Chemical Process Industries

Paper has many uses such as in writing, printing, packaging, paper money, cheques voucher, cleaning, as construction materials, etc. Based on its applications, paper may be characterized as bank paper, book paper, bond paper, construction paper, cotton paper, electronic paper, photo paper, wallpaper, etc. The popular raw materials used to make paper are esparto-grass, straw, wood, flax, hemp, jute and rags-cotton and linen. The paper manufacturing process consists of two main stages: pulp making and conversion of pulp into paper. The process of producing pulp may be done by chemical or mechanical means, or by a combination of both depending on the nature of raw material used and the end application of the produced paper. Three operations are required to manufacture paper that are beating, conversion of pulp to paper and finishing. This chapter comprehensively covers the types of papers, their uses, raw materials and their manufacturing processes. Pulp and paper mills have adverse effects on the environment such as depletion of forest covers, and chemical pollution caused by liquid effluent discharges, solid wastes and air emissions from particulates, H 2 S, NO x , SO x . These have been covered in detail including means to reduce their emissions and treatment methods.

This study analyzes the leather and skin sector in the Far North region of Cameroon. The main objective is to better understand the current dynamics and to identify the levers to improve production and marketing in this sector. To this end, quantitative and qualitative data was collected in four departments, thanks to interviewers who have a good understanding of the sector and who met with several resource persons. The results show that the leather and hide sector contributes 274,187,000 CFA francs to the local economy, without even taking into account non-formal activities, which are in the majority. Several strengths have been identified, such as an average level of artisanal processing, a large herd, and tannery experience well anchored in family traditions. However, there are many weaknesses that hinder profitability and development: limited funding, lack of collective organization, inappropriate hide collection and stone-throwing process, dependence on middlemen, traditional and extensive livestock farming practices, lack of industrialization, outdated infrastructure, and a lack of commercial training. Based on these observations, a business plan was drawn up for the creation of a trade centre dedicated to this sector. This centre should reach profitability in the fourth year with a rate of 1%, and see its profitability increase to 6% in the fifth year, thus allowing additional investments to be relaunched. This centre aims to professionalise the sector, structure collection, improve quality and facilitate access to financing for craftsmen. The key recommendations focus on several areas. It is essential to structure the hide collection network by department, which will facilitate health and quality control. In addition, there is a need to strengthen slaughter techniques through training and extension, and to set up up-to-date market information systems. Access to microfinance should be facilitated through partnerships with banks. Awareness campaigns among key stakeholders are needed to improve practices. Training on the grading and quality of hides according to recognized standards should also be introduced. Finally, the modernization of infrastructure is crucial: setting up centralized slaughterhouses, investing in modern skinning equipment, and equipping the trade center with suitable equipment for finishing and processing. The quality of products must be improved through technical training and the adoption of modern management practices, while encouraging the pooling of services among craftsmen. These measures will increase the competitiveness of the sector and promote its sustainable development.

To ensure sustainable shea butter production in North Central Agro-ecological zone of Nigeria using modern shea butter processing technologies necessitated this study. The major objective of the study was to identify the information needs of shea butter processors’ on modern shea butter processing technologies whilst examining the respondents’ socio-economic characteristics, ascertaining their awareness, areas of information needs, sources of information, and perception on the effect of inadequate information on modern processing technologies were the specific objectives. Primary data were collected from 216 processors’ using multi-stage sampling procedure. The data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Findings revealed that most (90.3%) of the processors’ were females, young and married with little or no formal education and having between 6 to 15 years of processing experience. Respondents obtained information mostly from fellow processors ( =70) and cooper...

Background:This research deals with the manufacture of sodium sulphides and sodium sulfhydrate in an isothermal multiphase chemical reactor to produce concentrated aqueous solutions of sodium sulfhydrate (greater than 43%) through Gas-Liquid-Solid reactions from hydrogen sulfide and hydroxide of sodium at 50%.Methods:A method is proposed that integrates the recovery of hydrogen sulfide from an industrial chemical process where the H2S gas is generated as a sub product, the strategy of the developed process was integrated into a manufacturing plant of dithiophosphoric acids (ADTF) where it was possible to recover the hydrogen sulfide in the form of an aqueous solution of NaHS with a concentration higher than 43%.Results:The experimental tests showed that the biphasic reaction mixture formed by Na2S, NaHS and H2O with global compositions of 13.3%; 26.9% and 59.7% respectively, is appropriate to obtain 43% sodium sulfhydrate in a stirred tank reactor, operated at temperatures ranging f...

This study aimed to assess the lung function and respiratory health of workers in the plywood industry, with a focus on the impact of workplace exposure to dust and fumes, smoking habits, and employment duration. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 51 exposed plywood workers and 23 age-matched controls. Lung function tests, including Forced Vital Capacity (FVC), Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV1), and Maximum Voluntary Ventilation (MVV), were performed. In addition, respiratory symptoms were recorded using a standardized questionnaire. Statistical analysis included t-tests and regression analysis to assess the relationship between lung function parameters and factors such as age, smoking, and work duration.The results revealed a significantly higher prevalence of respiratory symptoms, including cough, phlegm, and nasal issues, among plywood workers compared to the controls (p < 0.05). Exposed workers exhibited significantly lower lung function values (FVC, FEV1, and MVV) than controls, with a strong negative correlation between lung function and both age and smoking duration. A regression model indicated that FVC could be predicted with a high degree of accuracy based on age and smoking duration (R² = 0.73).The study highlights the detrimental impact of exposure to wood dust and fumes in the plywood industry on workers' respiratory health. Smoking exacerbates the effects, leading to significantly reduced lung function. The lack of protective equipment and preventive measures at the workplace increases the risk of respiratory disorders. The study recommends the adoption of protective gear, worker education, and stricter enforcement of occupational health regulations to minimize these health risks.

The rapid increase in consumption has led to the decrease and even extinction of natural resources on earth. The textile industry also has an important place in terms of consumption. The transition to more sustainable biodegradable products instead of established fossil-based materials has increased rapidly due to textile manufacturers and related industries, legal regulations, social responsibility commitments and increasing ecological awareness of customers. Developing new environmentally friendly, biodegradable material groups with new technologies or by modifying existing technologies has been the main goal of many researchers. In this context, we aimed to develop denim fabric that is effective against strong hospital bacteria by using the yarn containing biopolymer chitosan as a weft in denim production. Chitosan finds wide application in the textile industry due to its biodegradability, antibacterial activity and many more functionalities. Chitosan is used in biomedical textile applications in the textile industry, either as a wound healing, hemostatic (blood stopper), antibacterial, antifungal, either alone or modified to various derivatives or combined with other materials. In this context, instead of using chitosan as a coating material in our studies, chitosan-containing yarn was used in the production of denim fabric in order to distribute the chitosan more homogeneously and to increase the washing resistance. As a result, it was determined that the denim fabric developed by using chitosan-based yarn in weft in denim production reduces hospital bacteria (MRSA-Methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus) by > 99%.

Industry and district heating systems are the biggest pollutants and consumers of fossil fuels, despite a huge effort in renewable energy implementation. The European Union keeps circularity and efficiency principles, with a main focus on energy security and diversity. This paper considers the energy partnering possibilities between industrial facilities and district heating systems reducing the waste of heat and primary energy consumption. The systematic graphical approach based on pinch point analysis is used for energy targeting and finding the thermodynamically available maximum heat for utilisation in district heating networks. The case study analysed the specific processes of the fertiliser and polymer industries. The integration of the gas fractioning plant and nitric acid plant with low and high-temperature district heating resulted in energy savings of 25.23 GWh/y, 72.01 GWh/y, and emission savings of 5,071 tCO2/y and 14,473 tCO2/y respectively.

The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of highperformance work systems on job satisfaction and organizational commitment of employees of National Bank branches in Zahedan city. High-performance work systems are methods that prepare employees with skills, information, motivation, commitment and freedom to make important decisions such as creating innovation, improving quality and finally responding quickly to such changes. This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive in terms of data collection. The method of this research is a survey, and the statistical population of this research consists of all the employees of the National Bank of Zahedan city, numbering 150 people, out of which 86 people were selected as a statistical sample. To collect data, a questionnaire based on Shi et al.'s work (2010), Allen and Mayer's organizational commitment (1999), and Salehi's job satisfaction questionnaire (2015) were used. To analyze the data, Spearman's correlation coefficient and regression analysis were used with the help of SPSS software. The results of the research showed that high-performance work systems and its components have a positive and significant effect on job satisfaction and job commitment of Zahedan National Bank employees.

Paper has many uses such as in writing, printing, packaging, paper money, cheques voucher, cleaning, as construction materials, etc. Based on its applications, paper may be characterized as bank paper, book paper, bond paper, construction paper, cotton paper, electronic paper, photo paper, wallpaper, etc. The popular raw materials used to make paper are esparto-grass, straw, wood, flax, hemp, jute and rags-cotton and linen. The paper manufacturing process consists of two main stages: pulp making and conversion of pulp into paper. The process of producing pulp may be done by chemical or mechanical means, or by a combination of both depending on the nature of raw material used and the end application of the produced paper. Three operations are required to manufacture paper that are beating, conversion of pulp to paper and finishing. This chapter comprehensively covers the types of papers, their uses, raw materials and their manufacturing processes. Pulp and paper mills have adverse effects on the environment such as depletion of forest covers, and chemical pollution caused by liquid effluent discharges, solid wastes and air emissions from particulates, H 2 S, NO x , SO x . These have been covered in detail including means to reduce their emissions and treatment methods.

Sachsen-Anhalt versteht sich als Industrie-land mit einer langen Tradition, zu der seit dem letzten Drittel des 19. Jahrhunderts auch eine vielfältige fotografische Überlieferung gehört, die bisher allerdings noch nie zu-sammengeführt wurde. Das vorliegende Buch ist vor diesem Hintergrund die erste umfassende Übersicht zur Industriefotografie des Bundeslandes mit einem Fokus auf die Zeit ab den späten 1920er-Jahren bis zur unmittelbaren Gegenwart.
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Saxony-Anhalt sees itself as an industrial state with a long tradition, which includes a diverse photographic heritage dating back to the last third of the 19th century, although this has never been brought together before. Against this background, this book is the first comprehensive overview of industrial photography in the state, focusing on the period from the late 1920s to the present day.

The fluorescence of mercerized cotton yarns was investigated in this paper in the context of artistic textile design for interior. For this purpose, cotton yarn chemically bleached and mercerized under industrial conditions (Runolist, Unitas, Croatia) was optically brightened with two commercially available fluorescent whitening agents (FWA) in three concentration. The influence of the FWA concentration to spectral remission, whiteness and its changes with coloristic meaning was investigated. The possible artistic textile design with selected yarns in knitted and woven fabric to be used in interior is given.

In the second half of the twentieth century, West Germany was one of the largest pesticide producers and exporters worldwide. Among these exports were substances that were unpopular, obsolete, or entirely banned due to their health risks. The country case adds to our knowledge of global pesticide politics in three ways: First, politicians and industry used hunger in the Global South as an argument to justify export practices in the 1970s. Second, public criticism against this export was only successful when the health of German citizens was perceived to be under threat. Third, industry arguments led to creative and legal ways to export substances that have been problematised in the Global North. In view of this, the current EU initiative to regulate banned pesticide trade, though important, appears to remain tentative or ineffective.

Batik fabric is an integral part of the traditional cloth culture of the Ghanaian traditional setting. However, the batik fabric has marginal usage due to its casual visual appearance. This studio practice seeks to explore the epiphanic revival in the use of metallic finishes on batik substrate to create an enhanced visual appearance with embellished aesthetic sensibilities and diversified use. The researchers adopted the studio-based approach of the qualitative design to manipulate handmade tools, techniques (collagraph) and the batik fabrics through experimentation to produce a glittering mercurial batik fabric which is typically an industrial practice. The studio practice took place at the Textile Design and Technology studio, Takoradi Technical University, Ghana. The traditional batik fabric was manipulated through fabric decoration techniques in accordance with studio-based practices. The Addie model was adopted as a methodological approach in the analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation processes of the experimentation processes of the study. Findings revealed that the hand techniques used in the production process for the metallic prints produced interesting accidentals finishes and effects that machine work cannot achieve, producing new discoveries of visual enhancements of traditional batik fabric. Traditional batiks became mercurial with glittery effects. The metallic prints on the fabric also changed its consumption pattern from mere casual fabric to classic and cosmopolitan fabric for varied uses suitable for wearable to non-wearable.

Most test methods used to evaluate the electrostatic properties of textile materials are based, in one way or another, on the measurement of electrical resistance. Many and various methods have been devised to measure electrical resistance of textile assemblies and a diversity of
parameters are used to de"ne it. Generally speaking, it is very di$cult to match results of di!erent methods. In this paper we use, for measuring electrical resistivity of textile assemblies, a multiple-step method, which takes compressional properties of the assembly into consideration
and de"nes a new parameter to describe electrical resistivity of textile assemblies. The new definition used for the resistivity of the textile assembly is similar to the volume resistivity of a rigid homogeneous material, being so an inherent characteristic re#ecting electrical properties
of fiber material, independent of sample form (fabric, yarn, fiber), dimensions of measuring cell and amount of the sample. This method made possible, for the first time, a measurement of the evolution of electrical resistivity of cotton and wool fibers during the spinning process. The results enabled the evolution of electrostatic properties of fibers to be determined as the they passed from one processing machine to the other. Thus, the intensity of processing and need for treatment with antistatic lubricants could be assessed.
2001 Published by Elsevier Science
B.V.

Access to safe drinking water and its regular monitoring is essential to ensure the health and safety of the
public. This study aimed to analyze the microbiological quality of drinking water supplies (filtered and unfiltered)
from various towns of Lahore, Pakistan. In total, 135 water samples, with and without filtration (n=90) and additional
45 bottled drinking water samples of different brands from the local market were collected from 9 towns of Lahore. To
determine the microbiological quality, all samples were subjected to total plate count, total coliform, E. coli,
Streptococci and Salmonella detection. According to the findings, the total plate count from various water supplies was
significantly higher as compared to bottled drinking water samples. Drinking water from supplies with filtration and
without filtration was found to be contaminated with total coliform (51%), E. coli (51%) and total coliform (84.5%), E.
coli (84.5%), faecal Streptococci (15.5%), and Salmonella (11.1%) respectively. In total, 22 (49%) of the filtered and 7
(15.5%) of the unfiltered water samples were found to be microbiologically safe for drinking, whereas 41 (91.1%)
bottled drinking water samples met the WHO criteria. To summarize, bottled drinking water is safer than both filtered
and unfiltered drinking water. However, all bottled water should not be assumed to be safe for use. The microbial
contamination in drinking water supplies, as well as bottled water samples, insinuates for strict monitoring of drinking
water by regulatory authorities, and immediate action is required to avoid public health hazards.

This paper assessed rural women knowledge level on usage of improved Shea butter processing technology in Ilorin East Local Government Area of Kwara State. Data were collected from 120 rural women in the area through structured interview schedule using multistage sampling technique. The findings revealed that majority (59.2%) were married and households depend on income realised from the sale of Shea-butter for livelihood. All the respondents used parboiling, a traditional method to soften Shea-butter fruits. The findings showed that 93.2% were knowledgeable on the use of grinding machine in processing Shea-butter. A greater percentage (62.5%) had low awareness on other improved technologies in processing Shea butter. Majority of respondents (90.0%) got information about improved Shea-butter processing from other processors. However, high cost of equipment was rated the major limiting constraint militating against the usage of improved Shea butter technologies in the area. The paper...

Ammonium phosphate fertilizers first became available in the 1960s, and DAP rapidly became the most popular in this class of products. It's formulated in a controlled reaction of phosphoric acid with ammonia, where the hot slurry is then cooled, granulated and sieved. DAP handles and stores well. The standard nutrient grade of DAP is relatively high, at 18-46-0, so fertilizer products with lower nutrient content may not be labeled DAP.

The increase demand of shea butter and its product globally has contributed immensely in its traditional household and small-scale production in countries where it is present. This production method is
laborious, time consuming and tedious. Also, the shea butter obtained is of low grade and quality as result of contamination from either the type of equipment used, or the processing method adopted. In other to address all these shortcomings a small-scale mechanized shea butter production plant was developed. The plant is made up of the following machines; sheller, crusher, steam roaster, miller and mixer. The development of this plant has mechanized the major unit operations of shea butter production. It has made easier and faster processing of shea butter and thus, serves as a training center for local processors and a catalyst for the development of shea butter industry in Nigeria. It can bring improvement in the productivity of the shea butter to meet up with local and international demands. The developed plant produced 0.45kg of shea butter from 1kg of shea nut and processed 12.5kg of shea paste in 10min. It has input and throughput capacities of 600kg of shea nut and 270kg of shea butter respectively, in 8hours operational time per day. The total cost of establishment of the plant is $2650.

Sheanut (Butyrospernum paradoxum) is an oil rich tropical tree crop, which is indigenous to the West African savannah zone. In Nigeria, most of the shea nut roasters are made of light mild steel materials with openings. The source of heat for the roasting is open fire. This takes time and the mild steel can easily get rusted and contaminate the product. In addition, open fire roasting has the disadvantage of producing burnt crushed kernels which in turn lead to black shea oil formation, loss of vital and essential nutrients.  A shea nut roaster which makes use of steam as source of heat energy was designed and fabricated to be used in roasting shea nut prior to extracting oil from them. It was developed to address the aforementioned problems. The equipment consists of heating unit, roasting unit, power transmission unit and the supporting frame. A gear motor of 0.25kW was selected to supply power to the shaft whose end was welded to the stirrer. The roasting unit consists of three c...

A shea butter mixer was designed, fabricated and tested.  The machine mixed milled shea paste with water and extract shea butter oil from the paste. Its major component parts included mixing blade, mixing tank, gear system, diesel engine and burner.  The machine capacity was 56 kg per hour. The results of testing of the machine revealed that the yield of oil ranged between 26.52 % and 39.43 %. The highest oil yield of 39.43 % was obtained from interaction between container diameter of 50 cm, blade type 5 numbers and speed of 110 rpm, while the least oil yield of 26.52 % was obtained from interaction between container diameter of 33.2 cm, blade type of 3 numbers and speed of 110 rpm. The blade type, container diameter and speed of mixing were found to have significant effects on yield of the shea butter. The development of this mixer would have a positive economic impact on the local processors. The mixer would improve oil extraction and increase the product throughput for the local ...

This paper assessed rural women knowledge level on usage of improved Shea butter processing technology in Ilorin East Local Government Area of Kwara State. Data were collected from 120 rural women in the area through structured interview schedule using multistage sampling technique. The findings revealed that majority (59.2%) were married and households depend on income realised from the sale of Shea-butter for livelihood. All the respondents used parboiling, a traditional method to soften Shea-butter fruits. The findings showed that 93.2% were knowledgeable on the use of grinding machine in processing Shea-butter. A greater percentage (62.5%) had low awareness on other improved technologies in processing Shea butter. Majority of respondents (90.0%) got information about improved Shea-butter processing from other processors. However, high cost of equipment was rated the major limiting constraint militating against the usage of improved Shea butter technologies in the area. The paper...

The present investigation aims to know the effects of oxygen scavengers such as sodium sulfite (Na 2 SO 3), sodium bisulfite (NaHSO 3), sodium dithionite (Na 2 S 2 O 4), and sodium metabisulfite (Na 2 S 2 O 5) on growth and accumulation of biomass (chlorophylls) in green alga Asterarcys quadricellulare (A. quadricellulare). Alga is grown in tris-acetatephosphate (TAP) medium, along with various concentrations of NaHSO 3 , Na 2 SO 3 , Na 2 S 2 O 4 , and Na 2 S 2 O 5 individually under in vitro conditions. To evaluate the effects of scavengers, in vitro grown algal cells were used to estimate the chlorophyll a and b, along with total chlorophylls. Augmented growth and total chlorophyll content (63.23 mg/L) was noticed in A. quadricellulare cultures grown in TAP with 3.2 mM of sodium sulfite medium. TAP with 0.4 mM sodium bisulfite medium enhanced the growth and total chlorophyll content (49.38 mg/L) in this alga. Similarly, improved growth and total chlorophyll content (44.46 mg/L) was observed in A. quadricellulare grown in TAP with 0.4 mM of sodium dithionite medium. TAP with 0.08 mM sodium metabisulfite medium augmented the growth and total chlorophyll content (41.01 mg/L) in this alga. Higher doses of scavengers inhibit the growth and reduced the total chlorophyll contents in A. quadricellulare. The present work will be helpful to standardize the oxygen scavenger resistance levels in various algal species for anaerobic experiments including in vitro production of hydrogen.

Elke maand zijn er talloze nieuwe boeken, toneelvoorstellingen, podcasts en video's. "De Ingenieur" pikt de interessantste eruit en stelt de maker vijf vragen. Onderwerp van vandaag is het boek van Ton van Helvoort: "Ketens van fossiele grondstoffen: Procestechnologie en de transitie naar duurzaamheid" (Amsterdam University Press, 2024). Samensteller Q&A: Pancras Dijk. Bron: De Ingenieur (nr 5)(mei)(2024), p. 59. Copyright: deingenieur.nl

Tasar silk get a high acceptance from the Indian consumers due to its rustic look, eco-friendly production process, unique luster and strength in the current market scenario of Vanya Silk Sector. Wet reeled Tasar Silk yarn is currently more advantageous than Traditional practice of Dry reeled Tasar Silk yarn in terms of luster, strength. But there is a limitation of Tasar fabrics in terms of diversified products in different designs, colour combinations. Bleaching of Tasar yarn, fabrics are not bleached scientific manner thus cause an uneven dyeing. In this connection to that in this article an attempt was made to optimize the process parameters to meet the requirement of the Tasar Industry. Bleaching of Wet reeled Tasar Silk Yarn was carried out using Box and Behnken design of experiment with three levels of four independent variables Hydrogen Peroxide Concentration (g/l), Sodium Silicate Concentration (g/l), Boiling Temperature (0 C) and duration of boiling (minutes). The effect of independent variables on dependent variables Tenacity (gm/den), Breaking Elongation (%) and Whiteness Index were studied. From the design of experiments, it was observed that 18 cc/l Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) of 30% w/v, 5 g/l Sodium Silicate (Na2SiO3) at 90 0 C with 30 minutes time duration facilitates uniform degumming cum bleaching without significant deterioration of tensile properties.

Industrialization is a procedure which contributes to the economy of a country and plays a pivotal role in the expansion of wealth and economic growth of a community. Textile industry has acted as the backbone of the industrial sector of Pakistan and has contributed a lot in the regional growth especially in Punjab. The present study is aimed to assess the role of locational factors that have proven favorable in the growth and successful development of textile industry in Jaranwala tehsil, Faisalabad district. An empirical research design was selected and Jaranwala tehsil was chosen as the study area. Both primary and secondary data sources were used, and primary data were collected through a fully-structured questionnaire. Five sample sites were selected, and 75 textile industries were visited, and data were obtained by interviewing the administrative staff of the respective textile units. The collected data were further arranged and tabulated by using Microsoft Excel 2010, SPSS 20; Paired sample T test was performed to check the significance between types of industries and factors affecting the location of surveyed textile industries. Distributional and thematic maps were prepared with the help of Arc GIS 10.1. The result of the study showed that availability of raw material, cheap labor and better climatic conditions were the most favorable factors for the location of industries in the study area. The study recommends the further work on other types of industries following same pattern in order to understand their economic progress in regional growth and development of the study area.

The study examined the level of utilisation of modern processing technology among the Shea butter processors in Kwara State. Purposive sampling techniques was used to select Agricultural zones A and C as well as Kaima and Baruteen LGAs from Zone A while random sampling techniques was used to select Ilorin West and Moro L.G.As from Zone C. Thirty respondents were randomly selected from each of the selected LGAs to give a sample size of 120 respondents. .Interview schedule was used to collect the data which were analyzed with descriptive and inferential statistics. The results revealed that 88.3% of the respondents were female, 47.0% were between 40 and 50 years of age, married (86.6%), having low level of education (83.1%) and 1-10 years of experience (52.8%). The main source of information was the radio (96.6%). Level of awareness of modern processing technology was high (55.0%), with screw hydraulic (54.2%) being the most available technology while miller (54.3%) and roaster (53.3%) were the most utilised technologies. Generally, the level of utilisation of modern processing technology was low (53.8). The respondents identified lack of regular power supply (97.5%), lack of government support (75.7) and inadequate finance (72.9) as constraints. There was significant relationship between respondent's level of education (χ²=25.65, p=0.01), level of production (r=0.772, p=0.028), years of experience (r=0.951, p=-0.009), constraints (r=0.724, p=-0.034) and their level of utilisation. Government should provide rural infrastructures such as stable source of electricity, credit facility and good road in the study area as well as training on how to use and maintain the equipment.

The study examined the level of utilisation of modern processing technology among the Shea butter processors in Kwara State. Purposive sampling techniques was used to select Agricultural zones A and C as well as Kaima and Baruteen LGAs from Zone A while random sampling techniques was used to select Ilorin West and Moro L.G.As from Zone C. Thirty respondents were randomly selected from each of the selected LGAs to give a sample size of 120 respondents. .Interview schedule was used to collect the data which were analyzed with descriptive and inferential statistics. The results revealed that 88.3% of the respondents were female, 47.0% were between 40 and 50 years of age, married (86.6%), having low level of education (83.1%) and 1-10 years of experience (52.8%). The main source of information was the radio (96.6%). Level of awareness of modern processing technology was high (55.0%), with screw hydraulic (54.2%) being the most available technology while miller (54.3%) and roaster (53.3%...

The main purpose of Green Supply Chain Management (GSCM) is to improve the quality of supply chain management strategies and environmental performance. As per current statistics, the chemical industry is growing fast in Bangladesh. In order to compete for global competition, GSCM is essential in this sector. This paper proposes a systematic approach of structural framework whose aim is to enhance the probability of constructive implementation of GSCM in the field chemical industry in Bangladesh. Therefore, this framework evaluates the appropriate interrelationship along with the drivers of GSCM in the chemical industry. In total, eight drivers were finalized from an associated literature review with the help of survey and by taking expert opinions via the Delphi methodology. In addition to MICMAC analysis, the driving and the dependence powers for all the drivers were determined. Moreover, the structural frameworks for the drivers were developed by means of total interpretive structural modeling (TISM) technique. As a result, the findings indicate that the most significant driver was supplier pressure and willingness and the most important barrier was high cost. Finally, the main objective of this research is expected to help industrial managers to evaluate and understand the critical areas where they should emphasize to implement GSCM in the chemical industry.

This paper presents the results of some physicochemical properties of cellulosic fabric obtained by esterification using 50 cm3 of oil extracted from the seed of Balanites aegyptiaca. The oil was extracted under reflux with hexane which gave 40% yield and 0.22% moisture content. The identified cellulosic materials 10 cm and 21 cm x 2.5 cm) were subjected to purification process of scouring, bleaching and mercerization to obtain cleaner, whiter and stronger fabric that could withstand esterification treatment. The yarn crimp was 25% and 15% for warp and weft direction respectively, while the grey fabric gave the lowest of 5% and 8% for warp and weft directions. The linear density (45 tex) was recorded for the esterified fabric compared to 37 tex for the grey fabric along warp direction. The fabric sett increased from 24 thd/cm for grey to 27 thd/cm for esterified along warp direction and 16 thd/cm to 23 thd/cm along weft direction. There was an obvious reduction in shrinkage from 31 ...

The effect of temperature on the extraction process of nephelium peel in the modification nephelium tannin based biosorbent (NTBB) from the nephelium peel was done by varying the temperature of the extraction. Modified nephelium tannin based biosorbent carried by the cross-linker using formaldehyde and performed stability of nephelium tannin based biosorbent by varying the pH system. The results of cross-link process between tannin extract and formaldehyde compounds to produce nephelium tannin based biosorbent which were characterized using infrared spectrophotometer. The characterization result by infrared spectrophotometer shown extraction temperature of tannin from the nephelium peel affected the formation of nephelium tannin based biosorbent functional groups. The higher extraction temperature cause HCN will be released and attached on nephelium tannin based biosorbent polymer that was detected by IR spectra. The stability of nephelium tannin based biosorbent in solution shows that nephelium tannin based biosorbent will easily dissolve in the system of high acidity so that it will form a high peak at a wavelength of 240-280 nm using a UV-visible spectrophotometer, where nephelium tannin based biosorbent optimum stability in solution occurs at pH 5.

The research was conducted to determine the Extraction Yield, Extraction Efficiency and Extraction Loss associated with the traditional Hot Water Floatation method of oil extraction. Matured dry seeds of Allanblackia floribunda (50 Kg) were used. Allanblackia floribunda, a tree species of the Guttiferae family grows naturally in tropical rainforests zones. In Ghana, Allanblackia floribunda is quite unknown hence little production of oil is carried out. However, the oil extracted can have diverse domestic, commercial and industrial uses. The oil production is important not only among small-tomedium scale industrialists, but also to rural populace, as it employs a substantial workforce and serves as a source of income to many communities engaged in the exercise. The method employed is the oldest, cheapest and most practiced in the study location. The extraction process basically comprises of five fundamental steps: thermal conditioning of the seeds; milling; extraction by boiling; oil recovery; and drying. The method yielded 21.1 kg of oil, a residual cake of 26.2 Kg and a process loss of 2.7 Kg at a moisture content of 13.1% representing 42.2% Extraction yield, 58.6% Extraction efficiency and 5.4% Extraction loss. The yield exceeded the minimum oil yield for commercial, domestic and industrial consideration.

The research was conducted to determine the Extraction Yield, Extraction Efficiency and Extraction Loss associated with the traditional Hot Water Floatation method of oil extraction. Matured dry seeds of Allanblackia floribunda (50 Kg) were used. Allanblackia floribunda, a tree species of the Guttiferae family grows naturally in tropical rainforests zones. In Ghana, Allanblackia floribunda is quite unknown hence little production of oil is carried out. However, the oil extracted can have diverse domestic, commercial and industrial uses. The oil production is important not only among small-to- medium scale industrialists, but also to rural populace, as it employs a substantial workforce and serves as a source of income to many communities engaged in the exercise. The method employed is the oldest, cheapest and most practiced in the study location. The extraction process basically comprises of five fundamental steps: thermal conditioning of the seeds; milling; extraction by boiling; o...

The phrase "Eco friendly" or "Sustainability-conscious" is one of the emerging phrases in contemporary textile industry. The demand for natural fibers and their textiles rather than synthetic textiles is rising daily due to environmental degradation and consumer safety concerns. Natural fibers include fibers of both plant and animal origin that are exceptionally flexible, fine, and have a high length to thickness ratio. These fibers are employed in a variety of industries, including technical textiles and garments. The negative environmental effects of synthetic fibers and their fossil fuel-based production encourage industrial organizations, researchers, and technologists to investigate cutting-edge and novel techniques for the growth, development, cultivation, and use of natural fibers in an eco-friendly manner. Natural fibers can be derived from plants, animals, or minerals. Plant-based fibers come in a variety of forms, such as seed fibers like cotton, stalk fibers, bast fibers etc 1. Recently, new innovative natural fibers have been tested in Sri Lanka, Such as banana fibers. In spite of bananas, I conducted research and discovered that lotus fibers can also form into fabrics. According to legend, in the 5th century, Burmese Buddhist monks used lotus fabric to make robes 2. This natural cloth was rare and expensive since manufacture takes a long time and requires a lot of talent. Lotus fabric, which is considered as a reflection of traditional craftsmanship and cultural history, is being made today by skilled craftsmen in Cambodia, Myanmar, and Vietnam. I undertook this study and tried creating the lotus fiber fabric, recognizing that Sri Lanka had not previously explored or utilized this material. When compared to other nations, lotus plants in Sri Lanka are quite small, and the features and species differ. Taking into account the uncharted

Bleach is a chemical compound derived from natural sources used to whiten fabrics. Bleach works by the process of oxidation or the alteration of a compound by the introduction of oxygen molecules. A stain is essentially a chemical compound, and the addition of bleach breaks down the molecules into smaller elements so that it separates from the fabric. Detergent and the agitation of the washing machine speed up to the cleaning processes. The disinfecting properties of bleach work in the same manner germs are broken down and rendered harmless by the introduction of oxygen. In industry, different forms of bleach are used to whiten materials such as paper and wood, though most bleach is used to launder textile

La estructura metropolitana, que en la ciudad de Murcia está configurando la organización espacial realizada en los Últimos años ha sido debida a las formas de producción y al consumo en grandes unidades, al tiempo que se originaba una división y especialización del trabajo, todo lo cual, junto a las necesidades de actividades del terciario, es el requisito que necesita el capital en la actualidad para la creación de una red viaria adecuada que permita un buen crecimiento socioeconómico de cara al futuro. Su no adaptación a estas demandas de la organización espacial, por el contrario, puede significar un parón y ralentización del proceso que induzca actuaciones negativas. En el caso de Murcia se ha producido en los últimos años una concentración creciente del terciario en las áreas centrales, y en especial el terciario de carácter decisional, acompañada de una localización industrial y sanitaria en zonas periféricas. Todo esto si no va aparejado a una buena red de comunicaciones interna que a su vez esté enlazada con las vías de comunicación que la una al resto de la región y, sobre todo, con los grandes centros de consumo nacionales y extranjeros, puede provocarle una serie de disarmonias en su funcionamiento que se empezarían a manifestar por una segregacion espacial de la población que sería más acusada en función de los niveles de renta de los distintos barrios, como indica FERNANDEZ DLIRA, R.'. Por todo lo cual se debe hacer un esfuerzo en la actualidad a fin de romper esta inercia a la que está abocada y de la que se puede salir, entre otras actuaciones, por un mejoramiento de sus vías de comunicación. Los problemas de tráfico por carretera más graves que se le están planteando hoy día a Murcia y su área metropolitana son los derivados de la no-(*).-Curedról~<~o (le Geogrujía. Universirlud de Alicanle

The main purpose of Green Supply Chain Management (GSCM) is to improve the quality of supply chain management strategies and environmental performance. As per current statistics, the chemical industry is growing fast in Bangladesh. In order to compete for global competition, GSCM is essential in this sector. This paper proposes a systematic approach of structural framework whose aim is to enhance the probability of constructive implementation of GSCM in the field chemical industry in Bangladesh. Therefore, this framework evaluates the appropriate interrelationship along with the drivers of GSCM in the chemical industry. In total, eight drivers were finalized from an associated literature review with the help of survey and by taking expert opinions via the Delphi methodology. In addition to MICMAC analysis, the driving and the dependence powers for all the drivers were determined. Moreover, the structural frameworks for the drivers were developed by means of total interpretive structural modeling (TISM) technique. As a result, the findings indicate that the most significant driver was supplier pressure and willingness and the most important barrier was high cost. Finally, the main objective of this research is expected to help industrial managers to evaluate and understand the critical areas where they should emphasize to implement GSCM in the chemical industry.

The purpose of this research was to study the physical properties of Nipa palm fibers and test the properties of the fibers obtained from the yarn-spinning process. In visiting community groups that produced Nipa palm products in many provinces in Thailand, it was found that the interesting part of Nipa palms that could be brought to develop, build a career, and add value to this plant was Nipa palm fibers, which are tough, strong, and suitable for making wicker products. Interestingly, Kan Mhong Jak (stalks of empty Nipa palm bunches) could be developed into fabrics for use in the design of various products. Additionally, the Nipa palm fibers were mixed with polyester fibers in two different proportions. They were then tested until getting suitable for weaving into the fabrics. The obtained woven fabrics were beautiful, strong, and suitable for further development and creation of other textile products. This can add value to the Nipa palm, a plan that occurs naturally in the community to maximize its benefits and become more well-known.

The increase demand of shea butter and its product globally has contributed immensely in its traditional household and small scale production in countries where it is present. This production method is laborious, time consuming and tedious. Also the shea butter obtained is of low grade and quality as result of contamination from either the type of equipment used or the processing method adopted. In other to address all these shortcomings a mechanised shea butter production plant was developed. The plant is made up of the following machines; sheller, crusher, steam roaster, miller and mixer. Fundamental design analysis and calculations were carried out in order to determine and select materials of appropriate strength and sizes for the machine component parts. Standard methods and procedures were used in the study and Response Surface Methodology was employed as the experimental tool. Five set of experiments were carried out to test the performance of the plant. The results of the experiment revealed that the shelling efficiency of the sheller increased with increase in both shelling speed and beaters. Crushing efficiency of the crusher increased with increase in both crushing speed and time. Yield of shea oil of the roaster decreased with increase in speed of stirring. Milling efficiency of the miller increased with increase in both speed and beaters. The oil extraction efficiency of the mixer decreased with increase in blades but increases with increase container diameter. The development of this plant have mechanized the major unit operations of shea butter production. It has make easier and faster processing of shea butter and thus, serves as a training center for local processors and a catalyst for the development of shea butter industry in Nigeria. It is capable of bringing improvement in the productivity of the shea butter to meet up with local and international demands. The developed plant produced 0.45 kg of shea butter from 1 kg of shea nut and processed 12.5 kg of shea paste in 10 min. It has input and throughput capacities of 600 kg of shea nut and 270 kg of shea butter respectively, in 8 hours operational time per day. The total cost of establishment of the plant is $2650.