financial management and physical asset acquisition, skill development and training, finding stable employment etc. which facilitated upward mobility.

Nie ulega już dziś najmniejszej wątpliwości, że tylko zbiorowy transport ma przyszłość w dużych, a szczególnie w wielkich miastach Europy. Model amerykański, polegający na zdegradowaniu, a nawet likwidacji publicznego transportu w miastach (a szczególnie sieci tramwajowej) nie sprawdził się i doprowadził do tego, iż ponad połowa obszaru takich miast, jak np. Los Angeles jest zajęta przez drogi. Jeśli dodamy do tego znacznie większą energochłonność samochodów osobowych (przewożących na ogół tylko samego kierowcę), olbrzymią ilość ofiar wypadków drogowych (w tym także i w miastach) oraz zanieczyszczenie środowiska spalinami, to nie możemy mieć wątpliwości, gdzie leży przyszłość transportu.

Between the 1960s and 1980s, American and international financial and technical assistance spurred men with means to bring together concrete, asphalt, timber, and steel to construct unplanned, poorly serviced (because they were unplanned), and expensive subdivisions at the outskirts of what was then central Bangkok. In the process, they transformed Bangkok's hinterland from rice paddy and forests into feral territories: loosely governed spaces created by a desire to not be governed. In this essay, I offer a historical account of the formation of these territories to show how market logic combined with older ideas about the city to create new material and conceptual conditions that allowed state officials, private developers, and foreign consultants to reframe urbanization as the effect of natural forces rather than deliberate policy decisions. Understanding the longue durée transformation of Bangkok's outskirts physically and conceptually is important because accepting the market as natural helps explain the state's resistance to and ineffectiveness of planning while justifying the city's dysfunction.

Family Assistance, also known as Assistance to Aircraft Accident Victims and Their Families (AAAVF), has evolved significantly since the introduction of the Aviation Disaster Family Assistance Act (1996) and subsequent International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) policy and manual on Assistance to Aircraft Accident Victims & Their Families. Despite advances in regulation, policy, and framework development, global implementation of Family Assistance at the State level remains inconsistent, with low levels of effective adoption across ICAO Member States. This paper examines the cross-cultural applicability and effectiveness of Family Assistance planning and implementation. It argues that existing models, largely derived from Western regulatory, cultural, and institutional environments, are not universally transferable without well considered adaptation strategies. Drawing on regulatory analysis, historical accident-response case studies, and practitioner insights, the paper identifies cultural, organisational, and socioeconomic constraints that affect the effective implementation of Family Assistance (State & Air Operator focal) across diverse contexts. The findings indicate that the primary challenge is not conceptual misalignment but rather the complexity and fragility of the interfaces among organisations, systems, processes, and cultures when plans are translated into tangible actions in the aftermath of an aircraft accident. The paper advocates a shift from a compliance-based approach to context-sensitive, humancentered models of Family Assistance that recognise both universal human needs and the realities of global application, particularly the challenges to effective implementation across diverse regions.

This systematic literature review examines artificial intelligence (AI) applications in the multimodal logistics platforms and networks in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries. The systematic literature review (SLR) approach of the research is systematic and follows the PRISMA 2020 guidelines to be transparent and rigorous. It was comprehensively searched in leading databases, including Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and IEEE Xplore, within the period of 2015-2026. The studies were selected due to the pre-decided inclusion and exclusion criteria regarding AI implementation in logistics systems in regard to multimodal transport and the GCC context. Finally, the study settled on 24 peer-reviewed sources to conduct extensive research on the subject. The results indicate that AI is mostly used in predictive analytics, demand forecasting, route optimization, sustainability efforts like cold-chain logistics, and integration of digital platforms with IoT and blockchain technology. Nevertheless, the literature points out the gap in region-specific empirical research and issues of data infrastructure and skills shortage within the GCC. The research concludes that AI can offer huge potential for improving the efficiency, resilience, and sustainability of GCC logistics systems. It suggests that more should be invested in digital infrastructure, standardization of policies, and future empirical studies to enable the transformation of logistics in the region based on AI.

The regulation established by the Brazilian Central Bank about the social and environmental risk assessment by financial institutions was taken here as an analytical input about the social and environmental practices of bus companies. The diagnosis obtained this analysis shows that are expected impacts of such regulation on bus operators because some social and environmental irregularities identified in a study sample, consistent with the business model of these approaches with other priority, explained in historical exhibition. It was possible, through the composition of the value chain of public transportation on tires, to analyze how such an effect of regulation is spread to the entire ecosystem involved in the transport by that modal.

A regulamentacao criada pelo BACEN sobre a analise de risco socioambiental por instituicoes financeiras foi tomada aqui como insumo de analise sobre as praticas socioambientais de empresas de onibus. O diagnostico obtido nessa analise demonstra que existem impactos esperados de tal regulacao sobre os operadores de onibus, devido a algumas irregularidades socioambientais identificadas em uma amostra de estudo, consistente com o modelo de negocio desses com outros enfoques prioritarios, explicados em exposicao historica. Foi possivel, por meio da composicao da cadeia de valor do transporte publico coletivo sobre pneus, analisar como tal efeito da regulacao propaga-se para todo o ecossistema envolvido no transporte por esse modal. A cadeia tracada viabilizou a identificacao de stakeholders e sua analise comportou a verificacao de que existe uma lacuna a ser preenchida por uma proposta de valor compartilhado que permita ganhos economicos ao operador e ganhos a sociedade e ao meio ambien...

This article examines UNESCO World Natural Heritage designationʼs multifaceted impacts on Amami shima, Japan, through perspectives from conservation advocates, media practitioners, officials, tour guides, and community members. Ethnographic research in 2025 combined stakeholder interviews, an anonymous tour guide survey, participant observation, and analysis of institutional documents, media coverage, and petitions. While the 2021 UNESCO inscription increased international recognition and strengthened conservation mandates, it also intensified concerns over overtourism, cultural commodification, and governance failures. Findings indicate an emerging consensus around a "high-value, low-impact" tourism approach, the "Amami Model", prioritizing ecological integrity, cultural authenticity, and community agency. However, implementation faces barriers including infrastructural deficits, limited community participation in planning, and tensions across municipal, prefectural, and national authorities. Tour guides play a central interpretive and stewardship role but remain economically vulnerable, often reporting inconsistent income. UNESCO designation thus operates as a "double-edged sword," enabling conservation while attracting pressures that may undermine heritage values. The currently modest tourism increase offers a window to establish proactive visitor management. Sustainable outcomes require governance reforms, investment in guide infrastructure, and prioritization of long-term ecological and cultural integrity over short-term growth. Abramʼs phenomenological work on the "more-than-human" world and the animate landscape offers a theoretical lens to articulate whatʼs at stake in these tensions.

This special issue of the Journal of Marine and Island Cultures grows out of a sustained and
generative intellectual encounter: the 2025 International Island Forum held in Yeosu,
Republic of Korea. Convened under the theme “The Present and Future of Island Cultural
Diversity,” the Forum brought together scholars, community advocates, policymakers, and
practitioners whose work spans archipelagos from the East China Sea to the Mediterranean,
from the Pacific Northwest to the Seto Inland Sea. What united them was not a single
methodology or disciplinary allegiance, but a shared conviction that islands matter, and that
the way we think about islands must change.
The Forum took place at a moment of heightened urgency. Island communities worldwide
face converging crises: accelerating biodiversity loss, the cultural homogenization driven by
globalization, demographic collapse in peripheral archipelagos, and the mounting impacts of
climate change on coastal and low-lying environments. Yet Yeosu was not a gathering
defined by crisis alone. The conversations and the scholarship gathered in this issue
consistently demonstrated that island cultures are not simply victims of global forces. They
are, in many instances, among humanityʼs most sophisticated living systems where we can
observe co-production of ecological and cultural knowledge. The challenge is not to freeze
islands in time, but to create the conditions that allow island communities to navigate
contemporary change on their own terms.
Yeosu also carries particular significance as the host city of the upcoming 2026 World Island
Exhibition, whose theme, “Islands and the Sea: Sustainable Future,” offers an opportunity to
shift global narratives about islands from vulnerability and marginality toward agency,
innovation, and knowledge production. Several contributions in this issue speak directly to
that ambition, and we return to it in our closing remarks.

This work describes the construction process of an Index of Sustainable Urban Mobility (I_SUM). Important aspects regarding its application as a mobility planning and management supporting tool are also discussed. The index is based on a hierarchy of criteria built essentially with data obtained from planners and technicians of eleven cities, what resulted in eighty-seven Indicators forming thirty-seven Themes, under nine Domains. Weights for the Themes and Domains were obtained through a panel of experts. A viability analysis of the index application was carried out in a city with around 220,000 inhabitants located in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. The analysis of the results has shown that a significant number of indicators could be calculated in the short term and with good quality data in the studied city. The main conclusion drawn from the application was the confirmation that I_SUM is flexible enough to be applied not only in a developing country medium-sized city, but also in cities with diverse characteristics. It is important to highlight the fact that the tool also gives the opportunity to assess the relative contribution of any specific aspects of mobility to the Social, Economic, and Environmental dimensions of sustainability. That I_SUM feature can be used to help in the formulation of either integrated or stand-alone policies per sector aiming at the development of the sustainable urban mobility. Moreover, it can help in the public participation process due to the possibility of building up scenarios based on hypothetical changes of the indicator values.

Road accidents can happen due to various reasons related to the Driver, Vehicle and the Environment. The underlying reason for a particular accident may be a combination of various factors belonging to the above three. Based on accident analysis in detail, accident causation models can be developed. When hazardous materials (HazMat) are transported, the severity is manifold due to the additional risks due to the chemical involved. Exposure condition, flammability, spread, toxicity, threshold requirement, pressure, chances of explosion and many other specific factors are added along with the severity of a road accident. Causative factors in the road accidents are analysed which may be useful in the development of accident causation model. The contributing factors in road transportation of HazMat in Kerala also discussed, to find out the scope for developing an Accident Causation Model of road transportation of hazardous materials.

Russia’s Arctic strategy is built on the premise that icebreakers are the decisive enabler of
economic development, military mobility, and geopolitical influence in the High North. Russia
possesses the world’s largest and most capable icebreaker fleet, a tradition following from the
pre-Soviet era. Icebreakers provide year-round access across the Northern Sea Route (NSR),
enabling hydrocarbon exports, supporting remote populations, and sustaining military and
scientific activity. These vessels play a multidomain role: not only logistical platforms but also
instruments of statecraft, soft power, and, increasingly, deterrence. Russia treats the fleet as
central to national security, positioning nuclear and diesel-electric classes alongside new,
armed patrol icebreakers capable of hybrid missions. Following the outbreak of the full-scale
Russo-Ukrainian war, some vulnerabilities have started to appear. Western sanctions (after
2022) have disrupted supply chains, elevated production costs, and exposed Russia’s
dependence on foreign technologies, despite official claims of self-sufficiency. External
developments – such as NATO’s Nordic expansion, U.S.-Canadian-Finnish icebreaker
cooperation, and China’s cautious pursuit of its own icebreaking capabilities – suggest
intensifying competition; it is not clear if Russia will be able to find counterarguments in the
longer run. In the short term, Russia is likely to be able to preserve its advantage, but sustaining
it will require resources and industrial capacity unless Moscow adapts, secures partners, or
resolves geopolitical tensions.

This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of traffic count data collected across major urban corridors in Fiji between 2016 and 2017. Conducted as an internal research initiative of the Land Transport Authority Fiji, the study evaluates spatial and temporal traffic patterns using automated traffic count machines installed at selected sites. The analysis identifies high volume corridors, peak hour congestion trends, and variations in traffic demand across locations. A simplified forecasting model is applied to estimate traffic growth over a ten year period. Results indicate that traffic volumes are expected to increase significantly across all major corridors, with projected growth ranging from 30 percent to 50 percent depending on the scenario. The findings highlight the urgency of integrating data driven planning, infrastructure investment, and demand management strategies. This study contributes to the limited body of empirical transport research in Pacific Island contexts and provides a practical framework for forecasting and planning.

This paper examines vehicle occupancy patterns along the Suva-Nausori corridor and evaluates the role of carpooling as a transport demand management strategy in Fiji. Based on a 2016 observational survey, the study finds that over 75% of vehicles operate with only one or two occupants, contributing significantly to congestion, fuel consumption, and environmental degradation. Supplementary evidence from public dissemination by the Land Transport Authority confirms these findings and highlights policy efforts encouraging carpooling. The analysis demonstrates that low vehicle occupancy is a critical inefficiency in Fiji's transport system. The paper concludes that promoting carpooling can reduce congestion, lower emissions, and improve economic efficiency, recommending integration into national transport policy frameworks.

This paper presents the development of a demand supply based taxi quota model undertaken within the Land Transport Authority between August to November 2017 under direct government instruction. The work was conducted under significant time constraints and led by the author, with support from a dedicated planning and statistics team. Using population data from the Fiji Bureau of Statistics and internal permit records, a district level allocation framework was developed based on proportional demand estimation and threshold based conditional logic. The model integrates stakeholder validated boundaries and applies a structured if then else mechanism to determine taxi supply. The resulting framework provides a transparent and replicable system for allocating taxi permits aligned to population driven demand, forming the basis for national taxi quota reform in February 2018.

The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made.

Rising awareness of the environmental impacts of dominant mobility practices lead to the development of the sustainable mobility paradigm. This paradigm advocates three features of a mobility system: 1. A reduced need to travel, 2. Modal shift towards more sustainable options, and 3. Reduced vehicle kilometres travelled. In this paper, two sets of data are presented to explore the potential of electric vehicles to contribute to a more sustainable mobility system. First, data from an international Delphi of transport experts shows how a sustainable future can be characterised by different features: efficient internal combustion engine vehicles, electric vehicles, and reduced personal car ownership. Thus electric vehicles are presented as both an opportunity and a threat in relation to sustainable mobility. A second body of empirical material is drawn from interviews with electric vehicle owners, and discusses the drivers and barriers to ownership. Interestingly, participants suggest changing mobility practices associated with electric vehicle ownership, evidenced by decreasing kilometres travelled. The paper concludes by suggesting that there may be potential for electric vehicles to contribute to a sustainable mobility future through modified mobility practices and renewable energy sources in New Zealand.

The global freight transportation is the foundation of international trade and economic integration, which is very susceptible to systemic shocks caused by global crises. The COVID-19 crisis revealed the instability of the maritime, air, and land logistics systems by breaking up supply chains, decreasing capacity, and making operations more expensive (Kwon 2020; Singh et al. 2021). The article follows a narrative review and analyses how global crises affect international freight transportation with a specific focus on the COVID-19 pandemic as a case in point. It discusses the processes by which crises interfere with freight flows, such as volatile demand, border controls, shortage of labor, and infrastructural bottlenecks, based on multidisciplinary research in the area of transport, logistics, operations management, and crisis studies (Bode and Wagner 2015; Katsaliaki, Galetsi, and Kumar 2022). Three key insights are pointed out in the findings. First, the pandemic resulted in all transport modes being disrupted to unprecedented levels: the maritime freight was impacted by port shutdowns and empty containers (Amin et al. 2021; Gulmez, Denktas Sakar, and Bastug 2023), airfreight was affected by the absence of passenger flights and limited cargo capacity (Colizza et al. 2006; Zhou et al. 2021), and the land transportation was delayed when making border checkups and facing capacity-related restrictions (Prokudin et Second, the impact was unequal in terms of regions and sectors, and the challenges related to such essential goods as pharmaceuticals and food were particularly acute (Singh et al. 2021). Third, such approaches to adaptation as digital transformation, resilience-based supply chain management, as well as orchestrated policy measures have become important elements in reducing disruptions and anticipating future disasters (Moosavi, Fathollahi-Fard, and Dulebenets 2022; Raza et al. 2023). On the whole, this research highlights the importance of having an inclusive model of resilience, sustainability, and digital innovation in the freight transportation networks. This is a strategy that will be necessary to protect the global logistics in the future against pandemics, geopolitical shocks and environmental disruptions.

New Town Hashtgerd in the Karaj/Tehran agglomeration — Integrated urban and transportation planning for GHG emission reduction in the Young Cities project

Population growth, metropolitan areas, transportation network

One of the strategies for solving the problems of population growth is building New Towns. These New Towns should firstly discharge the cities with large agglomerations. A secondary goal is the restructuring and decentralization of the population in the metropolitan areas. Based on this, New Towns will be planned and built in Iran. The Iranian leading partners are the Building and Housing Research Center (BHRC) and the New Towns Development Corporation (NTDC). The main objective of the Young Cities
project is to find out whether the development of New Towns is a reasonable strategy to slow down the population growth in urban agglomerations.

Da tempo le associazioni ambientaliste e i comitati di ciclisti lanciano un grido d’allarme alle istituzioni per intervenire in modo strutturale sul sistema di mobilità cittadina, in modo da garantire una maggiore sicurezza alla cittadinanza e adeguare Napoli agli standard di vivibilità delle città europee. Siamo, però, come si è visto in questi giorni, ancora lontani da questo obiettivo [...]. Occorre pensare a una progettualità capace di andare oltre le misure contingenti e l’impatto circoscritto a porzioni limitate del territorio cittadino [...]. Tra un anno circa, si terranno le elezioni comunali e la transizione alla mobilità sostenibile dovrebbe diventare una priorità fondamentale per chi si candida al governo della città.

This study critically examined the conceptual and theoretical frameworks underpinning tax reforms and their influence on tax compliance among Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Bungoma County, Kenya. SMEs are vital to economic development through employment creation, innovation, and contributions to government revenue; however, tax compliance among SMEs remains low, particularly in rural areas. A systematic literature review was conducted using peer-reviewed journals, government reports, and policy documents published between 2018 and 2025. The study adopted Economic Deterrence Theory, Institutional Theory, and the Slippery Slope Framework to analyze how enforcement mechanisms, institutional trust, and policy reforms affect SME compliance. Data extraction focused on technological, administrative, policy, and educational reforms affecting SMEs in Bungoma County. Findings indicate that technological reforms enhance efficiency in tax administration but are constrained by poor digital infrastructure and low digital literacy among SME owners. Policy reforms simplify compliance processes and promote voluntary

The aim of this study is to examine transformational leadership style and employee satisfaction at Astronox Manufacturing Co. Survey research design was adopted for this study. The sample size of this study was 33 and a
purposive sampling technique was employed to select the choice of firm. The study used random sampling technique to select the category of staff relevant to the course of the study and census sampling technique was used to
select the sample from the defined population. Data was gotten from primary source by use of questionnaire. The
study considered face and content validities and Cronbach’s alpha validity instrument which gave 0.917. To test
for relevant hypotheses, linear regression analysis was adopted. The study found out that there is a strong positive
relationship between transformational leadership style and employee satisfaction (R = 0.904)90.4%; this implies
that transformational leadership style has strong influence on employee satisfaction in astronox manufacturing
company. It was therefore recommended that top management should focus on leadership development programs
among others.

This paper reports on an extensive study of the origin, destination and other characteristics of trucks in the state of Washington conducted in 2003-2004, presenting findings and comparison to a similar study done in the state in 1994-1995. Over 24,000 interviews at 28 locations, over four seasons, were conducted in the survey, providing a comprehensive overview of freight movements in the state. This allowed in depth comparisons to the movements revealed in the earlier study when 28,000 truckers at the same 28 locations were interviewed. The paper will present the methodology of these surveys, surveys that to the authors’ knowledge are the first and only ones done in the nation that provided this intimate and detailed information on a statewide basis. Particular attention will be paid to the data management techniques utilized in this massive data base, since much of it is incorporated into a GIS Framework and modeling framework. Information types produced in the surveys include th...

Traffic noise of 650 vehicles classified into 8 vehicle classes were measured in several locations within the Western Province of Sri Lanka in order to extract the necessary coefficients to develop a road traffic noise prediction model. The model was developed to predict the traffic noise generated from free-flowing vehicles in roadways. Traffic flow data used for constructing this model was limited to vehicle noise, vehicle class, vehicle speed and the distance from the traffic flow line. It is shown that the predictions can be made within ±11 dB(A) accuracy with respect to the actual experimental observations. Microsoft.Net® platform was used for the development of the traffic simulator based on the model parameters.

A study was conducted to determine the contribution of different types of vehicles to road traffic noise levels. Measurements were carried out on three different categories of roads at six separate locations, approximately 30 km away from the city of Colombo. At each location, continuous noise measurements were taken for a duration of 13 hours on weekdays and several key noise level descriptors (L eq , L 10 , L 50 , L 90 ) were measured simultaneously. It was observed that A-weighted equivalent noise level (L eq ) along main roads and secondary roads reached ~70 dB(A), which is the maximum permissible noise level prescribed for road traffic by Japan for residential areas. Similar to previous studies, a linear correlation was observed between L eq and other noise descriptors. Specially L 10 , which can be related to annoyance, can be estimated with an accuracy of ± 1 dB(A) by measuring L eq . The correlation between the rate of vehicle flow and the measured noise level showed a logarithmic relationship. It is shown that the key noise descriptors can be estimated with an accuracy of ± 2.5 dB(A) by measuring the flow rate of vehicles. The vehicle composition showed that heavy vehicles such as lorries, buses and containers contribute significantly to the average noise levels.

Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM) is a complex, crucial and comprehensive process, associated with the public health and economy. In the Indian context, increasing population pressure and consumerism, exerting an everyday challenge of managing huge volume of solid waste, especially for the Urban Local Bodies (ULB). This study attempted to observe the MSWM models followed by the six municipalities-North Barrackpore, Barrackpore, Titagarh, Khardah, Panihati and Kamarhati, under the Barrackpore subdivision and Kolkata Metropolitan Area (KMA) of West Bengal, India, from 2011 to 2022. Analyses of the municipal data and surveys showed that, rapid increase in the annual solid waste volume ranging from 57.53% to 81.10% over a decade, for each of the ULBs. Despite development in the infrastructural facilities, a gap between the demand and availability of solid waste dumping grounds and management strategies was observed. Unavailability of the proper segregation strategy, plastic recycling facility, engineered sanitary landfilling, scientific incineration, along with the human resources and funding make the MSWM more challenging. Huge production of the biodegradable waste from the households generates a potential for the compost and biogas production, yet to be implemented. Modification in the management strategies, policy reforms along with the public awareness are significant for all the stakeholders. Implementation of Public Private Partnership (PPP) model can boost the strategies overcoming the challenges and risks.

This study describes an adaptable planning tool that examines potential change in vehicle miles travelled (VMT) growth and corresponding traffic safety outcomes in two urbanized areas, Baton Rouge and New Orleans, based on built environment, economic and demographic variables. This model is employed to demonstrate one aspect of the potential benefits of growth management policy implementation aimed at curbing VMT growth, and to establish targets with which to measure the effectiveness of those policies through a forecasting approach. The primary objective of this research is to demonstrate the need to break with current trends in order to achieve future goals, and to identify specific policy targets for fuel prices, population density, and transit service within the two study regions. Models indicate based on medium growth scenarios, Baton Rouge will experience a 9 percent increase in VMTs and New Orleans will experience 10 percent growth. This translates to corresponding increases in crashes, injuries and fatalities. The paper provides forecasts for planners and engineers to consider an alternative future, based on desired goals to reduce VMTs and therefore improve safety outcomes. A constrained-forecast model shows a cap on VMTs and crash rates is achievable through policy that increases fuel prices, population density and annual transit passenger miles per capita at reasonable levels through a growth management approach.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is increasingly transforming transit corridor management by enhancing operational efficiency, enabling predictive logistics, and optimizing cross-border trade flows. The Zangezur Corridor, as a strategically important transport route connecting Azerbaijan with regional and global markets, offers substantial opportunities for AI-driven modernization. The integration of intelligent transport systems, real-time data analytics, automated customs procedures, and predictive risk assessment mechanisms can significantly reduce operational costs, shorten delivery times, and improve reliability in freight movement. Moreover, AI-based coordination platforms can strengthen institutional cooperation among regional stakeholders and enhance supply chain transparency. The digitalization of corridor infrastructure is expected to improve resilience, sustainability, and long-term economic competitiveness. By leveraging AI technologies in transport planning, monitoring, and logistics management, the Zangezur Corridor can evolve into a technologically advanced transit hub, contributing to economic diversification and sustainable growth in the South Caucasus region.

The rise of digital platforms in urban Africa has been rightfully critiqued as an example of global techno-capital seeking new frontiers of profit among precarious lives and from fragile infrastructures. However, this techno-pessimistic reading of so-called "platform urbanism" leaves us with a bleak outlook on the future of the African city as a mere site of accumulation and exploitation. In this article, in contrast, we offer a more ambivalent analysis of a compelling trend in several African cities: the platformization of motorcycle taxis. Our focus is on Kigali and Nairobi two cities that have been celebrated as "Silicon Savannahs" for their commitment to digital innovation, and where motorcycle taxis have long contributed to the regular

Après la fin du régime de Ceausescu en 1989 et alors que la Roumanie adopte à marche forcée l'économie de marché, une part importante de la population active roumaine se lance dans une migration en direction de l'Europe de l'Ouest afin de subvenir à ses besoins et de se construire une vie, ici et là-bas. Le substrat économique de ces vécus mérite d'être exploré, car, au fond, gagner sa vie apparaît comme la première motivation des migrants roumains en Europe de l'Ouest. Aussi, avons-nous fait le choix d'interroger la place du travail et de la vie économique au sein des parcours migratoires des personnes rencontrées dans le cadre de MARG-IN, à travers la reconstitution de leurs trajectoires de vie, mais également à partir des entretiens et enquêtes ethnographiques réalisés pendant cette recherche. À la lecture des trajectoires de vie qui fondent cet article 1 , la locution « faire de l'argent » est celle qui nous paraît le mieux exprimer la nécessité de gagner sa vie. Formulée par les migrants « roms » 2 rencontrés, « faire de l'argent » est

Quality control is a key driver in achieving manufacturing excellence through operational efficiency, product reliability, and market competitiveness. This study investigates the impact of quality control on the performance of manufacturing firms, with a specific focus on Coca-Cola Plc in Ikeja, Lagos State Nigeria. The primary objective is to evaluate how quality control dimensions such as quality control techniques, continuous quality improvement practices and physical inspection influence key manufacturing performance indicators such as customer satisfaction, product quality, and resource management. The study adopted a descriptive and mixed method research design within a quantitative framework, utilizing both primary and secondary data sources. Data were collected using structured questionnaires, analyzed with descriptive and inferential statistics. The sample size of 306 was determined using Yamane's formula (1967) from a staff population of 1,300. A stratified random sampling techniques and cross sectional was employed to distribute 306 questionnaires representing the sample size to a staff population of 1,300 across various departments. Of these, 300 responses were validly completed and returned, representing a 98.04% response rate. To ensure the reliability and validity of the research instrument, a pilot study which is a preliminary small-scale investigation undertaken prior to the major study to evaluate feasibility was conducted. Internal consistency was confirmed using Cronbach's Alpha, yielding values of 0.813, 0.749, and 0.721, all within acceptable thresholds. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS software, including Pearson correlation coefficient (r), T-tests, and bar charts. The calculated correlation coefficients (r) which are 0.8576, 0.8396, and 0.8171 demonstrated strong positive relationships, and hypotheses were tested at a 5% (0.05) level of significance to examine the relationships between Quality Control and Performance of the Manufacturing Firms. Based on the findings of this research study, it was revealed that robust quality control positively and significantly improves customer satisfaction, ensure the production of high quality products, and reduce wastage of resources in the manufacturing process. It was therefore recommended that Coca-Cola Plc and similar manufacturing firms should continuously strengthen and invest in advanced quality control practices, promote continuous improvement practices, prioritize and expand effective physical inspection processes to maintain operational efficiency and competitiveness, invest in technology and automation, implement regular training and skill development programs for employees to ensure that all employees, from line workers to managers, are equipped with the knowledge and skills needed to maintain and improve quality standards and to integrate sustainability into its quality control practices.

Enerji türlerinin en önemli unsuru ve üretim sektörünün vazgeçilmez faktörlerinden biri olan petrolün son yıllardaki fiyatındaki değişimler, reel sektör yanında finansal sektörü de etkilemektedir. Bu çalışmada, Türkiye'de faaliyet gösteren, ana üretim faktörü petrol olan Borsa İstanbul (BİST) Kimya, Petrol, Plastik endeksinde yer alan şirketlerin hisse senetleri fiyatları ile petrol fiyatları arasındaki ilişki incelenmiştir. Bu amaçla, BIST Kimya, Petrol, Plastik endeksi ile petrol fiyatları arasındaki uzun dönemli bir ilişki olup olmadığı Johansen Jusellius Eşbütünleşme Testi ile test edilmiştir. Değişkenler arasındaki nedenselliğin yönünü belirlemek için ise Granger Nedensellik Testi yöntemi ile kullanılmıştır. Yapılan analizler sonucunda, petrol fiyatları ile BIST Kimya, Petrol, Plastik endeksi arasında eşbütünleşme ilişkisi bulunmuştur. Ayrıca petrol fiyatlarından, BIST Kimya, Petrol, Plastik endeksine doğru tek yönlü bir nedensellik ilişkisine tespit edilmiştir.