Conference Presentations by Mustapha shuaibu
Shuaibu Mustapha, 2022
An sha yin nazarce-nazarce da dama a kan manyan vangarorin adabin Hausa, musamman a kan zube ko w... more An sha yin nazarce-nazarce da dama a kan manyan vangarorin adabin Hausa, musamman a kan zube ko waqa ko wasan kwaikwayo da hanyoyin nazari na gargajiya ko na zamani. Yawancin hanyoyin gargajiya suna nuni da yadda manazarta ke bayar da ra’ayoyinsu gwargwadon tunaninsu game da matanin wani adabi. Haka kuma, sukan kalli abin da ke qunshe ne a cikin matanin kawai su danganta shi da rayuwar yau da kullun a bisa irin fahimtarsu game da ita. Manazartan zamani kuwa sai suka riqa yin nasu aikin da wasu ra’ayoyin da suka zama jagora ga gudanar da nasu ayyukan. Wannan ya sa wannan takarda ta xauki wani ra’i na nazarin adabi don ta xora shi a kan wani matanin adabi na wasan kwaikwayo. Cikin nazarin an xauki littafin Uwar Gulma na Alhaji Mohammed Sada (1968) ne don a fito da irin halin baqin ciki da takaici da ban tausayi da Halima matar Malam Hayatu ta shiga a dalilin son rai da na abin duniya daga mahaifinta Malam Haruna da alqalin garinsu da mataimakansa. Har haka, Halima ta yi qoqarin neman haqqinta a kotu amma sai aka rinjaye ta saboda matsalar cin hanci da rashawa wanda daga bisani ta zavi shan maganin barci don ta sami sauqi, amma sai abin ya zama magamin ajalinta. An yi qoqarin xora ra’i Ban Tausayi ne don a tantance yadda abubuwan ban tausayi suka kasance a cikin littafin na Uwar Gulma. An kuma yi tsokaci a kan wasu lamurra tare da samar kammalawa da manazarta.
Muhimman kalmomi: Ra’i; Mazahaba; Wasan Ban Tausayi; Uwar Gulma; Tarke.
This paper entitled, “Hausa Literary Criticism in the 21st Century: Between the Traditionalists a... more This paper entitled, “Hausa Literary Criticism in the 21st Century: Between the Traditionalists and the Modernists,” is an attempt to investigate on how the Hausa literary criticism has come to a new era of using modern approaches, with the advancement of the first decade in the 21st century. This is as a result of the efforts of some scholars who, having in mind what transpires since 1945 to be a group of New Critics that adopted a close-reading method, as advocated by I. A Richards at Cambridge University, England, devoted their time in providing a new method of analyses which helps in formulating some conditions (or probably some objectives) which serve as guiding principles in facing their works. It has been observed that traditional way of analysis has been in effect since the time of the first generation of scholars (both foreigners and indigenous) who, in the mid-1990s, observed that the literary canon is the only method employed on the traditional study of Hausa literature. However, with the emergence of some approaches paving their way for critical literary theories to be adopted, a literary analyst or a critic is left in a bewildered situation as to which form of study he will adopt to meet his target. There is also a growing concern on the side of academic researchers, especially when they come to apply a given theory on their theses or dissertations, as a requirment for the successful completion of their degrees. Likewise some scholars, who contribute in academic journals or make presentations at conferences, are also left in a puzzled situation of not having a clearly-defined theory which its manifestoes/objectives are a guiding principle for preparing their researches, Hausa literary criticism is, therefore, an individual as well as a group affair to be associated with. But the traditional approach and the recently incorporated modern theory is becoming a central line between the traditionalists and the modernists. A check between the two, calls for a modern approach, for proper participation and representation in the literary studies circle in order to meet the standard required universally.
Keywords: Study; theory; Hausa literature; literary criticism; traditional; modern.
Papers by Mustapha shuaibu
Shuaibu Mustapha, 2024
Wannan bincike ya duba tarihin yadda wasu qudurorin gwamnati na Nijeriya na qarfafawa da bunqasa ... more Wannan bincike ya duba tarihin yadda wasu qudurorin gwamnati na Nijeriya na qarfafawa da bunqasa harsunan qasa, kamar Hausa da Igbo da Yoruba, da yadda aka tsara su. Abu ne mai kyau a tsara yadda za a yi amfani da zartar da tsare-tsaren don bunqasar harsuna. Akwai yawaitar tambayoyi daga masana da manazarta a kan batun qarfafawa da bunqasa harsunan qasa don xaya daga cikinsu ya maye wa harshen Ingilishi a matsayin harshen gudanar da mulki da hulxa da qasashen waje a Nijeriya. A wannan takarda, an yi amfani da hanyar tattara bayanai daga littattafai da mujallu da wasu ayyuka na rubuce-rubucen magabata, sannan aka yi nazarinsu ta hanyar fayyace bayanan da aka samu don a ji daxin fexe su kamar yadda ya dace. Daga nan kuma, an yi amfani da ra’in qwaqqwafi na kulawa da qarfafar harsuna na cikin qasa, ta fuskar samar da qarin hanyoyin raya su. Sakamakon binciken ya nuna tun da aka tsara dokokin bunqasa harsunan da qoqarin xabbaqa su, har yanzu kwalliya ba ta biya kuxin sabulu ba. Wannan kuwaya kasance saboda wasu dalilai na cin hanci da rashawa da rashin bayar da goyon baya daga wasu gwamnonin jihohi da kuma tsoron kada wata qabila ta rasa samun ‘yancin bayyana kanta a harkokin qasa da sauransu. Bayan haka, an bayar da wasu shawarwari a kan yadda za a qara inganta hanyoyin qarfafa harsunan da yadda za a daxa samun sauqin cikakkiyar gudanarwa.
Muhimman kalmomi: Tarihi; hanyoyi; qudurori; qarfafawa; harshe; harsunan Nijeriya.
Wannan bincike ya duba tarihin yadda wasu qudurorin gwamnati na Nijeriya na qarfafawa da bunqasa harsunan qasa, kamar Hausa da Igbo da Yoruba, da yadda aka tsara su. Abu ne mai kyau a tsara yadda za a yi amfani da zartar da tsare-tsaren don bunqasar harsuna. Akwai yawaitar tambayoyi daga masana da manazarta a kan batun qarfafawa da bunqasa harsunan qasa don xaya daga cikinsu ya maye wa harshen Ingilishi a matsayin harshen gudanar da mulki da hulxa da qasashen waje a Nijeriya. A wannan takarda, an yi amfani da hanyar tattara bayanai daga littattafai da mujallu da wasu ayyuka na rubuce-rubucen magabata, sannan aka yi nazarinsu ta hanyar fayyace bayanan da aka samu don a ji daxin fexe su kamar yadda ya dace. Daga nan kuma, an yi amfani da ra’in qwaqqwafi na kulawa da qarfafar harsuna na cikin qasa, ta fuskar samar da qarin hanyoyin raya su. Sakamakon binciken ya nuna tun da aka tsara dokokin bunqasa harsunan da qoqarin xabbaqa su, har yanzu kwalliya ba ta biya kuxin sabulu ba. Wannan kuwaya kasance saboda wasu dalilai na cin hanci da rashawa da rashin bayar da goyon baya daga wasu gwamnonin jihohi da kuma tsoron kada wata qabila ta rasa samun ‘yancin bayyana kanta a harkokin qasa da sauransu. Bayan haka, an bayar da wasu shawarwari a kan yadda za a qara inganta hanyoyin qarfafa harsunan da yadda za a daxa samun sauqin cikakkiyar gudanarwa.
Muhimman kalmomi: Tarihi; hanyoyi; qudurori; qarfafawa; harshe; harsunan Nijeriya.
Shuaibu Mustapha, 2023
Nazarin adabi wani fage ne da yake da ban sha’awa da samar da kyakkyawar fahimta ga masu karatu k... more Nazarin adabi wani fage ne da yake da ban sha’awa da samar da kyakkyawar fahimta ga masu karatu ko sauraro ko kallon sa. Akwai wani hange da ake yi wa adabi a matsayin mai samar da raha da nishaxi kawai, ta la’akari da masu aiwatar da shi da kuma sassan da ake aiwatarwa. Wannan gajeren tunani ne kawai na masu duban yadda yake ta vangaren muhimmancinsa. Haka kuma, wasu na ganin shi adabi hikima ce kawai ta masu aiwatar da shi, inda suke nusar da al’umma a kan abubuwan da suke aukuwa cikinta, musamman waxanda ba a yarda da su ba a tsarin al’adar zamantakewa, don a samu gyara halayen al’ummar. Haka kuma, adabi yana zama abokin hira ko abokin tafiya ga mai cuxanya da shi, sannan yana saka masa wasu halaye na damuwa ko farin ciki ko haushi ko tsoro da sauransu. Don haka, wannan takarda ta duba yadda adabi, musamman adabin Hausa, yake motsa wa masu sauraron sa ko karatun sa ko kallon sa rai ta fuskoki daban-dabaan. An yi amfani da rubutattun bayanai daga littafai da takardu da maqalun ilimi daga manazarta tare da sarrafa su ta tsarin bincike na bayyanawa don a ji daxin fito da sakamakon aikin filla-filla. An kuma yi amfani da hanyar nazari ta Paul Ekman (2007) da ya gabatar da tsarin amfani da yadda adabi yake sa karsashi da xarsuwa ga mai sauraro ko mai karatu ko mai kallo. Eukman ya kawo wasu tussa guda shida da ke samuwa a cikin ran mutum, a yayin da yake mu’amula da aikin adabi. Sakamakon binciken ya nuna cewa saqonnin adabin Hausa suna yin tasiri ainun ta hanyar saka karsashi na motsa rai da qarfafa zuciya ko raunana ta, ta hanyar ban tsoro da sanya fargaba da samar da farin ciki da haddasa damuwa da sauransu.
Muhimman kalmomi: Halaye; adabi; saqon adabi; motsa rai; tunani.
Shuaibu Mustapha, 2023
Nazarin adabin Hausa ya daxe ana gudanar da shi da hanyoyi na gargajiya da bayar da ra’ayoyi da ... more Nazarin adabin Hausa ya daxe ana gudanar da shi da hanyoyi na gargajiya da bayar da ra’ayoyi da wasu manazarta suka riqa yi a lokacin gudanar da ayyukansu. Sun riqa xaukar fannonin adabin suna duba su da qa’idojin nazarin da suka ga sun dace amma a xaixaikunsu ba a qungiyance ba. Don haka, an sami waxansu manazarta adabi da suke yi masa tarke a gargajiyance a matakin manyan makarantu da jami’o’i. Da hanyoyin nazari na zamani suka kunno kai, sai manazartan suka mayar da hankali ga aiwatar da tarke da su. Manufar wannan takarda ita ce, bin diddigin wani matani na rubutacciyar waqar Hausa ta qarni na 19, da xora wata mazahabar tarken adabi ta zamani ta “Tafarkin Horaswwa” a kansa. Ta amfani da manufofin wannan mazahaba ne aka tantance irin jituwa ko dangantakar da ke akwai ta yin aiki da mazahaba a tarken wani matani na adabin Hausa. A yayin gudanar da wannan bincike, an bi wasu hanyoyin da aka samar da matanin rubutacciyar waqar sannan aka karanta shi har sau uku tare da duba dacewar manufofin mazahabar da batun da waqar take yi na halin rayuwar al’umma. Haka kuma, an tattaro qarin bayanai daga wasu ayyukan manazarta sannan aka yi sharhi a kan matanin da aka yi fixarsa da kuma qara tantance wasu saqonnin cikinsa da wani matanin addinin Musulunci, daga cikin hadisan Annabi (SAW), kamar yadda suka zo a cikin littafin Annawawi (1980) mai suna, Riyaadus Saalihiin. Sakamakon binciken ya nuna ashe adabin Hausa na rubutacciyar waqa irin ta qarni na 19 yana qunshe da saqonni na bayar da umurni ko horo da hani don koyar da tarbiyya da gyaran hali a cikin al’ummar Hausawa. Haka kuma, adabin Hausa ya gawurta ta yadda ake gudanar da shi a matakai daban-daban da kuma hanyoyin tarke na zamani. Bayan haka, sakamakon ya nuna wata mazahabar tarken zamani tana da gurbin zama a wani nau’in adabin Hausa, musamman a wannan waqar da aka yi tarkenta a zamanance.
Fitilun Kalmomi: Tarke; Rubutacciyar Waqa; Mazahaba; Tafarkin Horaswa; Saqo/Jigo.
Shuaibu Mustapha, 2023
The book, Turbar Tarabulus (The Road to Tripoli), is a written play which depicts how the Trans S... more The book, Turbar Tarabulus (The Road to Tripoli), is a written play which depicts how the Trans Saharan trade between Kano city in Hausaland (Bilad as Sudan) in the present-day Nigeria and Tripoli in Libya, in Arab North Africa (Magreb), has been an avenue for merchants who engaged in a journey for commercial purposes, between 14th and 19th centuries. The journey was undertaken across the Sahara desert on camel or donkey as well as on foot to their destinations. Some researchers tend to ignore the real happenings during the journey, especially the cultural aspects associated with the merchentile activities (e.g. fatauci) and dwell much on the journey; the slave trade and its commercial benefits and its illegality. An analytical, textual and intrinsic study of the play was made to ascertain the types of real activities that were carried out enroute to and from the two cities (Kano and Tripoli) as per what is obtained in the play. The researchers therefore adopted the objectives of ‘realism’ as the modern literary theory that they applied on the play and as a result, their findings showed that during the journey and the fatauci, some types of cultural activities like commercial, religious, social, ethnic, medicinal as well as magical (for protection) etc, were carried out in those days.
Shuaibu Mustapha, 2019
Aikin tarke wani qoqari ne da manazarta adabi ke yi don su qara bayyana wasu tunane-tunane da ra’... more Aikin tarke wani qoqari ne da manazarta adabi ke yi don su qara bayyana wasu tunane-tunane da ra’ayoyi a kan wani aikin adabi da suke nazari, ko don musayar ra’ayoyinsu ta hanyar nuna qwarewa da gogewa a kan wani vangaren rayuwa, ko wata matsalar rayuwar da ta shafi al’umma. Akwai matarkan da ke aikinsu ba tare da bin wasu takamaiman qa’idojin nazari ba. Wasu kuma sukan yi tsokaci da sharhi ne a kan abubuwan da ke aukuwa a cikin al’ummarsu, ta hanyar da suka fahimmci halayen rayuwar. Manufar wannan takarda ita ce qoqarin amsa wasu muhimman tambayoyi da wani mashahurin matarki ya kawo su a cikin littafinsa mai suna, Principles of Literary Criticism (1976) “Qa’idojin Tarken Adabi,” waxanda kuma ya kamata kowane matarki ya amsa su kafin ya fara tunkarar aikinsa na tarken adabi. Bayan kowace tambaya, daga cikin tambayoyin da aka kawo, an biyo da bayani na fayyace ta, ta yadda kowane matarki zai san yadda zai shiga cikin aikinsa. An yi amfani da hanyar fixar adabi tare da salon bayyanawa don a fito da bayanan da suke qunshe a cikin tambayoyin. An lura da akwai wasu matakai da yawa da mtarkin adabi ya kamata ya san su ya kuma yi amfani da su, kamar yadda suka fito a cikin littafin na I.A. Richards. Bayan haka, amfani da waxannan sharuxxan suna qara kyautata ayyukan matarkan adabi da kuma gudanar da shi kamar yadda ya kamata.
Muhimman kalmomi: I.A.Richards; tarke; matarkin adabi; tambayoyi; qa’idoji.
Hausa literary writers, especially those that patronize the genre of written poetry, have been us... more Hausa literary writers, especially those that patronize the genre of written poetry, have been using several stylistic approaches in an attempt to convey their messages to their readers. The writing of poetry itself has to do with scholarship, because the Hausas had contact with the Arabs before the Europeans. It was during the contact that the religion of Islam was accepted by some Hausa merchants and kings, which was later extended to the larger Hausa communities. The Hausa literary writers, especially the poets do quote some basic sources of Islamic legal system from the Qur’an and Hadiths to put them in their literary piece. It started from normal borrowing and coinage of Arabic words (as neologized forms) to the lifting or quoting of phrases and sentences of these sources. Some do direct quotation while others do indirect quotations, or even give symbolic representations etc. This paper, therefore, intends to show how these poets as literary writers, use the style of quoting, fully or partially, of the basic sources of Islamic law and putting them in their literary pieces. A commentary of how the quotation is made and an explanation of the sources of the materials were also made for proper analysis.
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Conference Presentations by Mustapha shuaibu
Muhimman kalmomi: Ra’i; Mazahaba; Wasan Ban Tausayi; Uwar Gulma; Tarke.
Keywords: Study; theory; Hausa literature; literary criticism; traditional; modern.
Papers by Mustapha shuaibu
Muhimman kalmomi: Tarihi; hanyoyi; qudurori; qarfafawa; harshe; harsunan Nijeriya.
Wannan bincike ya duba tarihin yadda wasu qudurorin gwamnati na Nijeriya na qarfafawa da bunqasa harsunan qasa, kamar Hausa da Igbo da Yoruba, da yadda aka tsara su. Abu ne mai kyau a tsara yadda za a yi amfani da zartar da tsare-tsaren don bunqasar harsuna. Akwai yawaitar tambayoyi daga masana da manazarta a kan batun qarfafawa da bunqasa harsunan qasa don xaya daga cikinsu ya maye wa harshen Ingilishi a matsayin harshen gudanar da mulki da hulxa da qasashen waje a Nijeriya. A wannan takarda, an yi amfani da hanyar tattara bayanai daga littattafai da mujallu da wasu ayyuka na rubuce-rubucen magabata, sannan aka yi nazarinsu ta hanyar fayyace bayanan da aka samu don a ji daxin fexe su kamar yadda ya dace. Daga nan kuma, an yi amfani da ra’in qwaqqwafi na kulawa da qarfafar harsuna na cikin qasa, ta fuskar samar da qarin hanyoyin raya su. Sakamakon binciken ya nuna tun da aka tsara dokokin bunqasa harsunan da qoqarin xabbaqa su, har yanzu kwalliya ba ta biya kuxin sabulu ba. Wannan kuwaya kasance saboda wasu dalilai na cin hanci da rashawa da rashin bayar da goyon baya daga wasu gwamnonin jihohi da kuma tsoron kada wata qabila ta rasa samun ‘yancin bayyana kanta a harkokin qasa da sauransu. Bayan haka, an bayar da wasu shawarwari a kan yadda za a qara inganta hanyoyin qarfafa harsunan da yadda za a daxa samun sauqin cikakkiyar gudanarwa.
Muhimman kalmomi: Tarihi; hanyoyi; qudurori; qarfafawa; harshe; harsunan Nijeriya.
Muhimman kalmomi: Halaye; adabi; saqon adabi; motsa rai; tunani.
Fitilun Kalmomi: Tarke; Rubutacciyar Waqa; Mazahaba; Tafarkin Horaswa; Saqo/Jigo.
Muhimman kalmomi: I.A.Richards; tarke; matarkin adabi; tambayoyi; qa’idoji.