Interpreting Studies

FR : Les politiques migratoires reposent sur des catégories administratives complexes qui structurent, hiérarchisent et contrôlent les populations mobiles. Cet article explore la fabrique de la catégorie des « réfugié·es LGBTI » en France, en analysant ses fondements juridiques, ses dynamiques institutionnelles et ses implications sociales. Mobilisant l’approche sociohistorique de l’action publique et les études migratoires queers, il met en lumière les tensions entre protection et contrôle, ainsi qu’inclusion et exclusion, dans un contexte de pressions internationales. L’analyse s’appuie sur une enquête qualitative combinant entretiens, analyse documentaire et observations, révélant comment cette catégorie est le produit de négociations continues entre acteurs judiciaires, administratifs et associatifs. Cet article questionne les logiques performatives de cette catégorisation et ses effets sur les trajectoires des requérant·es invoquant des persécutions du fait de leur orientation sexuelle ou identité de genre, tout en proposant une réflexion critique sur les limites des dispositifs actuels.

Mots clés : approche sociohistorique, catégories migratoires, France, nexus inclusion/exclusion, politiques d’asile, réfugiés LGBTI

EN: Migration policies rely on complex administrative categories that structure, prioritize, and control mobile populations. This article examines the construction of the “LGBTI refugees” category in France by analyzing its legal foundations, institutional dynamics, and social implications. Drawing on a socio-historical approach to public policy and queer migration studies, it highlights the tensions between protection and control, inclusion and exclusion, within an international framework. Based on qualitative research combining interviews, document analysis, and observations, the study reveals how this category results from continuous negotiations between legal, administrative and associative actors. The article questions the performative logic of this categorization and its effects on the trajectories of LGBTI refugee status claimants while offering a critical reflection on the limitations of current frameworks.

Keywords: socio-historical approach, migration categories, France, inclusion/exclusion nexus, asylum policies, LGBTI refugees

王抗曝  Lawrence K. Wang (2025). 《人工智能驱动之中文学习工具技术报告》 Technical Report on AI-Driven Chinese Language Learning Tools, 《科學、技術、工程、藝術與數學之演化進展》 "Evolutionary Progress in Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts and Mathematics (STEAM)”, 7(9C), Lenox Institute Press, Auburndale, MA, USA.  12 pages. DOI: 10.17613/nzmjh-pn131  ;  DOI (newest version): 10.17613/d3dxa-mfv27........ABSTRACT: 本技术报告旨在深入分析五种主流的人工智能（AI）驱动之中文学习工具，为教育工作者、语言学习者及技术开发者提供一份全面的技术参考。报告详细介绍了SuperChinese、HelloChinese、Skritter、Speechling及以ChatGPT/Jenova AI为代表的对话式AI，剖析其核心技术、主要功能、适用对象、收费模式及教学应用策略。透过对比分析，本报告旨在阐明如何整合运用这些工具，以构建一个高效、个人化且富有吸引力的中文学习生态系统，从而应对传统教学模式的挑战，并为下一代中文教育的发展提供技术指引。作为前美国中文学校校长，笔者深感年事已高，时不我待。本报告的撰写初衷，不仅在于记录当前AI技术在中文教育领域的应用现状，更在于为年轻一代的教育工作者提供一份可靠的技术指南和实践基础。笔者诚挚期望年轻的教育家、技术专家和语言学者能够接棒，在本报告所奠定的基础上，继续深化研究、勇于创新，将AI技术与中文教育更深入地结合，惠及更多的学习者，让中华语言文化在新时代绽放更加璀璨的光芒。这是一项非同小可的使命，需要新一代的智慧、热情与坚持来完成。

Introduction:
Large-scale assessments increasingly rely on background questionnaire scales to interpret student experiences, yet the linguistic and cultural equivalence of these scales remains uncertain. Ensuring measurement equivalence across diverse linguistic and cultural contexts is a central challenge for large-scale assessments. Background questionnaire scales, though non-cognitive in intent, may still be influenced by respondents’ reading ability or sociocultural norms. This study examined differential item functioning (DIF) in the PIRLS 2021 Exposure to Bullying student scale across fifteen countries, focusing on the effects of reading achievement and gender on item functioning.
Methods:
The Partial Credit Tree (PCtree) method was applied separately within each country to detect DIF. Reading achievement and gender were used as covariates. Items with p_γ categories B or C were identified as exhibiting moderate or large DIF. Item content, country-level reading performance, and tree structures were examined to interpret the nature and sources of DIF.
Results:
Analyses revealed systematic non-invariance across countries. Reading achievement emerged as the predominant splitting variable indicating that comprehension skill influenced responses to non-cognitive items. Gender appeared as a frequent secondary splitter, interacating with reading ability in several contexts. Reading-related DIF dominated cyberbullying items while gender-related DIF was more evident for physical and relational aggression items.
Discussion:
The findings demonstrate that background questionnaire items are sensitive to both linguistic complexity and sociocultural interpretation. Reading-related DIF corresponds closely with national reading achievement levels, and gender DIF reflects differing norms of aggression and reporting. Incorporating readability checks, cultural adaptation, and data-driven DIF detection into item development and translation can substantially improve validity and cross-national comparability in large-scale educational assessments.

1119 texts. Sometimes differences in meaning embody slight or big differences that could be critical in translation. This study will be valuable for the junior translators, undergraduate students, and Journalistic translators especially. This study hypothesizes that translating journalistic texts requires a great deal of cultural familiarity with both the source and target languages of the translator. It also hypothesizes that some of the translators lack cultural backgrounds about the SL and TL.

Media today shapes how we think, connect, and tell stories. It influences culture, business, poli cs, and everyday choices. At DBS Global University, this reality drives the way media educa on is designed and delivered. The university believes that learning media cannot be limited to classrooms or textbooks. It has to reflect how the industry actually works. Through its School of Modern Media, DBS Global University blends crea vity with technology and real-world exposure. Students are encouraged to experiment, ques on, and create from the very start. The focus stays firmly on skills, prac ce, and relevance. This approach helps learners grow into confident media professionals who understand both storytelling and strategy.

In this short introduction to our translation of Erich Prunč's Zur Konstruktion von Translationskulturen (2008a), we shed light on the scholar Erich Prunč, provide some background to the concept of "Translationskultur, " and explain some aspects of our translatorial decisions that readers will encounter in On the Construction of Translation Cultures.

In diesem Artikel wird ein Überblick über die beiden größten Berufsorganisationen für Translator*innen, nämlich der Vereinigung der Sprachmittler (VdS) für Fachübersetzer*innen und Dolmetscherinnen auf der einen Seite sowie die Übersetzersektion im Deutschen Schriftstellerverband (DSV) auf der anderen Seite, hinsichtlich ihrer Geschichte, Entwicklung und Leistungen für die beteiligten Akteur*innen gegeben. Im Anschluss wird gesondert auf persönliche Erfahrungen von (literarischen) Übersetzer*innen und Dolmetscher*innen mit diesen Berufsverbänden eingegangen und davon berichtet, welche Bedeutung eine aktive Einbindung in die Verbände für sie hatte. Besondere Wichtigkeit haben hier die Schilderungen eines der beiden Autor*innen, Manfred Schmitz, der selbst jahrelang als Vorsitzender der VdS wirkte. Durch diese Darstellungen werden einerseits die Gemeinsamkeiten zwischen den Berufsorganisationen in den Fokus genommen, und andererseits wird ein Einblick in die beruflich-soziale Einbettung von (literarischen) Übersetzer*innen und Dolmetscher*innen gegeben, was wiederum einen wichtigen Beitrag zur retrospektiven Darstellung einer möglichen Translationskultur der DDR leistet.

The study investigates student-interpreters' meaning transfer problems. Analysis of the interpreting error data collected from interpreting tests showed that student interpreters had difficulty comprehending the meaning of unfamiliar chemicals, diseases, names of organizations, measurement units, acronyms referring to international organizations, political posts and providing the correct English or Arabic equivalent. For example, 66% of the subjects translated 'WHO' as a question word, although the media report they had to interpret talked about the World Health Organization. The context in which the acronym occurred was not taken into consideration. Although 40% knew what FAO was about, they did not know the exact Arabic equivalent and they manipulated the word order of the Arabic term. In interpreting 'inflated', some subjects gave the Arabic equivalent used in an economic context, others interpreted it as 'exploding' which fits a 'volcano' context. Questionnaire-interviews with the subjects revealed inadequate L1 competence, lack of proficiency in L2, i.e. limited vocabulary knowledge and unfamiliarity with the context in which a particular meaning of a polysemous word is used in English and Arabic. The interpreting error data revealed several strategies that the subjects resorted to when they encountered unfamiliar foreign proper noun. Results will be discussed in detail.

The aim of the present study was to find out whether there is a relationship between the interpreting and translating abilities in advanced students majoring in translation and whether the achievement level in one skill is affected by development in the other. Is a student who is a good translator a good interpreter as well? Is a student who is a poor translator a poor interpreter? 36 senior students (in level 9) majoring in translation were taught liaison interpreting and the oil translation courses by the author. The interpreting and translation data were collected at the end of the semester.  Each score represented the composite score of the course, which consisted of 2 interm tests and a final exam.  Results showed that in the oil industry course, the typical score was 69.5% compared to 65% in the liaison interpreting course.  There were wide variations among the students in their translation and interpreting scores and hence translating and interpreting abilities as revealed by the standard deviation (15.45 for translation & 12.33 for interpreting) and standard error statistics (2.73 & 2.18, respectively). Results show that the translation and interpreting courses are related. The correlation coefficient between the translation and interpreting skills was .72 and was significant at the .01 level. However, results of the T-test showed no significant differences between the translation and interpreting mean scores (T = 1.64).  It can be inferred from the translation and interpreting results that a student who is a good translator is also a good interpreter, and a student who is a poor translator is also a poor interpreter. Both translation and interpreting share and require common skills.

This research investigated parents’ view of child marriage as regards economic, education, health, socio-cultural and legal concerns in Kwara Central, Nigeria. The study employed a descriptive survey design. The population consisted of all parents in Kwara Central, Nigeria. A simple random sampling technique was adopted to select the sample of 400 parents for the study. A twenty-item instrument tagged ‘Parents Perception of Child Marriage Questionnaire was used to generate data for the research. The research questions were answered using mean and standard deviation. The results showed that parents perceived that child marriage have a negative influence on a child’s economic power, education and health and should not be encouraged. Also, parents perceived that religion and culture should not permit child marriage, and that laws against child marriage should be upheld while the perpetrators of child marriage be punished severely. The findings of this study have implications for counsellors to intensify their efforts in creating more community awareness and organizing more enlightenment programmes on child marriage. Additionally, if parents do not distance themselves from this detrimental habit, their opinions on child marriage might not matter. Therefore, the counsellors shouldn't base their advice solely on the parents' belief that child marriage has a negative impact on the child; instead, they should work to encourage its cessation in society by monitoring compliance with policies against it, developing and implementing child protection measures that strengthen systems and mechanisms to address girls' protection needs at the family, school, and community levels, and encouraging other people to do the same.

Una obra colectiva que consolida la cooperación académica entre España y Brasil en el ámbito de la interpretación de lenguas de señas. El libro reúne investigaciones de la Universidad Rey Juan Carlos y la Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina para analizar la profesionalización, la formación y las tecnologías aplicadas a la Lengua de Signos Española (LSE) y la Lengua Brasileña de Señas (Libras).

This study examines translation errors within the intelligence cycle as a distinct source of strategic risk. Through ten historical and contemporary cases—ranging from the mistranslation of ‘mokusatsu’ in 1945 to linguistic failures preceding the 9/11 attacks and European counterterrorism operations—the analysis demonstrates how mistranslations have repeatedly shaped intelligence assessments, diplomatic decisions, and military strategies. The study applies three frameworks from Translation Studies—Nida’s dynamic vs. formal equivalence, House’s translation quality assessment, and Nord’s Skopos theory—to categorise translation failures into four types: lexical, idiomatic, cultural, and technical. The findings reveal that even minor linguistic distortions can escalate into major security consequences, from prolonging wars to overlooking imminent threats. Methodologically, the research adopts a qualitative case study design, combining documentary analysis with theoretical coding to systematically trace the security implications of mistranslation. The results highlight that translation should not be treated as a secondary support task but as a strategic intelligence function requiring cultural expertise, verification protocols, and close collaboration between linguists and analysts.

The study investigates whether interpreting proficiency is associated with students’ listening comprehension and speaking ability among 36 Arabic‑speaking translation majors enrolled in their first liaison interpreting course. Using end‑of‑semester achievement scores from interpreting, listening, and speaking courses taught by the same instructor, the study found that students’ performance clustered closely across the three skills, with typical scores in the mid‑70s and similar score ranges. Statistical analyses revealed a strong correlation between interpreting and speaking (r = .80) and a moderate correlation between interpreting and listening (r = .49), both significant, indicating that students with strong oral skills tend to perform better in interpreting. ANOVA results showed no significant differences among the mean scores of the three skills, suggesting that interpreting ability is deeply intertwined with both listening and speaking proficiency. The study concludes that improving listening and speaking skills is likely to enhance interpreting performance, and that weak interpreting skills are closely linked to weaknesses in these foundational oral abilities.

The establishment of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology has made automated writing evaluation (AWE) is now accessible for everyone, not only as a tool for evaluating writing tasks, but also for providing feedback on the students’ writing tasks. Therefore, it is important to ensure how reliable these AI tools are in conducting the evaluations. Previous research has demonstrated that GPT-4-powered ChatGPT outperformed human raters in terms of internal consistency in evaluating writing tasks, while its inter-rater reliability over human raters was relatively comparable. As Copilot provides free access to GPT-4, this paper aimed to investigate whether GPT-4-powered Copilot was able to evaluate writing tasks with the same intra and inter-consistency as GPT-4-powered ChatGPT. The study was conducted using 51 college students’ essays, which were evaluated by two human raters and assessed twice using GPT-4-powered Copilot. Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) scores were calculated to obtain and compare the intra and inter-rater reliability of the human raters an  Copilot along with the means of the marks provided. The results revealed that the means of the marks assigned by Copilot were notably higher than those awarded by human raters. Additionally, the findings indicated that GPT-4-powered Copilot not only demonstrated significantly lower internal
consistency compared to human raters, but GPT-4-powered Copilot was also poorly consistent over human raters. In conclusion, GPT-4-powered Copilot was not as reliable as GPT-4- powered ChatGPT in evaluating writing tasks. Thus, utilizing GPT-4-powered Copilot as a writing tasks evaluator is not recommended to avoid obtaining invalid and unreliable
evaluation.

L'herméneutique du numérique, conçue comme méthode d'interprétation de textes, demande de revenir sur ce qu'« interpréter » veut dire. En particulier, nous allons nous interroger sur les processus d'interprétation et d'objectivation des données textuelles. Du point de vue herméneutique, nous pouvons identifier deux médiations nécessaires pour passer des textes au sens : une première médiation concernant l'inscription des traces numériques calculables, ce qui suppose une manipulation asémantique ; une deuxième médiation concernant la transcription des traces numériques interprétables, ce qui suppose une manipulation sémantique. Dans les pages qui suivent, nous allons explorer ces deux processus de médiation.

This introductory article frames the special issue Towards an Ecology of Translation: Translating Nature, Places, and Identities in the Global World by outlining the main conceptual strands informing ecological approaches to translation. It traces the evolution of eco-translation from Clive Scott's emphasis on the translator's embodied engagement with the text, through Michael Cronin's expansion of the concept within a broader political-ecological perspective, to Gengshen Hu's eco-translatology, grounded in models of selection and adaptation. Drawing on Cronin's work on linguistic diversity, power asymmetries, and minority language agency, the article situates eco-translation as an approach attentive to the social, cultural, political, and environmental conditions of translation in the Anthropocene. It then outlines the main research trajectories explored in the nine contributions, including representations of nature in tourism discourse, mediation and diversity, redefinitions of land and environment, and hybrid textualities. As an inaugural contribution to the Italian debate on ecological perspectives in Translation Studies, the volume aims to foster critical reflection on translation through ecological entanglements, situated knowledge, and practices of care and responsibility.

Abstract. Considering  the  active  role  that  NGOs  play  to  facilitate  communication  between  migrant  users  and providers of different public services, this paper aims to examine the training background, as well as the sociodemographic  and  professional  characteristics  of  the  volunteers  who  altruistically  translate,  interpret  or  mediate.  Additionally,  we  explore  the  requirements  set  by  NGOs  (such  as  an  advanced  level  of  Spanish  and  another  working  language,  specialised  training  in  translation,  interpreting,  mediation  or  languages,  cultural  knowledge,  and  prior  professional  experience)  and,  lastly,  the  activities  in  which  these  volunteers  engage  (including  translation,  interpreting,  user  accompaniment,  delivery  of  workshops  or  training  talks,  intercultural  mediation,  and  assistance  with  administrative  procedures).  Furthermore,  we  collect  the  volunteers’  perceptions  regarding  their  training  deficiencies  and  the  primary  challenges  they  encounter,  among  other  relevant  factors.  Based  on  data  collected  from  a  sample  of  thirty  online  surveys,  we  propose  the  implementation  of  training  pills  collaboratively  designed  by  universities  and  NGOs.  Universities  would  contribute to the development of a common curriculum, while NGOs, as stable points of contact with migrant users, would design a second module tailored to the specific needs of their field and to the particular needs of the users with whom they interact in their daily professional practice.Keywords.  Volunteering, NGO, translation and interpretation, public services

This article examines deviant practices found in fictional portrayals of translators and interpreters. The diverse manifestations of misconduct shown here help to illuminate the moral complexities inherent in linguistic mediation, thus revealing a typology of professional misconduct that ranges from textual appropriation, in which translators systematically diminish source material through selective omission, to complete textual substitution, wherein practitioners replace entire works with original compositions while maintaining the pretense of translation. Additional categories include gradual authorial usurpation through excessive annotation, deliberate misinterpretation in life-threatening situations, competitive manipulation of interpretive accuracy for personal gain, fabrication of source texts to claim dual authorship, and vindictive narrative modification targeting specific characters. These fictional portrayals serve as critical examinations of the power dynamics in translation and interpretation practice, highlighting tensions between fidelity, creativity, personal ethics, and professional responsibility. The findings demonstrate how literary fiction functions as a site for exploring the boundaries of professional conduct in translation studies, and reveal the complex negotiations between accuracy and adaptation, neutrality and intervention, and service and selfinterest that characterize the translator/interpreter's role as cultural intermediary. This typology contributes to understanding the ethical frameworks governing translation and interpretation, and illustrates how fictional narratives can clarify real-world professional dilemmas in cross-linguistic communication.

Child language brokering (CLB) is too varied to be portrayed as a solely positive or negative psychological experience, which provides at least a partial explanation for the mixed findings in the extant literature about the effects of CLB on bilingual children. A corpus of approximately eight hours of semistructured interviews with thirty former child language brokers from different countries allows the author to reflect on potential stressors that could ultimately help to predict children's emotional responses, coping skills, and psychological adaptation to challenging settings. The study revealed two parameters that may predict potentially stressful situations and negative outcomes arising from CLB: 1. awareness of the consequences of mistranslations (game vs. responsibility), and 2. language brokers' mixed maturity, i.e. the ability to handle exposure to cognitive situations and challenges they may lack the emotional skills for. These two variables, along with other potential stressors, such as the complexity, severity or unease with the situation, make them potentially vulnerable and might explain conflicting emotions when translating in adult situations, such as the coexistence of feelings of self-worth with feeling overburdened. The conclusions draw attention to avoiding the premature assigning of translating responsibilities before children are emotionally or developmentally ready, an approach worth considering as many immigrant families still prefer to 'trust' their own children as linguistic mediators, even when professional interpreters may be available.

The objective of this paper is to offer two short criticisms of the linguistic idea of the world, first put by logical positivists and later taken up by analytic philosophers. One objection comes from Bryan Magee and his non-propositional argument for experience, and another comes from me using the traditional idea that philosophy is supposed to fight fixed worldviews, and that the linguistic philosopher is in danger of not asking all the big picture questions as they should.

Jewish thought has historically developed mainly in
the form of hermeneutic discussions of sacred texts.
This characteristic, which has led to considerable attention,
even theoretical, for the theme of interpretation,
has also been maintained in Jewish philosophy
of the twentieth century. We can distinguish a
layer which continues the tradition of biblical and
Talmudic commentary, another which discusses the
change of this tradition in the face of Western modernity,
a third which attempts to ‘translate’ Jewish
thought into ‘Greek’, i.e. philosophical forms. Important
attention is also given to the theme of
translation, which always implies interpretation.

Il pensiero ebraico si è sviluppato storicamente soprattutto
nella forma di discussioni ermeneutiche
sui testi sacri. Questa caratteristica, che ha comportato
una notevole attenzione, anche teorica, per il
tema dell’interpretazione, si è mantenuta anche
nella filosofia ebraica del Novecento. Vi si possono
distinguere uno strato che continua la tradizione del
commento biblico e talmudico, un altro che discute
il cambiamento di questa tradizione di fronte alla
modernità occidentale, un terzo che tenta di ‘tradurre’
il pensiero ebraico in forme ‘greche’, cioè filosofiche.
Un’attenzione importante è anche data al
tema della traduzione, che implica sempre interpretazione.

In semantics and pragmatics, presupposition is a key concept. However, we understand the role of presupposition considerably better in practice. Many linguists have pointed to the significant role of presuppositions in courtroom discourse. Crossexamining lawyers, in context of courtroom discourse, employ presuppositions with questions for implicitly assert evidence and the criminals are legally prohibited from denying. This research aims to investigate the function of presupposition in a qualitative manner based on the investigation of actual and authentic data from criminal cases. The work will demonstrate how Iraqi lawyers employ presuppositions in courtroom to entrap the criminals and confirm the evidences against them.

La comunicación con personas reclusas extranjeras dentro de los centros penitenciarios (CPs) implica la necesidad de servicios de tra- ducción e interpretación (T&I), que, en este contexto, aúna los sec- tores de la traducción e interpretación en los servicios públicos (TISP). Pese a tratarse de un ámbito de la TISP, según demuestran varios estudios, en los CPs de España se permite el uso de personas reclusas o del personal penitenciario con conocimiento de las lenguas como intérpretes ad hoc. El objetivo principal de este artículo es des- cribir la situación de la comunicación interlingüística en CPs, así como las dificultades y las necesidades actuales desde la perspectiva del personal penitenciario de un CP que se utilizó como estudio de caso. Se aportará información sobre las dificultades comunicativas que percibe el personal penitenciario con las personas reclusas extranjeras, las medidas aplicadas y su opinión sobre la necesidad potencial de un servicio profesional de T&I. Los resultados obteni- dos contribuyeron a la propuesta de soluciones.

Tento príspevok predstavuje úvodnú časť výskumu, venovanému úlohe prekladateľa v tvorbe slovenského znenia. Autorka v článku navrhuje možné názvy pre preklad audiovizuálnych diel a odôvodňuje výber pojmu "audiovizuálny preklad". Snaží sa poukázať na špecifickosť tohto druhu prekladu a hľadá jeho spoločné a odlišné črty s prekladom prózy, poézie a drámy. Následne zaraďuje teóriu audiovizuálneho prekladu do Popovičovho rozdelenia prekladateľských disciplín a predstavuje jednotlivé jej kategórie a ich základnú charakteristiku.

Po úvodnom slove zostavovateliek publikácie tvorí prvú časť zborníka súbor odborných štúdií domácich teoretikov, ale aj praktikov audiovizuálneho prekladu. Jednotlivé práce zasadzujú audiovizuálny preklad do kontextu svetovej translatológie a hľadajú paralely v zahraničných prístupoch a reflexii konkrétnych téz. Autori v nich analyzujú špecifiká vybraných typov prekladu uplatňovaných v audiovizuálnych médiách. Intenciou týchto textov je upozorniť na osobitosti danej komunikačnej situácie, aby sa zabezpečila adekvátna prekladová komunikácia.Ako doplnkový materiál ponúka publikácia rozhovory s odborníkmi z praxe audiovizuálneho prekladu – či už s prekladateľmi, úpravcami dabingových dialógov, dabingovými režisérmi a dramaturgmi, titulkármi, tvorcami audiokomentára alebo predstaviteľmi komunity
nepočujúcich.

Autorka v príspevku predstavuje prvú časť svojho analyticko-empirického výskumu, na ktorom pracuje v rámci dizertačnej práce. Vďaka detailnej analýze britského seriálu Sherlock sa snaží odkryť úlohu dabingového prekladateľa a ponúka tak prvý skúmavý pohľad zblízka na prácu tvorcov nového jazykového znenia. Čitateľa dôkladne oboznamuje nielen s použitou metodikou ale aj s výsledkami výskumu, vďaka ktorým čiastočne neguje tvrdenia niektorých teoretikov, že dabingový preklad je len pomôckou k porozumeniu a po úprave z neho neostane ani kameň na kameni.

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This study is the first to investigate the prevalence and variety of legal contexts where ASL-English interpreters work in the United States. Effective interpreting service ensures that deaf individuals' civic and constitutional rights are protected when they engage in the U.S. legal system. We sought to understand the current landscape of legal interpreting practice by ASL-English interpreters to better inform professional training and allocation of resources. There is a severe, national shortage of legally qualified sign language interpreters and a need for regular educational pathways and professional development to train generalist interpreters in specialized legal settings. An online survey was distributed to sign language interpreters who work in the United States and its territories. Family, juvenile, and traffic-related settings were common among the type of court and cases where interpreters reportedly work. In the courtroom, the introductory procedures were the most commonly encountered. Outside of the courtroom, the most frequent procedures were court-oriented programs, attorney-client conferences, and plea bargaining. The qualification profile of practitioners indicates that legal specialist training was significantly more prevalent in lieu of or in addition to the suspended national Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf specialist legal certification. Findings indicate that a significant proportion of legal interpreting work is done outside of the trial setting, thus educational opportunities and training resources need to address the range of legal settings to best prepare interpreters for professional assignments.

Objectives • To understand how the visual modality and the unique nature of signed languages shapes the professional practice of signed language interpreting and translation. • To learn about socio-cultural factors implicated in signed language interpreting and translation. • To understand how signed language interpreting emerged and developed as a profession. • To identify factors that create variation in signed language use and the impact on interpreting and translation. • To recognize the importance of consumer/stakeholder involvement in signed language interpreting and translation.

History and Theory of Diplomatic Interpreting (2023) offers the first comprehensive study of diplomatic interpreting within the Czech and Slovak translation studies context. The monograph provides a systematic analysis of this specific form of oral translation through both a historical reconstruction of its development and a theoretical conceptualisation of its defining features. Diplomatic interpreting is examined as a distinct type of institutional communication shaped by protocol norms, political context, and intercultural mediation. The publication also contributes to ongoing debates on its classification within interpreting studies and establishes a foundation for further research at the intersection of translation studies, diplomacy, and international communication.

The subject of this study is diplomatic interpreting and its specifics within the modern era (1492 – 1914). One objective is to identify and analyse the specifics of the communication environment, tasks and status of interpreters in Europe and other continents, and to emphasise the influence of time and space determinants on diplomatic interpreting development. Another objective is to point out the long process of both the professionalization and institutionalisation of this activity.
Description of the continuously changing characteristics of diplomatic interpreting is applied to define the events that influenced it the most as well as the factors that had mostly contributed to its current features (e.g. establishing interpreting academies and schools, establishing court interpreters offices and secretariats, etc.).
The aim of this study is to provide as much factual illustrative evidence as possible about the importance and frequency of interpretation within diplomatic and high political circles already in the era of modern imperia, and to convince both professionals and public how exceptional diplomatic interpreting is as one of the oldest types of interpretation. Special attention is paid to distinctive features diplomatic interpreting bears. They were formed several centuries; some have retained their authentic form, some have been modified (stationary, bipartite, exclusivity etc.). The third objective is to emphasise the diversity of diplomatic interpreting history to highlight the number of progressive changes that have occurred during its development. Thus, diplomatic interpreting can be defined as a distinctive, specific complex of situations.

The aim of this article is to present the features of the development of diplomatic interpreting in the early modern period (1492–1914). Based on the study of (foreign) specialized literature, its subsequent selection and analysis, the paper examines the specifics of the communicative environment, as well as the duties and status of interpreters in Europe and other continents during this period, and characterizes the role of the chronotopic determinant in the formation of diplomatic interpreting.

Drawing on a description of the constantly evolving features of diplomatic interpreting, the article identifies the events that had the greatest impact on its development and analyzes the factors that played a significant role in shaping the present-day model of diplomatic interpreting (such as the establishment of academies and interpreting schools, the creation of secretariats of court interpreters or translation departments and bureaus, and the drafting and enactment of legal regulations governing translation activities, etc.). The study demonstrates the need for further research into diplomatic interpreting and confirms the relevance of the research question.

Overview of scientific publications in translatology dealing with the topic of diplomatic interpreting in Russia is given in the article. The objective is to analyse the most relevant research on this topic, to assess the examined issue and try to explain the current status quo.

The biculturalism phenomenon is analysed in the article and
its importance in the profession of translators and interpreters. The objective
of this article is to prove the necessity of highly developed intercultural
competences in translators and interpreters, and to show the potential risks
resulting for the profession from insufficient knowledge in the source and/or
target cultures using the example of differences between Russian and Slovak
culture.

The basic characteristics
of ancient diplomatic interpretation features are presented in the article,
including the content of work of official interpreters of that time and
their social status. Inherited characteristics of diplomatic interpretation
maintained within this type of interpretation until today are emphasised and
analysed based upon the comparison of selected characteristics of diplomatic
interpretation at the time and contemporary interpretation.

This paper presents the specifics of working with a literary text as the source of nationally and culturally marked realia in RFL seminars. On the material of N. V. Gogol’s short story “The Old World Landowners” the paper presents and analyses basic advantages of studying linguo-realia in the context of a literary work and demonstrates some types of exercises on the culturally marked lexis.

The aim of this article is to present the most significant foreign studies devoted to diplomatic interpreting. The author draws attention not only to key works in the field of translation studies but also to publications on diplomatic interpreting written from an interdisciplinary perspective. The paper examines works addressing the history, characteristics, and specific features of diplomatic interpreting; in addition to scholarly publications, it also considers memoirs of former diplomatic interpreters and evaluates their contribution to the current state of research on this topic.

This article presents and analyzes the main differences between diplomatic interpreting and conference interpreting. The focus on this issue is motivated by its relevance and its insufficient coverage in scholarly translation studies literature.

The paper focuses on the status of diplomatic interpreting in Russian and Slovak translation studies and highlights the insufficient level of research devoted to this field in both contexts. Based on available sources, it outlines the historical background of diplomatic interpreting in Russia, pointing to the limited use of archival materials and the absence of a systematic theoretical framework. In the Slovak context, the paper analyzes the development of translation studies and its openness to new trends; however, despite this, diplomatic interpreting remains marginalized and is not perceived as an independent type of interpreting. The study emphasizes the lack of comprehensive research addressing the specific features of diplomatic interpreting, as well as the competences and personal qualities required of interpreters. The aim of the article is to underline the need for systematic research in this area and to identify it as an important yet underexplored domain within contemporary translation studies.