Interpreting Studies

In this paper we argue that the use of the communicative theory of Jürgen Habermas in planning theory is problematic because it hampers an understanding of how power shapes planning. We posit an alternative approach based on the power analytics of Michel Foucault which focuses on ‘what is actually done’, as opposed to Habermas’s focus on ‘what should be done’. We discuss how the Foucauldian stance problematises planning, asking difficult questions about the treatment of legitimacy, rationality, knowledge and spatiality. We conclude that Foucault offers a type of analytic planning theory which offers better prospects than does Habermas for those interested in understanding and bringing about democratic social change through planning.

At the same time that case studies are widely used and have produced canonical texts, it may be observed that the case study as a methodology is generally held in low regard, or is simply ignored, within the academy. For example, only 2 of the 30 top-ranked U.S. graduate programs in political science require a dedicated graduate course in case study or qualitative methods, and a full third of these programs do not even offer such a course. In contrast, all of the top 30 programs offer courses in quantitative methods and almost all of them require training in such methods, often several courses. In identifying this paradox of the case study’s wide use and low regard, Gerring rightly remarks that the case study survives in a “curious methodological limbo,” and that the reason is that the method is poorly understood. In what follows, we will try to resolve Gerring’s paradox and help case study research gain wider use and acceptance.

""Recent scholarly developments both within and outside translation studies attest to the growing perception among researchers that, in the pursuit of understanding processes of interlingual and intercultural transfer and mediation, analysing language is not enough. The centrality of (mostly written) language in translation studies research is hardly surprising, with linguistics being widely regarded as the discipline which has most informed the study of translation and interpreting since they emerged as a field of academic inquiry in the middle of the twentieth century (Baker 1996). The emphasis of early research on short, often decontextualised stretches of text (Baker and Pérez-González 2010) resulted in an excision of language – understood as text or discourse – from its context that has become the object of growing scrutiny by translation and interpreting scholars over the last two decades.  More importantly, this displacement of language from context has favoured the analysis of language and its instantiation in discourse separately from other forms of meaning-making resources. This paper sets out to examine recent theoretical developments seeking to redress the displacement of language from other kinds of meaning-making resources and their impact on the theorisation of translation and interpreting.
The starting premise of this chapter is that academic interest in non-verbal semiotic resources and their role in processes of interlingual and intercultural transfer is unevenly spread across different scholarly strands within the discipline. As far as the breadth of this research agenda is concerned, images appear to be the only non-linguistic meaning-making signs showing an increasingly recognised potential to inform research in translation studies.  Dialogue interpreting, audiovisual and drama translation, to give but a few examples, still lack the theoretical and methodological concepts and tools to systematically analyse semiotic resources such as the gestures and facial expressions accentuating face-to-face conversation; the choices of fonts, colours and patterns of textual-visual interaction in printed advertisements; or the use of music and lighting in the staging of a drama production, respectively.
This paper surveys ongoing research on how different semiotic resources shape translational behaviour in different communicative contexts, including but not limited to the interaction between speech and image in printed media and motion pictures; the modelling of composite semiotic systems, such as movement, gestures and gaze; the representation of identities and ideologies using non-verbal resources; and the conceptualisation of space, interpersonal perspective and salience in a range of settings, such as museums. The paper then moves on to explore how insights imported from multimodal theory, as developed in the field of systemic functional linguistics and social semiotics, may help translation and interpreting scholars to gain new insights into old data. Key notions like ‘multimodal’, ‘multimedial’, ‘mode’, ‘modality’, ‘sub-mode’ and ‘medial realisation’ are introduced and explored in some detail.
The contribution of multimodal insights to research in translation studies are also  gauged in relation to new data and their contexts of production, as illustrated by the way in which different modes function semiotically when combined in the modern discourse worlds afforded by the computer and the Internet. In these ‘new media’, information is proliferating in forms which push our methods of sharing it effectively; the shape of discourse communities using, assessing and circulating translations is changing with the changing shape of texts; ideological currents engaging with the interpretation of translations are flowing beyond existing linguistic means of analysis and critique; and new amateur phenomena, mainly fandom and political activism, are increasingly appropriating translation and interpreting as a means to effect social change.
The final section (before the conclusion) considers the methodological implications of multimodal research in translation and interpreting studies, with particular emphasis on new tools like multimodal transcriptions and multimodal corpora.
""

This paper introduces VIP, an R&D project that explores the impact and feasibility of using Human Language Technology (HLT) and Natural Language Processing (NLP) for interpreting training, practice and research. This project aims at filling the gap in and addressing the pressing need for technology in general for interpreters, which is reported to be scarce. Although most interpreters are unaware of
interpreting technologies or are reluctant to use them, there are some tools and resources already available, mainly computer-assisted interpreting (CAI) tools. VIP is working on the development of technology and cutting-edge research with the potential to revolutionise the interpreting industry by lowering costs for interpreter training, fostering an online community which shares, generates and cultivates interpreting resources; and providing an efficient interpreter workbench tool (computer assisted interpreting software). Available at: http://www.tradulex.com/varia/TC39-london2017.pdf

The metaphor of the camel passing through the eye of the needle is found in the Synoptic Gospels (Matthew 19:24, Mark 10:25, Luke 18:25) and the Qur'an (7:40). The Gospels seem to suggest that it is easier for a camel to pass through the eye of a needle than for a rich person to enter the Kingdom of Heaven. The Qur'an, on the other hand, puts the metaphor in the context of disbelievers who are arrogant (istakbarū) toward God's signs. At the outset, it would seem that the passage's contexts in the Gospels and the Qur'an are different; however, through a closer analysis of the keywords, there are textual parallels that can be extracted from both texts and go beyond simply the use of this analogy in common, as previous scholars have thought. For instance, the rich man in the Gospels is asking about inheriting eternal life, while the Qur'an also discusses eternal life and inheritance in the same context. These and several other textual parallels suggest that the Qur'an is alluding to the same context for the metaphor as the Gospels do.

The development of communication technologies such as telephony, videoconferencing and web-conferencing in interpreter-mediated communication has led to alternative ways of delivering interpreting services. Several uses of these technologies can be distinguished in connection with interpreting. 'Remote interpreting' in the narrow sense often refers to their use to gain access to an interpreter in another location, but similar methods of interpreting are required for interpreting in virtual meetings in which the primary participants themselves are distributed across different sites. In spite of their different underlying motivations, these methods of interpreting all share elements of remote working from the interpreter's point of view and will therefore be subsumed here under one heading. Although the practice of remote interpreting (in all its forms) is controversial among interpreters, the last two decades have seen an increase in this practice in all fields of interpreting. As such, it has also caught the attention of scholars, who have begun to investigate remote interpreting, for example, with a view to the quality of the interpreter's performance and a range of psychological and physiological factors. This chapter will begin by explaining the key terms and concepts associated with remote interpreting and then give an overview of the historical development and current trends of remote interpreting in supra-national institutions, legal, healthcare and other settings, referring to current and emerging practice and to insights from research. This will be followed by the presentations of recommendations for practice and an outlook at future directions of this practice and for research.

"This observational research paper devoted to Simultaneous Interpretation with Text (SI+T), a mode of interpreting which is becoming increasingly common in international meetings, studies the attitudes of practicing conference interpreters and their teachers with regard to (1) strategies used by interpreters in dealing with text in SI, and (2) both the cognitive constraints and benefits of  SI+T, paying special attention to possible variations of these attitudes depending on the moment at which interpreters receive the text: (1) long before (hours, days, weeks) - the 'ideal' scenario; (2) shortly before (15 to 30 minutes) - the 'normal' scenario; (3) just before (less than 15 minutes) - the 'rush' scenario; and (4) after the speaker has begun - the 'crisis' scenario.

To this end, an email inquiry was conducted among various conference interpretation schools to study their approaches to the teaching of SI+T, four colleagues were interviewed in person and a special SI+T survey was run among interpreters working in a selection of different meetings. For the latter, survey constructs and their measurements for strategies and cognitive constraints and benefits in SI+T were developed and, on that basis, a questionnaire on SI+T was designed, piloted, refined and finally distributed among 100 interpreters, with 50 returned completed. The results of the survey are presented and analyzed in tabular, graphic and narrative form.

The conclusions of this research aim at providing a sound foundation for developing a well-structured SI+T module for advanced students of conference interpreting."

Taken together, the works of Jurgen Habermas and Michel Foucault highlight an essential tension in modernity. This is the tension between the normative and the real, between what should be done and what is actually done. Understanding this tension is crucial to understanding modern democracy, what it is and what it could be. It has been argued that an effective way of making democracy stronger is to strengthen civil society. This article contains a comparative analysis of the central ideas of Habermas and Foucault as they pertain to the question of democracy and civil society. More specifically, the discourse ethics of Habermas is contrasted with the power analytics and ethics of Foucault evaluating their usefulness for those interested in understanding, and bringing about, democratic social change.

In this chapter, I consider the significance of hermeneutics for architecture. I begin by locating some key concerns that a hermeneutics of buildings and other architectural works entails. As a heuristic context for discussing these concerns, I draw on comparative-religion scholar Lindsay Jones’ The Hermeneutics of Sacred Architecture, a two-volume work that is perhaps the most exhaustive recent effort to identify the diverse, multi-dimensioned ways in which an “architectural hermeneutics” might proceed (Jones 2000).
        I identify two major research dilemmas toward which Jones’ work points: first, the contentious question of whether buildings-in-themselves, as opposed to the personal, social, and cultural experiences and meanings of those buildings, can be examined hermeneutically; and, second, the difficult matter of interpretive trustworthiness. If, in other words, one assumes that buildings evoke divergent meanings for different experiencers and interpreters, how is he or she to evaluate the relative accuracy and validity of competing interpretations?
        As evidence of a hermeneutic approach that might circumvent these two interpretive concerns, I discuss two significant efforts to generate what might be called a hermeneutics of the language of architecture: first, philosopher Karsten Harries’ language of natural symbols; and, second, architect Thomas Thiis-Evensen’s language of architectural archetypes. I consider the relative interpretive power of these two hermeneutic languages to describe accurately and non-arbitrarily the lived experience of “buildings-in-themselves.”

Coordinadores de la colección: EMILIO ORTEGA ARJONILLA PEDRO SAN GINÉS AGUILAS. La investigación que sustenta csic hbio ha sido posible gracias a la financiación que el Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología español y ta Unión Europea (fondos PEDER) ha otorgado al Proyecto de Investigación &¡'tiluació>i de In calidad r" inltrprcluaón sianllánea: parámetros di inadatáa (BFF2002-00579) © Los autores Editorial COMARES POLÍGONO JUNCARES., PARCELA 2o8 • l822Q ALBO LOTE (C.RANADrt) ThNO. 958 46 53 82 • FAX 953 a6 53 83

This article examines five common misunderstandings about case-study research: (a) theoretical knowledge is more valuable than practical knowledge; (b) one cannot generalize from a single case, therefore, the single-case study cannot contribute to scientific development; (c) the case study is most useful for generating hypotheses, whereas other methods are more suitable for hypotheses testing and theory building; (d) the case study contains a bias toward verification; and (e) it is often difficult to summarize specific case studies. This article explains and corrects these misunderstandings one by one and concludes with the Kuhnian insight that a scientific discipline without a large number of thoroughly executed case studies is a discipline without systematic production of exemplars, and a discipline without exemplars is an ineffective one. Social science may be strengthened by the execution of a greater number of good case studies.

Back cover text: Real Social Science presents a new, hands-on approach to social inquiry. The theoretical and methodological ideas behind the book, inspired by Aristotelian phronesis, represent an original perspective within the social sciences, and this volume gives readers for the first time a set of studies exemplifying what applied phronesis looks like in practice. The reflexive analysis of values and power gives new meaning to the impact of research on policy and practice. Real Social Science is a major step forward in a novel and thriving field of research. This book will benefit scholars, researchers, and students who want to make a difference in practice, not just in the academy. Its message will make it essential reading for students and academics across the social sciences.

There is a widespread idea that in grounded theory (GT) research, the researcher has to delay the literature review until the end of the analysis to avoid contamination – a dictum that might turn educational researchers away from GT. Nevertheless, in this article the author (a) problematizes the dictum of delaying a literature review in classic grounded theory, (b) presents arguments for using extant literature in the substantive field within a constructivist grounded theory, and (c) suggests data sensitizing principles in using literature, which are: theoretical agnosticism, theoretical pluralism, theoretical sampling of literature, staying grounded, theoretical playfulness, memoing extant knowledge associations, and constant reflexivity.

From the early days of interpreting studies, the notion of quality has attracted the interest of professionals, trainers and scholars alike. Its elusive nature gave rise to various approaches aimed at figuring out its constituent parts. These efforts have made it possible to understand quality from a multidimensional perspective.

Quality was already a well-established research topic in 2001, when the first international conference devoted entirely to it was held in Almunecar, Spain. Ever since, the field has greatly evolved as research instruments and methods have been refined, not least because globalization has facilitated closer cooperation among scholars. Recent years have witnessed a considerable increase in the number of publications on quality, and the continued activity of both individual scholars and research groups testify to the liveliness of this area of research. In the course of this process, this area has become more interdisciplinary and technically sophisticated, widening its scope to cover new interpreting settings and language combinations.

This volume attempts to provide an overview of the state of the art in interpreting quality. It contains 16 papers selected through a double-blind peer-review process. All contributors took part in the Second International Conference on Interpreting Quality held in Almuñécar in 2011, and the reviews were conducted by a panel of international experts in interpreting studies.

This publication was funded by the Government of Andalusia (project ref. P07-HUM-02730). We would like to thank all authors who submitted papers for review. Special thanks go to the reviewers for their hard work. Finally, we would like to warmly express our gratitude to Angela Collados Ais for her unrelenting endeavour in advancing the research on interpreting quality.

This paper examines a well-known phenomenon which has always aroused not only extensive scholarly interest, but also numerous controversies. Firstly, we discuss how anticipation has been understood and defined by various researchers. Secondly, we present diverse research methods used to investigate anticipation and examples of studies employing these methods. Finally, we focus on our own research project aimed at identifying strategies used by simultaneous interpreters working from English into Polish and from Polish into English. The project involved both product-oriented and process-oriented methods in order to gain insight into two types of anticipation. The questions raised in this part of the paper include the frequency of anticipation in the language combinations under investigation, its effectiveness as well as the influence that may be exerted by directionality.

If we want to empower and re-enchant organization research, we need to do three things. First, we must drop all pretence, however indirect, at emulating the success of the natural sciences in producing cumulative and predictive theory, for their approach simply  does not work in organization research or any of  the social sciences (for the full argument, see Flyvbjerg 2001). Second, we must address problems that matter to groups in the local, national, and global communities in which we live, and we must do it in ways that matter; we must focus on issues of context, values, and power, as advocated by great social scientists from Aristotle and Machiavelli  to Max Weber and Pierre Bourdieu. Finally, we must effectively and dialogically communicate the results of our research to our fellow citizens and carefully listen to their feedback. If we do this – focus on specific values and interests in the context of particular power relations – we may successfully transform organization research into an activity performed in public for organizational publics, sometimes to clarify, sometimes to intervene, sometimes to generate new perspectives, and always to serve as eyes and ears in ongoing efforts to understand the present and to deliberate about the future. We may, in short, arrive at organization research that matters.

According to academics, the interpreting profession has moved on from its traditional impartial black-box role to that of intervention. The first part of this paper will describe what intervention means in practice, and the various levels of intervention open to interpreters. It will be shown through the use of the Logical Levels model how the interpreter's habitus both allows and constrains some levels of intervention according to professional norms and beliefs about interpreter identity. The second part of the paper reports an online survey of some 300 interpreters to gauge their own beliefs about invisibility, intervention and responsibility. The respondents' replies show a clear resistance to anything more than a strategic intervention, following that favoured by the Paris School, and little interest in more ideological or reflexive types of intervention. Finally, it will be suggested that openness to change may well come from those interpreters working in other capacities, rather than from those working within the interpreting habitus itself.

The term strategy is increasingly mentioned in the interpreting literature. Individual strategies have been approached from various perspectives by a number of interpreting research scholars. Those strategies are used by interpreters to cope with cognitive constraints, interpreting mode-specific difficulties, and language- and culture-specific constraints. Given its importance, the author argues to include strategy training in interpreter education based on a synthesis of evidence from the current literature. This article firstly presents a state-of-the-art review of research on the defining features of strategies and their varieties. It then validates the contribution of strategy training to interpreter education in terms of overcoming cognitive constraints, combating interpreting mode-specific constraints, coping with language- and culture-specific constraints, conforming to interpreting norms, revealing problem-solution relations in the interpreting process, highlighting novice-expert differences for pedagogical use, and leading to interpreter competence development. The article also provides a brief demonstration of how to teach strategies to trainees. Hopefully, this article can inspire interpreter trainers to recognize the importance of strategies and include strategy training in their teaching.

This is a study of the verbal communication between humanitarian workers and target
groups when relief operations are delivered across language barriers. Using the literature
available in other sectors, such as the medical sector, and the contribution of practitioners
working in the field, the study develops recommendations for an improvement of message
transmission and communication effectiveness, even in the immediacy of an emergency. First,
the literature review aims at analyzing the issues related to language barriers and the main
features of interpreting as a way to overcome such barriers. Then, it describes the implications
of delivering aid in disaster-hit world areas where uncommon languages are spoken. A casestudy
of the context of the emergency response to the Syrian crisis in Jordan is presented in
detail to identify the specific communication barriers between international humanitarian
organizations and affected population.
The study finds that humanitarian organizations, despite being aware of the importance
of effective communication with target population, they do not necessarily acknowledge the
critical implications of relying on individuals that mediate the communication process as a thirdpart
without having the interpreting skills necessary to carry out quality interpretation. This is
demonstrated through the data collected by the researcher in the field. This study aims at
boosting innovative thinking among humanitarian organizations towards an improved two-way
communication between practitioners and target groups. As a conclusion, specific
recommendations are made to suggest new feasible approaches to improve the quality of
interpreting activities and enhance shared meaning in the humanitarian field.

Vaclav Havel observed that a strong civil society is a crucial condition of strong democracy. Empowering civil society is a central concern for the project of democracy, just as the question of how best to think about such empowerment is important to social and political theory. But what is ‘civil society’? A search for clear definitions in the relevant literature is in vain. Not because the concept lacks definitions; rather the definitions are too multiple and varied to bring clarity. Most writers on civil society agree, however, that civil society has an institutional core constituted by voluntary associations outside the sphere of the state and the economy. Such associations range from, for example, churches, cultural associations, sport clubs and debating societies to independent media, academies, groups of concerned citizens, grass-roots initiatives and organizations of gender, race and sexuality, all the way to occupational associations, political parties and labour unions (Habermas 1992a: 453).

This paper reports the state-of-the-art of sight translation research by presenting a critical evaluation of current literature and outlining possible research needs. It is agreed among the interpreting community that sight translation is an increasingly important form of professional practice, a valuable pedagogical tool, and a necessary component of learner needs. However, it is still an under researched area compared with other modes of interpreting. The unquestionable significance of sight translation, the scant literature, and limitations of past research, point to a lot of possibilities. The definition and variants of sight translation is not yet well clarified. The cognitive features of sight translation remain to be researched. Empirical contributions are in dire need to test the efficiency of sight translation as a predictor of success in aptitude tests, its relationships with consecutive and simultaneous interpreting and translation courses, its pedagogical use in the curriculum, and its teaching methodology and criteria of assessment.

This paper examines conference preparation (CP) as a skill which veteran interpreters learn and perfect over time. It sets CP in the context of processing models and expertise studies, and identifies the centrality of acquiring knowledge to both subject matter and meeting context and dynamics. Components of CP are identified and discussed. A proposal for a short course on CP is outlined and illustrated in the framework of a simulated session based on an actual conference. While a flexible structure is suggested to make the course adaptable to different curricular and student needs, core ideas are discussed on how CP skills can be introduced to students to facilitate their transition to the world of work.

Interpreting quality is conditioned by a myriad of factors, and going back to basics every now and then may help in asking the right questions. Moreover, the advancement of an applied science such as interpreting studies makes it indispensable to stop and check periodically whether the communication between research, training and professional practice is flowing properly.

With this in mind, in the context of the Second International Conference on Interpreting Quality, held in 2011 in Almunecar, Spain, it was decided to open a forum to allow participants to share their ideas with a broader audience. The result is a collection of interesting contributions developed from a variety of methodological perspectives, dealing with topics ranging from interpreter training to professional practice and including both spoken and signed languages.

From the perspective of interpreter training, the papers address topics such as the implementation of interpreting theory, ethics, mindfulness and the importance of visual input for simultaneous interpreting. The contributions related to professional practice focus on aspects like anticipation in simultaneous interpreting, the transfer of specialized knowledge and the constraints imposed by the market, while the assessment of interpreting skills received special attention as a cross-sectional topic. It is the editors� hope that this volume will encourage further investigation in these areas.

This publication was funded by the Government of Andalusia (project ref. P07-HUM-02730). We would like to thank all authors for their contributions and warmly express our gratitude to Angela Collados Ais for her unrelenting endeavour in advancing the research on interpreting quality.

Nawa Journal of Language and Communication
Volume 7.2, December 2013

Years ago it would have been difficult to believe that Afghan, Farsi, Serbo
-
Croatian or Pashto would
be strategic languages
today. History proves that conflicts are breeding grounds for language interpreters, creating ideal conditions for learning, practising and using a language. From the First World War in 1914, to current or recent conflicts in countries such as Afghanistan, Iraq or Libya, we have
witnessed how these tragic situations allow for natives to work in their own minority languages in the heart of the conflict, even though most lack professional training. In any other sphere of professional interpreting activity it would be unacceptable to hire an interpreter with no proper training in linguistics or interpreting techniques. This is not the case in conflict zones, where the law of supply and demand rules. Without conflict interpreters, (invading) armies could be at a disadvantage. So too could international journalists without their language “fixers” or NGOs and peace activists without their language mediators. These language specialists are an integral part of our collective history, yet their existence is unknown to many.

Key words : interpreting, conflict zones, military interpreters,
terps, intercultural communication, international conflict, fixers.

This article provides an answer to what has been called the biggest problem in theorizing and understanding planning: the ambivalence about power found among planning researchers, theorists, and students. The author narrates how he came to work with issues of power and gives an example of how the methodology he developed for power studies—phronetic planning research—may be employed in practice. Phronetic planning research follows the tradition of power studies running from Machiavelli and Nietzsche to Michel Foucault and Pierre Bourdieu. It focuses on four value-rational questions: (1) Where are we going with planning? (2) Who gains and who loses, and by which mechanisms of power? (3) Is this development desirable? (4) What should be done? These questions are exemplified for a specific instance of Scandinavian urban planning. The author finds that the questions, and their answers, make a difference to planning in practice. They make planning research matter.

The translation of written language, the translation of spoken language and interpreting have traditionally been separate fields of education and expertise, and the technologies that emulate and/or support those human activities have been developed and researched using different methodologies and by different groups of researchers. Although recent increase in synergy between these well-established fields has begun to blur the boundaries, this section will adhere to the threefold distinction and begin by giving an overview of key concepts in relation to written-language translation and technology, including computer-assisted translation (CAT) and fully automatic machine translation (MT). This will be followed by an overview of spoken-language translation and technology, which will make a distinction between written translation products (speech-to-text translation, STT) and spoken translation products (speech-to-speech translation, SST). The key concepts of information and communications technology (ICT) supported interpreting, which is currently separate from the technological developments in written-and spoken-language translation, will be outlined in a third section and a fourth will provide an overview of current usages of translation and interpreting technologies.

This special volume Here or There: Research on interpreting via video link aims to bring together a collection of international research on remote interpreting mediated by an audio-video link, covering both spoken language and sign-language interpreting experiences. There is still much to be learnt in the way we define and describe the needs of all stakeholders and how best to use the technology to enable interpreting services to function as intended. Like other areas of study we already see a number of discrepancies when it comes to interpreting by video link and we have yet to reach clear and conclusive answers. This chapter aims to give an overview of the emerging field of remote interpreting by video link and review the empirical research that has come from this sector.

This volume provides a critical examination of quality in the interpreting profession by deconstructing the complex relationship between professional norms and ethical considerations in a variety of sociocultural contexts. Over the past two decades, the profession has compelled scholars and practitioners to take into account numerous factors concerning the provision and fulfilment of interpreting. Building on ideas that began to take shape during an international conference on interpreter-mediated interactions, commemorating Miriam Shlesinger, held in Rome in 2013, the book explores some of these issues by looking at the notion of quality through inter-preters' self-awareness of norms at work across a variety of professional settings, contextualising norms and quality in relation to ethical behaviour in everyday practice. Contributions from top researchers in the field create a comprehensive picture of the dynamic role of the interpreter as it has evolved, with key topics revisited by the addition of new contributions from established scholars in the field, fostering discussion and further reflection on important issues in the field of interpreting. This volume will be key reading for scholars, researchers and graduate students in interpreting and translation studies, pragmatics, discourse analysis and multilingualism.

The Aalborg Project may be interpreted as a metaphor of modern politics, modern administration and planning, and of modernity itself. The basic idea of the project was comprehensive, coherent, and innovative, and it was based on rational and democratic argument. During implementation, however, when idea met reality, the play of Machiavellian princes, Nietzschean will to power, and Foucauldian rationality-as-rationalization resulted in the fragmentation of the project.

This thesis investigates how signed language interpreters in the UK conceptualise power dynamics within their professional practice. By exploring theories of power by Foucault and Bourdieu, drawing on white studies and investigating work in Deaf studies, this thesis explores the power of the societally dominant discourse of deafness as a deficit.

Qualitative data were generated through the collection of reflective journals from ten participants about their perceptions of power dynamics. These were followed up by semistructured debrief interviews. Analysis involved a combination of narrative inquiry and critical discourse techniques.

Analysis reveals that signed language interpreters do describe managing power dynamics, often in favour of the deaf signer. However, an entrenched metaphor of interpreting (the machine or conduit model) interferes with described attempts to address unequal power dynamics. Furthermore, when a deaf signer is perceived as having intersecting characteristics that could potentially increase their marginalisation in society, the signed language interpreters were even more likely to describe attempting to address power inequalities.

This research contributes to theory and professional practice by introducing the concept of emancipatory interpreting, which is a framework for thinking about the management of power dynamics when working with a client who is in an oppressed minority group.

Il testo integra e completa il precedente manuale dedicato all'avviamento alla consecutiva. È rivolto a studenti o interpreti novizi che abbiano conoscenze pregresse di consecutiva ed è pensato specificamente per la coppia di lingue inglese – italiano. Oltre a trattare importanti aspetti teorici, il testo si arricchisce di materiale per l'esercizio e suggerisce spunti per ulteriori approfondimenti e riflessioni.

This article describes a new model of interpreted interactions that will help students as well as experienced practitioners define and delineate the decisions that they make. By understanding the dimensions that comprise the concept we call 'role space', interpreters can more effectively allow participants to have successful communicative interactions.

The full version of the model is outlined in the book: https://www.academia.edu/8415077/Redefining_the_Role_of_the_Community_Interpreter_The_Concept_of_Role-space

Given that the study of interpreting can be considered as an applied linguistic activity, this paper details a small-scale study which investigated 56 Australian Sign Language (Auslan)/ English interpreters' perceptions of their bilingual status and compared these to their preferences for working into Auslan or English. The impetus for the study came from discussions with interpreter educators, researchers and practitioners in which it was asked 'how bilingual' an interpreter must be in order to interpret effectively. Interpreters are assumed to have a high level of proficiency in both their languages and traditionally interpret into their dominant language. An email survey that questioned interpreters' perceptions about bilingualism in general, their own bilingualism and their preferred language direction was administered to accredited Auslan/ English interpreters in Australia. The results showed that for many of the interpreters, perceived bilingual status and preferred language direction when interpreting contravened established practice, preferring to interpret into their non-dominant language. The findings are discussed in relation to implications for the education and practice of signed and spoken language interpreters worldwide, and highlight the need for further study of the nexus between bilingualism and interpreting.

Duygu ÇURUM tarafından hazırlanan -Effect of Imagery Mnemonic Method of Loci in Consecutive Interpreter Training‖ baĢlıklı bu çalıĢma, 15.06.2010 tarihinde yapılan savunma sınavı sonucunda baĢarılı bulunarak jürimiz tarafından Yüksek Lisans Tezi olarak kabul edilmiĢtir. Prof. Dr. Ayfer ALTAY (BaĢkan) Prof. Dr. Berrin AKSOY (Üye) Doç. Dr. Aymil DOĞAN (DanıĢman) Doç. Dr. IĢıl ÖZYILDIRIM (Üye) Yrd. Doç. Dr. Elif ERSÖZLÜ (Üye) Yukarıdaki imzaların adı geçen öğretim üyelerine ait olduğunu onaylarım. Prof. Dr. Ġrfan ÇAKIN Enstitü Müdürü BİLDİRİM Hazırladığım tezin/raporun tamamen kendi çalıĢmam olduğunu ve her alıntıya kaynak gösterdiğimi taahhüt eder, tezimin/raporumun kağıt ve elektronik kopyalarının Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü arĢivlerinde aĢağıda belirttiğim koĢullarda saklanmasına izin verdiğimi onaylarım:  Tezimin/Raporumun tamamı her yerden eriĢime açılabilir.  Tezim/Raporum sadece Hacettepe Üniversitesi yerleĢkelerinden eriĢime açılabilir.  Tezimin/Raporumun …… yıl süreyle eriĢime açılmasını istemiyorum. Bu sürenin sonunda uzatma için baĢvuruda bulunmadığım takdirde, tezimin/raporumun tamamı her yerden eriĢime açılabilir. 15.06.2010 Duygu ÇURUM t. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis is the result of a very comprehensive and vigilant study, lasting more than two academic years. Even though the process was very challenging and exhausting, it turned out to be very fruitful and I have improved my knowledge in scientific research thanks to this study. I am deeply indebted to my supervisor, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Aymil DOĞAN, for her invaluable advice and effort for guiding me in this process. I am also indebted to the distinguished professors of my Department, from whom I have learned so much. I would like to thank Prof. Dr. Ayfer ALTAY and Assoc. Prof. Dr. Asalet ERTEN for their scholarly advice. I would like to thank Asst. Prof. Dr. Elif ERSÖZLÜ, for her compassion and care whenever I needed her helping hand. I would like to thank Asst. Prof. Dr. Orhun YAKIN, for sharing the nice tunes of the greatest musicians in his iPod. I am also thankful to the invaluable academic staff of the French Division; Asst. Prof. Dr. Sezai ARUSOĞLU, Ass Prof. Dr. A. Zeynep ALP and Dr. Alparslan YASA. I would also like to express my heartfelt gratitude to the invaluable lecturer, Celal POSTACI, for supporting me in my scholarly attempts for the past five years. I am indebted to him. My colleagues and friends offered me their help without a second thought during my study. I am so indebted to my office mate Sezen ERGĠN ZENGĠN for being my accomplice in turning our office into a nice and warm café, my simultaneous interpreting boothmate and consecutive interpreting -rostrum-mate‖ Alper KUMCU, my distinguished instructor and friend Dr. Sinem BOZKURT, the wonderful repatriate Özlem DEMĠRCĠ and the vitals of TermTurk Cihan ALAN. I'd like to thank Fazile EREN KAYA for being such a good and giving friend. Last but not least, I would like to express my profound and heartfelt gratitude to my parents, AyĢe and Kemal ÇURUM for making sacrifices all through their lives just to make me happy and to help me succeed in any initiative I have iv undertaken, to my brother Cenk ÇURUM, for sharing the funny moments of life and supporting me in his own way, and to my future husband Lutfullah DUMAN, for being my inspiration and cheering me up from miles away with his sincere support. They are the four pillars of my life and it is as plain as day for me that none of these would be accomplished without them. I feel priviledged for having them as family. This thesis is dedicated to these four invaluable persons. v ÖZET ÇURUM, Duygu. Bellek Destekleyici İmge Yerleştirme Yönteminin Ardıl Çeviri Eğitiminde Etkisi, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara, 2010. Bu çalıĢmanın amacı, sözlü çeviri eğitim sürecinde bellek desteleyici imge YerleĢtirme Yönteminin öğrencilerin ardıl çeviri performansları üzerindeki etkisini araĢtırmaktır. Hatırlanması gereken bilginin kodlanması ve düzenlenmesi için kullanılan bir bellek destekleyici olan bu yöntem, sözlü çeviride konuĢmacının söyleminin içeriğini oluĢturan bilgilerin aktarılmak üzere bellekte tutulması ve sözleri bittiği anda bellekten geri çağırılmasına yönelik olarak kullanılmıĢtır. Bu amaçla, 2009-2010 Güz yarıyılında Hacettepe Üniversitesi Mütercim-Tercümanlık Bölümü, 3. sınıf öğrencileri arasından rastgele seçilen bir örneklem grubunun hatırlama ve ardıl çeviri performanslarının ölçülmesine yönelik bir deney tasarlanmıĢtır. Kullanılan konuĢma metinleri, imge oluĢturma kapasitelerine göre, imge oluĢturma gücü yüksek ve imge oluĢturma gücü düĢük olmak üzere iki gruba ayrılmıĢtır. YerleĢtirme Yöntemi odaklı bir eğitim alan deney grubu ve geleneksel eğitim programına devam eden kontrol grubundan oluĢan iki grup üzerinde öntestsontest deseni uygulanmıĢtır. Hatırlamak için yalnızca kendi biliĢsel kaynaklarını kullanmalarını sağlayabilmek amacıyla, deneklerin hiçbirine bellek destekleyici bir yöntem olarak not alma izni verilmemiĢtir. Her iki grubun öntestlerde, ilerlemelerini takip etme amacıyla yapılan izleme testlerinde ve sontestlerde aldıkları puanlar istatistiksel yollarla analiz edilmiĢtir. AraĢtırmanın sonuçları, imge oluĢturma gücü düĢük metinlerin hatırlanması için YerleĢtirme Yöntemini kullanan deneklerin ardıl çeviri performansında, kontrol grubuna oranla anlamlı fark olduğunu göstermiĢtir. Ġmge oluĢturma gücü yüksek metinlerde ise YerleĢtirme Yönteminin geleneksel eğitim yöntemi ile aynı etkiye vi sahip olduğu tespit edilmiĢtir. Bu çalıĢma, YerleĢtirme Yönteminin sözlü çeviri öğrencilerinin bellekte tutma ve geri çağırma performansını geliĢtirme açısından etkili bir bellek destekleyici olduğunu ortaya çıkarmıĢtır. Anahtar Sözcükler: bellek destekleyici imgelem, YerleĢtirme Yöntemi, bellek destekleyici imge YerleĢtirme Yöntemi, ardıl çeviri, ardıl çeviri eğitimi, imge oluĢturma gücü düĢük, imge oluĢturma gücü yüksek.

This paper proposes that variance in interpreter performance is dependent on factors of both general cognitive ability and personality. Whilst there is no doubt of the interplay between individual personality traits and job performance across many occupations, the greatest interest lies in determining which traits play the most important role; and to what extent these variables impact on learning and achievement. The paper reports on a study of 110 accredited signed language interpreters in Australia. Psychological constructs of self-efficacy, goal orientation and negative affectivity were measured, as were interpreter ratings of self-perceived competence as practitioners. The most significant finding revealed the dimension of emotional stability (represented on the negative end of the continuum by traits of anxiety and neuroticism, and measured in this study by the negative affectivity scale) as a predictor of interpreter's self-perceived competence. Based on these findings, recommendations for admission testing and interpreter education curricula are discussed.

This paper reports on findings from an international survey of sign language interpreters who have experience of working remotely via video link, either in a video relay service or as a video remote interpreter. The objective of the study was to identify the common issues that confront interpreters when working in these remote environments and ascertain what aspects of interpreting remotely via a video link are working successfully. The international reach of this survey demonstrates how working remotely via video link can be an integral part of bringing about social equality for deaf sign language users; yet according to interpreters who work in these services, ineffective video interpreting policies, poor public awareness and lack of training are identified as areas needing improvement.

For over fifty years, successive waves of critique have underscored that the apolitical character of much of Political Science research betrays the founding mission of the discipline to have science serve democracy. The Caucus for a New Political Science was originally based on such a critique, and the Perestroika movement in the discipline included a call for more problem-driven as opposed to theory- or method-driven work that would better connect Political Science research to ongoing political struggles. In recent years, movements for a public Sociology and public Anthropology as well as dissonant movements in Economics and related fields have added to the insistence that social science research was too often disconnected from the real world. Phronetic Social Science has emerged out of the ferment for change in the social sciences, starting with the much-debated book by Bent Flyvbjerg, Making Social Science Matter (Cambridge 2001). Flyvbjerg critiqued the social sciences for mimicking the natural sciences while proposing an alternative approach that focuses research on helping people address the problems they are facing in the context they are facing them. Today, Phronetic Social Science goes beyond the call for an alternative approach to social inquiry and its growing adherents are providing evidence that this alternative approach to doing research can enrich the social sciences by more effectively connecting research to efforts to address real world problems as people experience them. This essay provides a genealogy of efforts to connect Political Science to politics, a review of the major critiques of mainstream research, an explication of the rationale for more problem-driven, mixed methods research, a specification of the key principles of the phronetic approach, and examples of its application in the public realm. The essay concludes with implications for realizing a more political Political Science by way of taking a phronetic approach.

An interaction between a mental health professional and a person with a mental illness is in many ways different from an interaction between a general healthcare professional and a person with a physical condition. In a mental health interaction, elicitation and demonstration of symptoms, monitored testing, initial diagnosis, therapy, recovery and/or management of symptoms all occur via interactions where the ability to openly communicate, to build rapport and to gain the trust and confidence are critical. Where the mental health professional and the person with a mental illness do not have a common language, the work of the interpreter in building this relationship is critical. The mental health interpreter's renditions therefore play a key role in the work of the mental health professional, as s/he is reliant on these to work effectively with the patient.

The guidelines in this document provide the following: definitions of key terms, protocols, a discussion of ethical considerations, self-care in mental interpreting, content knowledge, and patients’ rights and legal terms. Information on medico-legal tribunals and legislation is also provided. These guidelines are intended to assist interpreters so that they can work optimally in mental health interactions with both mental health professional and patient.

Phronetic organizational research is an approach to the study of management and organizations focusing on ethics and power. It is based on a contemporary interpretation of the Aristotelian concept phronesis, usually as ‘prudence’. Phronesis is the ability to think and act in relation to values, to deliberate about ‘things that are good or bad for humans’ in the words of Aristotle (1976:1140a24–b12). Phronetic organizational research effectively provides answers to the following four value-rational questions, for specific problematics in management and organization studies: 1. Where are we going with this specific management problematic? 2. Who gains and who loses, and by which mechanisms of power? 3. Is this development desirable? 4. What, if anything, should we do about it?