Conference Interpreting

This article reviews recent remote interpreting (RI) experiments carried out at the United Nations and European Union institutions, with emphasis on their salient technical features, which are also summarized in the Appendix.
Motivations for remote interpreting with minimum technical requirements for sound and image transmission in compressed form as well as the methods used in recent experiments for image capture in the meeting room and
display in the remote room are discussed. The impact of technical conditions upon interpreters’ perception of remote interpreting is also examined using questionnaire data, which seem to suggest that the interpreters’ visual perception of the meeting room, as mediated by image displays, is the determining factor for the “alienation” or absence of a feeling of presence in the meeting room universally experienced by interpreters under RI conditions.
The paper also points out the advantages of a more coherent research methodology based upon the notion of presence in a virtual environment as well as possible innovative approaches to providing the interpreter with meeting room views.

Our ethnographic study of the Master’s in Conference Interpreting at the University of Nairobi aims to link interpreter training to the linguistic make-up of Kenyan society and the constraints of public higher education in Africa. It is the first comprehensive study of interpreter training in Kenya, and shows the limits of replicating pedagogical approaches that have been tried and tested in Europe in a different environment. Based on our findings, we recommend a widening of the scope of training to include conference, court and community interpreting. This, we argue would improve the sustainability and relevance of interpreter training in Africa.

The use of Mock Conferences (MCs) to prepare student interpreters for future professional careers has been repeatedly mentioned by Interpreting Studies scholars, yet the systematic design of MCs and their teaching effects are under-researched. This article justifies the use of MCs as a situated approach in interpreting teaching and describes the principles and procedures of MC design before reporting on a case study of their teaching effects. Data were collected through web-based questionnaires from 15 second-year graduate trainees of interpreting. The trainees rated MCs as good, beneficial and stimulating experiences, and their ratings were positively correlated to frequencies of their interpreting at MCs. Findings indicate that skills concerning professionalism, psychological competence, strategic competence and many other non-linguistic dimensions may be better acquired at MCs than in traditional interpreting classes. Those areas of competences concur with the pedagogical advantages of MCs reported by trainees. The trainees suggested improving the authenticity and pedagogical progression, and videotaping their performances for reflection, with a view to better design of the MCs in which they had been involved. This study has significant implications for preparing trainee interpreters for their future professional life through the use of MCs.

The unprecedented global spread of English as a lingua franca is a recent phenomenon that poses a challenge to the age-old craft of interpreting. What little research has so far been undertaken has concentrated on the effects of non-native source text production, especially nonnative accents, on the interpreter’s comprehension process. Based on a cognitive-constructivist
and functional view of language, this paper analyses the results of a questionnaire-based survey of 32 experienced conference interpreters. Examining the changes inevitably brought about by ELF, the survey looks at the impact on interpreters and their profession. The findings identified capacity-related problems not only in the comprehension process, but also, in the
form of accommodation, in the (target text) production process. On a more general level, working conditions are reported to be adversely affected, with consequences for performance quality and job satisfaction.

Since the late 1980s, scholars have sought to understand what it is that speakers, audience members or conference organisers want from the interpreters with whom they work. The aim of this paper is to provide a critical review of the work that has taken place to understand these expectations, with a view to fostering a greater understanding of both the expectations of clients and how these expectations could be explored in a more nuanced fashion. Unlike Kurz (2001), who chose to provide an author-centred summary, publications are examined in this paper in chronological order, allowing the historical development of this area of research to be clearly seen. This structure also draws attention
to the relative reduction in the number of publications on client expectations published in the first decade of the current millennium. This paper gives possible reasons for this reduction in publication frequency, followed by a detailed exploration of how more recent publications in this area differ from those published in earlier periods. These differences, and most notably the move towards dividing expectations into different categories, representing stereotypical and event-specific requirements of interpreters, are presented as offering a valuable starting point for future research.

The aim of our article is to investigate to what extent the existing foreign language level determination systems are
adaptable to translation and interpretation student profile. We also aim to underline the proficiency level differences
and questio level differences. Unlike The Common
European Framework of Reference (CEFR), which is accepted as a core stone in foreign language teaching, there is
an officially recognized reference system based on "active language" and "passive language" in education of
translation and interpretation, particularly conference interpreting.

This paper presents a closed loop scan mechanism using a stepper motor based Gimbal Technique. For its control, Arduino microcontroller based drive electronics is developed. This paper proposes a flexible structure for usefulness in various applications like tracking, satellite imaging etc. This paper analyzes the programming and hardware structure for an easy implementation using the Arduino microcontroller. For a bipolar stepper motor drive, the full H-bridge driver based electronics is developed. Motor shaft position is sensed by incremental optical encoder. The proposed module has high accuracy (.06% in scan rate).

The study of status has so far received scant attention as a research topic in Interpreting Studies. Although several authors refer to conference interpreting as “one of the fairest and loftiest occupations in the world” (Herbert 1952: 3), no empirical investigation has been carried out so far to assess the validity of the myths attached to the profession. Even though the majority of studies have focused almost exclusively on the status of translators, an empirical study carried out by Dam and Zethsen (2013) revealed that conference interpreters do not place themselves at the top of the status continuum, which means that conference interpreters’ considerations on status do not correspond to the assumptions found in literature on the high standing of the interpreting profession. This paper illustrates the findings of a global survey addressed to conference interpreters worldwide, filled out by 803 respondents, whose objective was to assess how conference interpreters perceive their occupational status and how they believe that conference interpreting is regarded in society. The theoretical framework draws insights from Social Theory and the Sociology of the Professions, which seek to shed light both on interpreters’ self-perception of their work and on how the interpreting profession is socially represented.

Keywords: status; prestige; conference interpreters; questionnaire; Sociology.

The University of Bologna/Forlì offers students of the MA in Interpreting a course in Methods and Technologies for Interpreting. A recent addition to the software presented to students is InterpretBank, a CAI tool designed to assist interpreters during the entire workflow of an interpreting assignment. We conducted a pilot study to collect information on the students' use of CAI tools to look up terminology in the booth. The aim was to verify how such tools can be integrated in the curriculum by identifying potential issues and suggesting solutions. We ran an experiment with 12 MA interpreting students to observe their behaviour during the simultaneous interpreting of terminology-dense texts. Experience seems to play a key role in helping students integrate the tool in their workflow in the booth. Some students, however, tend to excessively rely on the software program, while others see it as a source of distraction and find it hard to focus on the delivery. There is reason to believe the tool will prove a useful addition to the curriculum of trainee interpreters, yet more empirical studies are needed to test and possibly improve the way it can be integrated with current interpreter training approaches.

Simultaneous interpreting is believed to be the most constrained type of translational activity. Constraints that distinguish simultaneous from other modes of interpreting (i.e. consecutive and liaison), and their written counterpart are manifold. The factors most often referred to in literature are: substantial temporal pressure and limited short-term or working memory capacity. Moreover, owing to virtual simultaneity of the input reception and output production, an interpreter’s receiver and sender roles overlap in time. Another major problem is the lack of revision phase – an interpreter’s output is always the first and the only draft of the text. Numerous accounts also stress the potentially adverse effects of the linearity constraint (e.g. Hatim and Mason 1997, Setton 1999), an issue we shall explore in the present paper. The discussion is set within the framework of Hatim and Mason's model of textuality domains in interpreting.

This article argues that the use of interpreting settings as theoretical categories is no longer empirically sound. Instead, research should focus on the commonalities of all interpreting practice. This move is viewed as an enabling shift for the creation of Comparative Interpreting Studies, a strand dedicated to considering interpreting as a global practice. After discussing the rationale for the current use of interpreting settings as analytical categories, evidence from a variety of existing settings is used to illustrate the commonalities between all instances of interpreting and the fuzziness of the boundaries between these settings. It is argued that using interpreting settings leads to silo thinking, where researchers focus on research in the setting in which they are working, even when findings from other settings can be applied. The article ends with a discussion of the theoretical and practical potential of this move including the power of a comparative approach.

I diritti di riproduzione, memorizzazione e archiviazione elettronica, pubblicazione con qualsiasi mezzo analogico o digitale (comprese le copie fotostatiche, i supporti digitali e l'inserimento in banche dati) e i diritti di traduzione e di adattamento totale o parziale sono riservati per tutti i paesi.

This  paper reports  on  the  study  of the student interpreters’ performance in conference interpreting classes in  an  Indonesian  university  when  multimodal  texts  were  provided  as  part  of  the  teaching methods. It  aims  to  answer  how  multimodal  texts  can influence interpreting  performance among students. A  case study  design  was  used  to  allow an in-depth  analysis  of  the students’ interpreting performance as  the  phenomenon  described  (Yin,  2003)  using  triangulation  of  data  analysis. Observation,  interview,  and seven transcription  analysis from  three  students were  carried  out. Observation  and  interview  result  shows  that  the  students  used  visual  information  such  as  lips movement,  running  text  on  video, moving images, and the speakers’ gestures in  their  interpreting processes.  Moreover,  the  students  said  that  the  existing  method  of  teaching  interpreting  using multimodal  texts  is really  helpful  for  them  in  developing  their  interpreting  skills.  Furthermore, transcription  analysis also  confirms  that  the  student with  multimodal  strategies  (facing  the  speaker, the  screen/the  video)  performed  better  during  interpreting  process.  However, a  student  who  faces both did not seem to perform well. The indication is that he was unable to focus, being distracted and nervous.  Thus,  overall the  student  interpreters  used visual  information  as  part  of  multimodal communication, in addition to speech, working on the regular mode of listening and speaking during interpreting process, which suggest significant contribution of multimodal texts to
better rendition in the target language.
Keywords: Simultaneous Interpreting, student interpreters, multimodality, interpreters’ training.

This paper presents a detailed report of the users’ quality expectations and the extent to
which the expectations vary based on the type of conferences in Malaysian conference
interpreting setting using a questionnaire-based survey study. Five conferences were
selected for the purpose of data collection and 256 users rated eleven quality criteria of
sense-consistency with the original message, logical cohesion, native accent, lively
intonation, style, synchronicity, correct terminology, correct grammar, fluency of
delivery, completeness of message, and pleasant voice on a four-point ordinal scale
adapted from Zwischenberger and Pöchhacker (2010). Users also answered five openended
questions adopted from Moser (1995). The findings from the scale analysis
indicated that users’ expectations of the quality vary in different conferences. The users of
the “Translation” conference rated most of the quality criteria higher than the users of the
other conferences and had higher expectations. Their rating was followed by the
attributions of users in “Science”, “Technology”, “Tourism”, and “Management”
conferences respectively, in terms of quality expectations. Analysis of open-ended
questions revealed that while the Translation conference users attached high importance
to the linguistic criteria with a focus on interpreter’s role and contribution, the users at
other conferences considered extra-linguistic aspects in conference interpreting as
important.
Keywords: conference type, expectations, interpreting, quality, users

""Effective communication facilitated by a skilled interpreter offers great opportunities for creating a nexus between two strangers who may become friends even in the arena of conflict resolution. To an effective interpreter, in the arena of crisis intervention, ethical issues are involved. These are related both to the quality of the interpretation services provided and to our relations with clients and translation companies before, during and after the respective assignment.

Each professional association, including professional associations of conference interpreters, has published a Code of Ethics serving as a framework of fundamental principles. It is obvious that no code, no regulation could possible provide specific guidance in all situations, nor would that be necessary. Similar to translation theory that relies on our critical thinking and problem solving abilities in its application to specific translation cases, our own best judgment and discretion is always preferred in the context of conference and escort interpreting.
""

As part of an unpublished doctoral thesis on “Conference Interpreting in Malaysia”, this paper reports clients’ expectations and highlights the necessity of taking what they anticipate as ideal into consideration. The study tailored on-site and off-site questionnaire-based survey study in Malaysian conference interpreting setting. The relative importance of various quality criteria attached by 42 clients as well as their responses to open-ended questions, adopted from the established questionnaires, revealed the interpreting clients’ perspectives and expectations from interpreting quality. The analysis of data by scale analysis and codification of the open-ended responses into matrices showed that different clients might have different expectations. Clients rated terminology as the most important quality criterion and native accent as the least important. The most interesting aspect of interpreting profession was international contacts, while they rated speed and time constraints as...

Interpreters' perceptions about their profession and quality of interpreting were explored by a survey in five international conferences to fill in the gap between research and practice in conference interpreting and quality expectations in a Malaysian setting. Open-ended questions formed the main part of the questionnaire, adapted from Moser (1995). Analysis of the eleven participants' responses showed that interpreters describe their profession as "communication facilitators". Interpreters indicated adapting with the speaker's speed as the most difficult aspect of interpreting. Time constraints, lack of knowledge, familiarity with the terminology, and technical problems were the most problematic issues and main difficulties in conference interpreting. Environmental conditions, interpreters' insufficient technical knowledge, incorrect terminology, and mistranslation were marked as other important problems of conference interpreting.

The present paper explores the ways in which the linguistic background of the trainee interpreters can prove a useful tool in developing strategies of coping with difficult interpretation situations. The two fields the paper explores are semantics and pragmatics. It mainly focuses on strategies of simultaneous interpretation, as being more difficult due to the additional time constraints it poses on interpreters, but the suggestions outlined here can benefit the note-taking exercise in consecutive as well. One important aspect is that these are rather strategies meant to cope with difficulties in discerning the meaning expressed in the source language, as well as in rendering it in the target language. They are a tool to overcome hurdles in grasping and rendering the meaning, and keep the message flowing and the customer happy. They are part of the training process and a part of it: troubleshooting strategies which the trainee conference interpreter can resort to.

When I looked at the controversy around holding or not holding the World Congress of Anthropology 2023 at the venue of Kalinga Institute of Social Science (KISS) in the Odisha state of India, I found stranger fictions, which often betrayed the facts. Thus, the venue of the Congress became more important than the factuality of the discipline, opinion of the few masqueraded as many, the same individual abstaining from voting indulged in wanton verbose and took a committed position on a particular side while writing letters and memoranda.

I constructed a fact sheet, which seemed to me like writing ethnography of the present for looking at ourselves, here in this case, anthropologists in India. My presence in this narrative was like an interlocutor who not only participated in the dialogues but also tried to understand the events from an ethnographic standpoint with the aim of writing an interpretative account of the crisis. 

The foregoing narrative revealed not only the chronology and succession of events leading to a crisis around the organization of the World Congress 2023 in India but also exposed the attitude of the Indian anthropologists towards the discipline as well as in handling a crisis situation.  By and large, the Indian anthropologists have failed to generate real academic debate in the public domain around the anthropology and sociology of factory schools and their relationship with the large-scale displacement and socio-economic deprivation of the Adivasis (Indigenous communities designated as ‘Tribe’ in the governmental and anthropological terminology) caused by mining, deforestation and industrialisation in the context of their Hinduaisation in India. This is a tragic outcome of public anthropology in the country.

This is an attempt to point out the highlights of an ambitious and well crafted large work on the teaching of conference interpreting. Over two volumes, the authors touch on both the interests of CI students and on the guidance of teachers, considering the future of the discipline and the need to integrate theory into the teaching practice. Ideas for planning curricula or even the ongoing training of active interpreters are provided, and almost every type of professional environment is described for junior interpreters and teachers to take note of.

This volume provides a comprehensive overview of the key issues shaping the language industry, including translation, interpreting, machine translation, editing, terminology management, technology and accessibility. By exploring current and future research topics and methods, the Companion addresses language industry stakeholders, researchers, trainers and working professionals who are keen to know more about the dynamics of the language industry.

Abstract
In this interview, Shanta Walker reveals how she navigates the elitist environments of Conference Interpreting, with a display of diplomacy and spirituality. The interview underscores how age-old and naturalized discriminatory practices are part of the natural habitat of conference interpreters: luxury hotels. Brazilian luxury hotels are highly exclusive spaces rarely occupied by black women as guests or qualified professionals. Walker is the meeting point of an antinomy. Walker’s experience awakens the reader to the complexities of being black and belonging to an almost all-white profession frequently occupying almost all-white spaces.

Keywords: Conference interpreting; Brazil; blackness; women interpreters;
racism

Resumo
Nesta entrevista, Shanta Walker revela como navega, com diplomacia e
espiritualidade, os ambientes elitistas da interpretação de conferências no
Brasil. Sua fala evidencia como práticas discriminatórias centenárias e
naturalizadas integram o habitat natural dos intérpretes de conferência: os
hotéis de luxo, espaços altamente exclusivos e raramente ocupados por
mulheres negras na condição de profissional qualificada ou hóspede.
Shanta é o ponto de encontro dessa antinomia. A entrevista nos desperta
para a complexidade de ser negra e pertencer a uma profissão e a
ambientes quase exclusivos para brancos.

Palavras-chave: Interpretação de conferências; Brasil; negritude; intérprete;
racismo

One of the most challenging aspects to define interpreting quality is its multidimensional and dynamic nature, which eludes measurement, and it can be approached only in terms of the stakeholders’ accounts. This contribution is embedded in a larger research project aimed at advancing survey-based research on interpreting quality.

In her attempt to establish the criteria to approach interpreting quality in operational terms, Bühler (1986) proposed a set of items to survey users’ expectations and needs. Some of those criteria refer to the content of interpreted speech (logical cohesion of utterance, sense consistency with original message, completeness of interpretation), others to form-related aspects (native accent, pleasant voice, fluency of delivery, correct grammatical usage, use of correct terminology, use of appropriate style, poise and pleasant appearance), and others to the interpreter’s soft skills (thorough preparation of conference documents, endurance, reliability, ability to work in a team and positive feedback of delegates). Based on this seminal work, subsequent studies have surveyed subjects’ expectations relying on a fairly stable set of of content- and of form-related criteria. However, subjects have been asked to rate the importance of criteria that sometimes are far too complicated and incomprehensible to them.

Since the construct is also related to subjetcs' attitude towards a service, perceptual factors must be considered. Hence, surveying recipients' expectations is a good base for exploring the concept inasmuch as they play an important role on their perception and assessment. Nevertheless, the experience collected in survey-based research over the years suggests that a fresh attempt at questionnaire design is required. First, those quality criteria were set a priori, which begs the question of how relevant they actually are for users. Second, the wording used for those criteria can be misleading to users.

The questionnaire presented in this contribution is intended to collect authentic data about the users’ expectations towards quality. To this end, the questions address quality from a broader perspective than earlier studies. Subjects are not simply asked to rate the importance of individual criteria. Instead, the questionnaire tries to capture a richer view of their preconceptions, describing each quality criterion more explicitly and in layman’s terms. Furthermore, it does not merely address content and form of the interpreted speech, but also various aspects of interpersonal perception that might affect their judgment. This questionnaire will later be tested in terms of validity and reliability, to place this strand of research on a former footing (cf. Moser-Mercer 2009).

This Bulletin aims at contributing to the dissemination of information on conference interpreting research (CIR) and at providing useful information on CIR worldwide. It is published twice a year, in January and July. For further information and electronic copies of early issues no longer posted on the CIRIN site, please contact D. Gile. Note: the mini-abstracts may be followed by the initials of the contributors who sent in the information, but the text may also be written or adapted from the original text by D. Gile, who takes responsibility for the comments and for any errors introduced by him. * * * EDITORIAL Welcome to two New Nodes: 'Segun Afolabi, from Nigeria, is currently a PhD student at Université Laval in Quebec, working on translation and interpretation needs and translator and interpreter training in Nigeria; and Victor Hugo Sajoza Juric, from the National University of Córdoba, Argentina, who is an active researcher working inter alia on ICT in translator training. Thanks to both of them for their interest and willingness to act as Nodes. It is gratifying to see interest in CIRIN from colleagues who are not necessarily conference interpreters, and an indicator of increasing communication and interaction between various types of interpreting and between interpreting and translation, at least as regards research. While in the first issues of the Bulletin, the focus was on listing new entries to make colleagues aware of their existence, it gradually became clear that it might be far more useful, whenever possible, to give some information, and perhaps offer some comments on each publication beyond what could be inferred from the title – without going into a full review, which, in the case of books, is done in journals. In some cases, abstracts are part of the relevant publication or written by the authors or by contributors who send in the information and only need to be edited, but in the majority of cases, I read the publications myself and try to write a few (hopefully) useful words about each. From time to time, the amount of new material is such that I cannot process all of it by the relevant deadline, i.e. the end of January or the end of July, and it has to wait until the next issue or the one that follows it. This is the case of a few collective volumes and monographs which I have not finished reading in time for this issue but believe are well worth highlighting and commenting. My apologies to the authors/editors. Their work will be reviewed in the next Bulletin.

The article is devoted to a conference that took place in Prague on November 24-25, 2016. The conference examined the role of international scientific conferences, congresses and symposiums in international scientific relations in the 20th and 21st centuries.

Targeted at clients to illustrate how they can get the most from conference interpreting services, this article offer serves as a guide for interpreters. The paper provides an overview of effective ways to prepare for an an assignment and the variety of materials that serve that purpose. Moreover, it can also be a guide on how interpreters should approach clients when seeking documentation.

In my process- and experience-based model of interpreter competence (cf. Albl-Mikasa 2012), I summarized the wide range of skills and subcompetences reported by 10 professional interpreters to underlie their work in a 90,000 word interview corpus and described in detail the statements pertaining to those skills as voiced by the interpreters. I only briefly touched upon “intuitive competence”, which they referred to using expressions such as “instinct”, “social and emotional competence”, “sensitiveness”, “empathy” or “intuitive sense”. In
the analysis of the interview corpus, I came to understand, however, that this was an integral and important part of their expertise. Sifting through the specialist literature in interpreting studies, I noticed that this topic was not broached in a way that helped explain to the introspections and perceptions of the professional interpreters. In fact, the focus in interpreting studies seems to be firmly placed on the conscious parts of processing,
such as meta-cognition and self-regulation, adaptive expertise, and deliberate practice.
In this paper, I will sketch out in more detail the role of intuition as experienced by the professional interpreters. I will then discuss the paradigmatic shift from social constructivism to emergentism as adopted in translation studies to incorporate the notion of intuition. Finally, I will propose receptivism as an integrative intertraditional approach to questions regarding the relationship between cognition/rationality and intuition and indicate preliminary implications for interpreting and translation (theory and practice).

Extensive research has been done on the use of terminology and terminology management applications for translation. On the other hand, very little has been done so far in connection with interpreting so far. Rethinking terminology with the interpreter in mind could help broaden the view of Wüster’s theory and offer interpretation-based solutions to complement the current translation-oriented approaches.
The first stage in researching the current practices and strategies in interpretation-based terminology management is to describe the interpreters’ use of traditional termbases. We propose to measure the termbase usefulness on the basis of two variables: (1) the tool content and features and (2) the interpreting assignment characteristics at both textual and extratextual level. The best case scenario researched for this exploratory study the behaviour of a pool of interpreters working in a specific context where a dedicated traditional terminology management tool is provided.
TERMDAT (www.termdat.ch) is the official termbase of the Swiss administration. Its multilingual glossaries have been freely available online since March 2013. The Terminology Section of the Federal Chancellery has been successfully collaborating with federal translators, but not with interpreters. Therefore, there is no evidence that the content and the features of this in-house termbase are geared towards interpreters' specific needs.
Two parallel surveys have been conducted among both parliamentary interpreters and community interpreters having two or more national languages (German, French and Italian) as their working languages. The aim is to assess if and to what extent interpreters employed at federal institutions in Switzerland use TERMDAT, and if there is any room for improvement of both the content and features of the termbase. The survey results set the basis for a future comparison between parliamentary and community interpreters as to the usefulness perceived.

This paper explores the way in which 10 professional interpreters develop and cultivate their expert interpreter competence. It draws on semi-structured in-depth interviews and carries forward the previous process- and experience-based account of interpreter skills and (sub)competencies based on the same 90,000 word corpus (cf. Albl-Mikasa 2012). The main points addressed are the requirements that can be learned, the timeline of acquisition of the various (sub)competences, and the ways in which they are further developed. These ways include formal continuous professional development, semi-formal assignment- geared knowledge building, informal off-the-job acquisition of relevant information, on-the-job learning by doing, and the evolvement of savoir-faire in the course of professional life.
(http://www.openstarts.units.it/dspace/handle/10077/9738)

Bali’s recent trend as a MICE (meeting, incentive, conference and exhibition) destination requires media of communication among multilingual participants worldwide which is fulfilled by the role of an interpreter; one who listens to a source language and reproduce it to a required target language orally. Opposite to translation, which is written  based, interpretation is oral communication situations in which one person speaks in the source language, an interpreter processes this input and produces output in a second language, and a third person listens to the source language version. An interpreter should not only possess a high level of linguistic and cultural awareness in both the source and target language but also be knowledgeable across various topics or recent trends as well as be handy with various practical interpreting strategies. Colleges having English department or study program may play a role by offering an interpreting subject or training program in order to prepare their graduates with professional interpreting skill and knowledge. This paper suggests a class-based interpreting activity in responding to increased demands of professional interpreter for multilingual events in Bali. It starts with an overview of various interpreting services required in Bali’s tourism industry, definition and categorization of interpreting, requirement to be an interpreter, preparation to be an interpreter and how English Department at colleges plays a role in preparing ready-to-be-interpreter graduates by introducing practical interpreting activity in their Translation class.
Keywords: interpreting, strategy, linguistic and cultural awareness.

In the debate on interpreting quality, there has been a shift in focus from looking
at the interpreter's ability to build content, form and performance-related equivalence to a broader view, based on a notion of interpretation as a complex interactional and communicative event encompassing pragmatic and socio-linguistic factors (Garzone 2002, 107). Quality is now regarded as a pragmatic optimisation process in a complex socio-relational network (cf. Mack 2002, 114). Kalina (2006), in particular, illustrates how the interpreter's performance needs to be looked at in a much larger context, that is, from the perspective of the overall
process, covering different phases before, in, around, and after the actual interpreting activity. In doing so, it becomes possible to cover the great variety of
factors that influence interpreting quality, including the interpreter's individual
capabilities (e.g., language and subject knowledge, memory capacity, concentration, motivation, and strategic behaviour) as well as customer demands, participant profiles, technical conditions and other situational and non-situational factors (e.g., availability of documentation, research access, time invested). The global spread of English as a lingua franca (ELF) adds yet another dimension. In this paper, I wish to outline how the interpreter's work is affected by the increasing number of non-native English-speaking conference participants.

Drawing on a 90,000 word corpus of in-depth interviews with 10 experienced professional conference interpreters and in adaptation, and by extension, of Kalina's description of the overall interpreting process dimensions, a process- and experience-based model of interpreter competence is presented, detailing the pre-, peri-, in-, post-, and para-process subskills as reported by 10 professional conference interpreters.

The aim of this study is to test two methods and their applicability for investigating the expertise of simultaneous interpretation; Ivanova’s method for investigating processing problems and their corresponding strategies and monitoring, and Carroll’s method for measuring the quality in machine translation as compared with human translation. The methods were adapted to the context of this study, with English-Swedish as source and target language in comparison with Ivanova’s study, and interpreting instead of translating in comparison with Carroll’s study.
I recorded three interpreters at three different levels of experience first when they interpreted and then in a retrospection and interview. The analysis took its starting point in the retrospection. I checked the retrospection protocols for evidence of processing problems, instances of monitoring and strategy choice. Furthermore, I checked the transcripts of the interpretations for evidence of unreported strategies. The transcripts of the interpretations were also used in the rating process according to Carroll’s scales. Twelve independent judges rated the quality of the interpretations using Carroll’s scales.
This study shows that the methods used by Ivanova and Carroll are appropriate in this context. The methods were easy to use and generated unambiguous results. It is also clear that although the analyzed material was small, it was possible to draw some conclusions on the expert performances of simultaneous interpreters. Supervisors: Birgitta Englund Dimitrova and Kari Fraurud.