Livestock Marketing

Traceability in food supply chains has many potential benefits, including increased food safety, more efficient supply chain management, and greater opportunities for providing value-added products to consumers. In the case of livestock, traceability can provide enhanced disease prevention and mitigation. For these reasons and more, many major beef producing countries have implemented beef traceability systems. Of these, some are mandatory (such as European Union, Canada, Mexico, and Japan) while other countries such as the U.S. have encouraged voluntary systems. Especially where traceability systems are voluntary, in order for a large number of producers to participate in a whole-chain traceability system, they must believe that the benefits outweigh the costs. In this study, we estimate the benefits relative to the costs of implementing a wholechain-traceability-system (WCTS) in a supply chain composed of three stages: cow-calf producer, feedlot, slaughter/packing plant, by selecting genetics that produce beef that is more tender than average. As a first step in estimating benefits of WCTS, separate from effects of market linkages between stages of supply chain, we provide upper-bound estimates by assuming a vertically-integrated company. Profits in two scenarios are estimated and compared. In Scenario I, the enterprise uses artificial insemination to select favorable genes, implements a WCTS to track and trace genetically-improved animals, and tests for beef tenderness. In Scenario II, the enterprise chooses not to use artificial insemination or WCTS, so there is no improvement in the distribution of genotypes. Results show that revenue could increase by $58.53/head, compared to additional costs of $5/head for implementing WCTS and $16/head extra cost for using artificial insemination for improving beef tenderness, and costs of testing for beef tenderness. If tenderness testing costs less than $37.53/head, or if other benefits of implementing WCTS can be realized, there is incentive for such a company to implement WCTS for the purpose of improving beef tenderness.

Four Alpine does were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design to determine the effects of feeding canola oil at four levels: 0, 2, 4 and 6% on milk fatty acid profile. The sum of C12:0 + C14:0 + C16:0 (hypercholesterolemic fatty acids) decreased linearly and C18:0 + C18:1: C16:0 (indicator of cholesterolemic tendency of fat source) increased linearly (P < 0.01) with increased canola oil intake. Key words: Goat, milk, fatty acids, canola oil

Esta tesis no sería posible sin el apoyo de muchas personas, quienes de innumerables maneras han impulsado este gran proyecto desde sus inicios. De ellos me llevo mucho conocimiento y lecciones de vida. A la Dra. Margalida Joy Torrens y Dra. Begoña Panea Doblado directoras de esta tesis, que con su inestimable ayuda, asesoramiento científico, dedicación y constante apoyo,

This paper assessed the profitability of small-scale sheep marketing in Gombe Metropolis. Four sheep markets were purposively selected for their popularity in small ruminants marketing. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to select 91 sheep marketers these markets. Data were collected using structured questionnaire and were analysed using descriptive statistics, farm budget and maximisation of consumer satisfaction models. The result revealed that purchasing cost for ram and ewe constituted 92.59% and 91.50% of the total marketing costs respectively. The result further revealed the average net income of ₦4,922.46 ($13.72) per head of animal was realised. The gross and operating ratios for the respective animals were < 1; meaning that the business was profitable. Also, the returns per naira invested for ram and ewe were ₦0.17 ($0.00048) and ₦0.18 ($0.0005) respectively. The marketing coefficient (134.80%) of Tike-babba market, revealed to be most efficient. Inadequate capital was critical; this was attributed to insufficient sources of credits. However, improvement in the existing infrastructural facilities will help promote expansion of the present scale of the enterprise operations. Governments and other financial institutions should also do more to extend funds in the form of soft loans to the marketers, so as to improve efficiency.

A hedonic model of feeder and replacement cattle prices in Uruguay was specified to include both permanent agroecological factors (soil productivity and water holding capacity [WHC]) and nonpermanent factors (season, available soil moisture, and pasture conditions) as explanatory variables. Results indicate that predominant agroecological endowments (soil characteristics, water availability, and average seasonal climatic conditions) determine geographic price patterns for cattle produced under extensive production systems. In addition, weather variability and especially extreme events have an important impact on short-run cattle markets. As pasture conditions improve or precipitation increases (e.g., both soil moisture and surface runoff), livestock prices tend to fall, ceteris paribus. A cattle price gap between different regions of Uruguay based on permanent resource endowments (e.g., soil productivity and WHC) and temporary agroecological conditions exists and is illustrated using a series of iso-pricemaps. The hedonic price model also included various cattle characteristics and marketing conditions as explanatory variables. Grass-fed cattle in Uruguay are not a homogeneous commodity; video auction prices incorporate information about a range of agroecological factors that influence cattle production, marketing patterns, as well as perceived and actual cattle quality and performance.

Objective 1 -producing, using and disseminating timely and quality performance information Objective 2 -more efficient, transparent and accountable use of the Borrower's public budget funds The outcome indicators and targets-all of which were qualitative-were revised twice, at restructurings in 2015 and 2018. Two of the original five outcome indicators were dropped at the 2015 restructuring, and the other three were made less specific and ambitious at the 2015 restructuring and then sharpened at the 2018 restructuring. As none of the three outcome targets in effect as of the final (2018) restructuring were fully met, this Review will not conduct a split rating and will assess achievement based on the 2018 targets. b. Were the project objectives/key associated outcome targets revised during implementation? Yes Did the Board approve the revised objectives/key associated outcome targets? Yes

One alternative to a traditional cow-calf-yearling operation is a stocker operation, where weaned calves are purchased, and grazed as yearlings, before being marketed to a feedlot. Potential reasons to switch from cow-calf-yearlings to stockers-only might include a desire to avoid winter feeding, eliminate calving, adapt more quickly to forage availability, or reduce disease-risks associated with breeding cattle without exiting the livestock industry entirely.

Cow/calf producers operating in the Dakotas were surveyed on their price discovery strategies, marketing channel preferences, and their perceptions of how regime change in the public price reporting system for fed cattle affected the beef industry in general and the cow/calf industry in particular. Survey results indicate cow/calf producers consider local institutions (auction barns etc.) to be more reliable for price discovery and marketing their feeder and stocker cattle than regional or national institutions (futures market etc.). Consistent with this view, producers perceive that the current public price reporting system is less reliable than local market sources when making individual marketing decisions. However, Dakota cow/calf producers perceive livestock mandatory price reporting as benefiting the beef industry in general.

Cross-border trade (CBT) has existed for centuries and plays an important economic, political, and social role for pastoralists, and it serves as a source of employment for most population in most African countries. The CBT has strong historical ties between Ethiopia and its neighboring countries that offer significant opportunities for economic development. The CBT contains formal CBT and informal cross-border trade (ICBT). The ICBT's contribution is estimated at 43% of the official GDP, over half of the population employment, and providing income to 43% of Africans in border areas. The formal livestock and its product export accounted for few percent of the total export compared with other agricultural output: coffee, Chat, oil crops, and pules in 2021/22, however ICBT for livestock takes place that not included in the national account, and different studies have been done on livestock ICBT so far, but most of them are not comprehensive, concentrate on specific border regions, and have limited outlook research. The purpose of the study was to examine the state and prospects of Ethiopia's livestock ICBT. The study made a literature review, used data from National Bank of Ethiopia, Ethiopian Custom Commission, and Eastern African Quarterly Bulletin, and made FGDs, KIIs. The Naive, Linear Trend, and Simple Moving Average methods are used for quantitative analysis. The best model selected using MAD, MSE, and MAPE smallest error values. The study found formal live animal export showed a decreasing trend, while ICBT took place in border areas. The ECC seized 28,410 livestock and 455 donkeys attempted to smuggle to neighboring countries; Somalia was the highest expected livestock destination. The seized livestock decreased due to traders' different strategies led to cross more animals. Ethiopia's informal livestock exports accounted for 86% of the East African regions to Middle Eastern countries through Somalia; therefore, the ICBT is heavily concentrated during the annual Ramadan and Hajj seasons; therefore, ICBT integrated with Somalia ICBT and formal Saudi Arabia markets. If the Government does not take any action, the formal live animal export will never increase until 2026/27, and held livestock will reduce in ICBT for the coming five years. The ICBT for livestock to Somalia will continue and follow seasonal variations for Ramadan and Haj festivities. Therefore, policymakers should formalize ICBT by easing the formal marketing system, establishing alternative markets and facilities, revising policies, automating border trade systems, community sensitization campaigns, etc. may be the solution.