Roman citizenship

The estimates of the number of Romans, Latins, and Allies are based on accepted ratios from the ancient sources; and use the number of Roman adult males per the censuses as the starting point that of 115 BC. Th result establishes that in 115 BC Romans, Latins and Allies are at the lowest estimate, 3.086 million, approximately 76% of the total of citizens reported in 28 4.063. All other estimates from other categories -proletarii, manumitted persons, and the inhabitants of Cisalpine Gaul— are 27% and for lack of evidence, guesses. This means the three guessed categories number 975k, which is absurd if it is claimed the Augustan census reports Romans of all ages and both sexes with no undercounts for 28. This fact alone -976k - demonstrates that the Augustan figure cannot represent the entire citizen body. It is partial. The addition of a minimal 10% undercount to each does not alter the conclusion, neither do the additions of 400k proletarians and manumitted and descendants to 115, 3.794 million plus 1.4-5 million natives of Cisalpine Gaul, total rounded 5.2-3 million. This is the lowest count. With guesses for enslaved and peregrini the mainland population could have been as high as 6.3-6.4 million. The study suggests 5.8 million – all categories and 1.1 million enslaved and manumitted the total 6.9 million fully. 5.8 million is 1.3 million greater than the 4.47 million of 28 including a 10% undercount. To get 5.8 million into 4.47 million means a 30% decline: therefore, the latter is partial. One third of the population increase in the second century comes from the vast increase in the number of slaves. The estimated number of Romans in 28, is 7-1-7.5 million from natural increase and manumitted not including the attributi in Cisalpine Gaul. The census of 28 is an undercount, is not a complete report but a document which reports a select class for tax, voting and military purposes as was done in previous censuses. The 10-fold difference between 395k roman citizens (adults males) and 4.063 is not a mystery or an illusion: it reported adults as part of an assessment of resources as Octavian was reforming stabilizing the State and setting up a standing army for the first time. The uncertain categories therefore do not introduce fragility into the model; they only widen the gap and strengthen the conclusion that 28 is partial 57% the actual number or Romans. In 47 AD the number of citizens is 10-10.5 million – 6 million (rounded) as 60-635 adults.

According to Livy, one of the laws attributed to the consuls L. Valerius and M. Horatius, in
449 B.C., establishes a religious guarantee to the tribuni, aediles, iudices and decemuiri. This paper aims at an interpretation of the law from a perspective outside the conflict of the orders. The mention of the decemuiri, who are none other than the members of the legislative decemvirate, is an interpolation justified by the coherence of the account. As for the iudices, these were the consuls, who were also given this title. Finally, the aediles are mentioned as magistrates of the Republic, not of the plebs

The term cosmopolitanism refers to the ideology that all human beings are part of a large single human community despite their varied political, cultural and ethnic background and they owe their ultimate loyalty to this global human community. Human beings can coordinate and live together adequately with certain shared basic value system. Cosmopolitanism proposes a unity in diversity and puts forward an open minded and all-embracing way of living in the world. As a concept it incorporates a variety of outlooks in social, political, moral philosophy, culture and is extensively discussed among theorists and philosophers in diverse discourses of sociology, philosophy, economy, polity international relations and literature. Cosmopolitanism is a multidimensional phenomenon, therefore there is no unified and singularly accepted definition of the term.

This chapter describes the how various intellectuals active in the Second Sophistic conceived of the unity of the human community, a problem with philosophical, social, political, and, perhaps most importantly, ethnic implications. Intellectuals of the period inherited a rich conceptual vocabulary with which to think about human unity; ironically, fth-and fourth-century Athenian rejections of aristocratic privilege provided a means for later intellectuals to debunk the importance of ethnic birth. As well, the Hellenistic Stoic idea of oikeiôsis is developed by intellectuals of the Second Sophistic as the basis of a philosophically oriented cosmopolitanism. The chapter discusses late Stoic cosmopolitan thought and rhetorical constructions of the Roman oikoumenê (inhabited world) as a single polis, and then turns to the gure of the exile as peculiarly suited to inhabit the world as if it were a single city.

The graffiti found during the 2023 and 2024 excavations, and published here, place Sicily squarely in the Roman political debate of the first half of the 1st century BC. The name of Lucius Cornelius Sulla appears two times, a sign of the interest that visitors to the III M House had in the political events of the time and the figure of the dicta; the mention of the cognomen Felix, obtained after his appointment as dictator, allows us to date the wall inscriptions of 2024 to 81 BC or the years immediately following.

I graffiti ritrovati nel corso delle campagne di scavo 2023 e 2024, pubblicati in questa sede, inseriscono pienamente la Sicilia nel dibattito politico romano della prima metà del I sec. a.C. Il nome di Lucio Cornelio Silla vi ricorre due volte, segno dell’interesse mostrato dai frequentatori della Casa III M per le vicende politiche del tempo e per la figura del dittatore; la menzione del cognomen Felix, ottenuto dopo la nomina a dittatore, consente di datare le iscrizioni parietali del 2024 all’81 a.C. o agli anni immediatamente successivi.

Scholarly consensus has long held that Acts was intended as some sort of Christian apology to the ruling authorities, serving to allay the fears of the imperial forces and their collaborators that the followers of Jesus posed no political threat. This scholarly edifice has been eroded somewhat, among others by the position that the source and direction of the apology were the reverse of the consensus position -a promotion of the imperial regime among followers of Jesus. Given these and other understandings of the imperial setting portrayed in Acts, the relationship between Acts and Empire clearly remains an unfinished and important discussion. Such interpretative positions regarding the relationship between Acts and Empire are briefly reviewed amidst first-century conceptions and positions of power, before highlighting a number of instances in Acts where this relationship comes to a head, suggesting also four possible avenues for further investigation.

Scholarly consensus has long held that Acts was intended as some sort of Christian apology to the ruling authorities, serving to allay the fears of the imperial forces and their collaborators that the followers of Jesus posed no political threat. This scholarly edifice has been eroded somewhat, among others by the position that the source and direction of the apology were the reverse of the consensus position -a promotion of the imperial regime among followers of Jesus. Given these and other understandings of the imperial setting portrayed in Acts, the relationship between Acts and Empire clearly remains an unfinished and important discussion. Such interpretative positions regarding the relationship between Acts and Empire are briefly reviewed amidst first-century conceptions and positions of power, before highlighting a number of instances in Acts where this relationship comes to a head, suggesting also four possible avenues for further investigation.

Scholarly consensus has long held that Acts was intended as some sort of Christian apology to the ruling authorities, serving to allay the fears of the imperial forces and their collaborators that the followers of Jesus posed no political threat. This scholarly edifice has been eroded somewhat, among others by the position that the source and direction of the apology were the reverse of the consensus position -a promotion of the imperial regime among followers of Jesus. Given these and other understandings of the imperial setting portrayed in Acts, the relationship between Acts and Empire clearly remains an unfinished and important discussion. Such interpretative positions regarding the relationship between Acts and Empire are briefly reviewed amidst first-century conceptions and positions of power, before highlighting a number of instances in Acts where this relationship comes to a head, suggesting also four possible avenues for further investigation.

Acts 17:1–9 presents a narrative of the consequences of Paul’s engagements in Thessalonica’s synagogue. Following Paul and Silas’ reported successful 3-week mission, some Jews hauled Paul and Silas’ host, Jason, and a number of Jesus followers before the authorities. The threefold accusation was that Paul and Silas turned the world upside down, acted against Caesar’s decrees and claimed another king, Jesus. This incident is investigated from the perspective of Acts’ presentation of competing missions, in the context of the intersectionality of religion and politics in the 1st century CE. The article challenges a narrow theological interpretation of Acts 17, insisting on the need for and value of a socio-political interpretive lens to make sense of the rhetoric of this chapter. Intradisciplinary and/or interdisciplinary implications: The article challenges a narrow theological interpretation of Acts 17, insisting on the need for and value of a socio-political interpretive lens to mak...

Scholarly consensus has long held that Acts was intended as some sort of Christian apology to the ruling authorities, serving to allay the fears of the imperial forces and their collaborators that the followers of Jesus posed no political threat. This scholarly edifice has been eroded somewhat, among others by the position that the source and direction of the apology were the reverse of the consensus position – a promotion of the imperial regime among followers of Jesus. Given these and other understandings of the imperial setting portrayed in Acts, the relationship between Acts and Empire clearly remains an unfinished and important discussion. Such interpretative positions regarding the relationship between Acts and Empire are briefly reviewed amidst first-century conceptions and positions of power, before highlighting a number of instances in Acts where this relationship comes to a head, suggesting also four possible avenues for further investigation.

El gobierno de C. Verres en Sicilia (73-71 a.C.), según el testimonio de Cicerón en In Verrem, representa un caso extremo de abuso del poder romano en el ámbito provincial. Este ejercicio del imperium se habría caracterizado por una violencia institucional sistemática, ejercida sin distinción de estatus jurídico sobre comunidades e individuos, vulnerando los derechos personales y procesales tanto de peregrinos como de ciudadanos romanos. Este estudio propone una reevaluación histórica de dicha violencia, contextualizándola en el marco de la crisis institucional que atravesaba la República romana en la década de los 70 a.C., marcada por una intensa conflictividad sociopolítica y militar en Italia y algunas provincias. Se analiza, en particular, la situación cívica de las poblaciones de Sicilia tras la aprobación de la lex Iulia de civitate y la lex Plautia Papiria (90-89 a.C.), así como el impacto en la isla del bellum sociale, el bellum civile, el bellum Spartacium y la piratería. El objetivo es establecer premisas iniciales que permitan una relectura del gobierno de Verres, desligada de las estrategias discursivas y recursos retóricos de Cicerón, y enfocada en comprender su actuación dentro de una aplicación estricta del imperium militiae en un contexto de extremo peligro para la República romana.

The stormy period that characterised the years between the first consulate of Caesar and the Principate of Augustus caused profound changes to the political-administrative structure of the Sicilian cities and to their leading elites.
Through the analysis of three case studies (Lipara, Centuripae and Tauromenium), the aim of my contribution is to show that, with regard to the ruling elite, the new Augustan assets were only partially new.

La présente révision met à disposition en libre accès une édition complétée et revue de l'édition initiale du Code de droit agraire romain de 2022. Cette édition 2026 comprend l'intégralité de la version de 2022 et des ajouts.
Pour citer cet ouvrage Gérard Chouquer, Code de droit agraire romain, Référents antiques pour le pluralisme et les anciens régimes fonciers, édition révisée, AFAG, Paris 2026, 974 p

Abstract : Within the comparative geographical framework outlined by the conference, this study focuses on the prouincia of Lusitania, established during the Principate of Augustus. Based on an analysis of the earliest Latin inscriptions from this transitional period, the aim is to understand the impact of epigraphic practices on the daily life of this newly established province. Examining these early inscriptions will allow for an exploration of public inscriptions, particularly those related to the monumentalization of the ciuitates, urban development, or commemorations, as well as the organization of rural territory. Additionaly, private contexts, such as funerary texts, will also be considered. This comprehensive overview will help characterize the emerging epigraphic landscape of Roman Lusitania.

Resumen: Dentro del ámbito geográfico comparativo propuesto por el congreso, el presente estudio se centra en la prouincia de Lusitania establecida durante el Principado de Augusto. Basándose en el análisis de las primeras inscripciones latinas de este periodo de transición tan importante, el objetivo es comprender el impacto de la práctica epigráfica en el día a día de la joven provincia. El estudio de estos inicios proporcionará la oportunidad de abordar sucesivamente las inscripciones públicas, especialmente aquellas relacionadas con la monumentalización de las ciuitates y la actividad edilicia o los homenajes, así como la organización de sus territorios en el entorno rural, además de los epígrafes que se generalizan en un contexto privado como los textos funerarios. Este panorama permitirá caracterizar el incipiente paisaje epigráfico de la Lusitania romana.

The phenomenon of multiple citizenship, i . e . the practice of accumulating citizenships of different poleis in addition to native citizenship, was not foreign to the classical and Hellenistic world . Important studies have shown that it became particularly widespread in the Late Hellenistic and Imperial period, when it assumed the traits of a mark of prestige for the Greek elites at a regional level, beyond the local dimension of the polis . 1 This phenomenon has been well explored based on epigraphic evidence, while less attention has been paid to its attestations in literary texts . An important exception to this is found in the works on Dio Chrysostom's life and political experience by Christopher P . Jones and, from a different perspective, Paolo Desideri . 2 There are good reasons for this: Dio was not only a multifaceted rhetor and a skilled politician, but he was also a citizen of several poleis in Bithynia, as well as a Roman citizen . His case is perhaps unique in providing insights to many aspects of the phenomenon of multiple citizenship, including its 'joys and sorrows', to quote Christopher P . Jones . 3 1 The contributors to Heller and Pont 2012 provide an in depth-discussion of selected source material; for an overview of the problem and methodological remarks on some case studies, see also Cecchet 2023 . For a discussion of multiple citizenship in the Hellenistic period, see also Müller 2015 . 2 Jones 2012; Desideri 1978 and 2019 . Desideri 1978: 410-422 does not discuss the question of multiple citizenship, but rather the notion of a regional or provincial Bithynian citizenship in Dio's speeches . 3 Jones 2012, citation from the title . * This paper results from my research project on Multiple Citizenship in Roman Asia Minor (DFG, Project nr . 430584072), for which I was awarded an Individual Fellowship of the DFG-Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft at the University of Zurich . Research continued as part of the project Citizenship and Identity in Post-Classical Asia Minor (PSR-Linea 4) at the University of Milan . I owe my deepest gratitude to my colleagues in Mainz, Zurich and Milan for useful discussions and advice .

In Cicero's In Verrem, a plea is made to respect the legal rights of a Roman citizen: Civis Romanus Sum (literally ""I am a Roman citizen"). This declaration signalled that a Roman citizen travelling across the Roman empire would be free from molestation. Why? Because the consequence of molesting him would be the full force of Roman military might brought to bear on the person, tribe or army that dared harm or kill the Roman. (Imagine being captured, tortured and crucified by the Roman army because you treated a Roman citizen poorly.

En este trabajo analizamos los cambios jurídicos y sociales generados por la colonización cesariana en la Hispania Ulterior tomando como referencia la documentación literaria y epigráfica. La batalla de Munda y el final de la guerra civil marcaron el inicio de un nuevo tiempo histórico en esta provincia. Tras su victoria, César implementó un amplio programa de colonización que transformó por completo el panorama territorial y social del sur hispano. Este proceso implicó la conversión de diversas comunidades indígenas, hasta entonces peregrinas, en colonias romanas, lo que conllevó la imposición del derecho romano y la extensión de la ciudadanía. Esta colonización, concebida como el medio de resolver las tensiones sociales que padecía la República, supuso la instalación en la Ulterior de numerosos veteranos y emigrantes de origen itálico. Se generó con ello una nueva sociedad provincial encabezada por una élite plenamente identificada con los valores romanos. La colonización afectó también a la población indígena, que en su mayoría quedó marginada en el seno de las nuevas colonias. La creación de esta red de ciudades reorganizó la provincia a nivel territorial y supuso un gran impulso a la romanización jurídica, consolidando la ciudadanía romana y debilitando definitivamente las identidades indígenas.

About fifteen Latin texts from Late Antique Egypt are examined, all in letterform, produced or copied within provincial bureaus. They are put in context within the frame of late Latin epistolography, and the insurgence of Asianism in Latin literature and chancery style. Mistakes in orthography, morphology and syntax, suggest that the scribes, partially literate in Latin, could count on companions and grammar-books to alter, most of the times mistakenly, the stock documents they had when they needed to produce a new text.

Vengono esaminati una quindicina di testi latini su papiro dall’Egitto tardoantico, in forma epistolare e di natura ‘ufficiale’, prodotti nelle cancellerie imperiali e provinciali. Essi mostrano uno stile analogo a quello della coeva epistolografia greco-latina - sintassi bombastica, astratti di etichetta. Contengono inoltre una una serie di errori ortografici, morfologici e sintattici che possono essere spiegati solamente con l’intervento testuale (spesso a sproposito) degli scribi, che potevano avvalersi di manuali e libri di grammatica, sui modelli epistolari che avevano a disposizione.

Résumé. – Une nouvelle ville romaine a été récemment découverte en Aragon, à El Forau de la Tuta, Artieda, province de Saragosse. Des investigations conduites par une équipe hispano-française y ont
mis au jour des vestiges monumentaux de l’époque impériale, ainsi que des épitaphes latines dont l’étude constitue l’objet principal de ce travail. L’onomastique des personnes citées, en grande partie aquitano-vascone, permet d’affirmer que la population préromaine de la cité parlait cette langue. Les auteurs ont aussi recherché dans toutes les sources antiques et médiévales disponibles d’éventuelles indications sur le nom de cette nouvelle ville dont l’existence conduit à réviser la carte et la liste des
sites urbains d’époque romaine dans le territoire pyrénéen.
Abstract. – .A new Roman town has been discovered at El Forau de la Tuta, Artieda, province of Zaragoza. Investigations carried out by a joint Spanish/French team have brought to light monumental remains from the Imperial period, as well as Latin epitaphs, the study of which is the main focus of this work. The fact that a large proportion of the individuals attested bore Aquitanian-Vasconic names would suggest that the city’s pre-Roman population spoke this language. Based on this, the article analyses all
the sources that mention Roman cities in the territory of the Vascones, which could provide clues as to the name of this new town. But apart from the hypothesis about its name, the existence of this new city leads us to rethink Roman urban planning in the region of the Pyrenees region, where archaeological discoveries have been very significant in recent years.

This study advances a historically grounded identification of the Roman jurist Gaius by correlating him with "Gaius, son of Philon, son of Gaius," attested in line 32 of the honorific inscription (IK 27,2) from Prusias ad Hypium. The Laurens lithograph (1859), long overlooked in modern scholarship, provides the decisive evidence for recovering the papponymic sequence and securely situating the inscription within the Antonine period. His documented identity as phylarchos and a member of the Phyle Antonine places him within the elite civic structures of Bithynia. The jurist's explicit reference to the Lex Bithynorum further supports a provincial context, indicating familiarity with the legal norms governing Bithynia-Pontus. By restoring the complete epigraphic evidence and demonstrating the convergence of independent vectors, this study provides the first historically plausible provincial context for the jurist Gaius. The findings bridge the longstanding gap between provincial epigraphy and Roman legal scholarship, repositioning Gaius as a product of the civic, administrative, and legal structures of Prusias ad Hypium.

This chapter examines the administrative modalities and historical contexts through which the legal integration of Hispanian and Italic populations (both of peregrine status) into Rome occurred in Hispania Ulterior during the Republican era, specifically from the Sertorian War to the epilogue of the Civil War (82-34 BC). It offers an initial historical and methodological approach to two onomastic phenomena of Romano-Italian origin, documented epigraphically in several cities of this territory (such as Metellinum, Norba, and Olisipo): the presence of Italic names of considerable antiquity, known as ‘onomastic fossils,’ and the legal diffusion and transmission of Roman names belonging to certain Roman magistrates who held political and military roles in this province from the late 2nd century BC, particularly during the period under study. The outcome is an historical explanatory proposal which, based on the existence of Latin-status communities in Hispania Ulterior during the Republic, suggests that Rome promoted a policy of a civic integration through the implementation of two measures: the extension of Latin rights via a program of urbanisation and military-economic colonisation, and the individual granting of Roman citizenship within the framework of specific institutional practices, such as military recruitment.

Military Presence and Civic Integration in Hispania Ulterior from Sertorius to Caesar offers an interdisciplinary reassessment of Roman activity in the southern Iberian Peninsula during the 1st century BC. The book integrates archaeological, epigraphic, numismatic, and literary evidence to illuminate the complex interplay between military conflict, social transformation, and processes of civic integration in Hispania Ulterior.

Covering the period framed by the wars of Sertorius and Caesar, and situated within the broader struggles between populares and optimates, the volume examines how Roman armies and provincial communities—both Hispanian and Italic—shaped one another through coexistence, violence, adaptation, and cultural interaction. By analysing the role of the western provinces as providers of manpower, resources, and strategic enclaves, the studies collected here contribute to ongoing debates on the Roman war economy and the evolving nature of provincial participation in Republican military structures.

The three-part structure reflects the thematic breadth of the book. The first section investigates the military conflicts of Hispania Ulterior from the early stages of Roman expansion to the Caesarian–Pompeian civil war, highlighting the involvement of local communities, the mobilisation of regional resources, and the strategic importance of sites such as Cáceres el Viejo and Ulia. The second section focuses on the archaeological evidence of Roman military presence—camps, weaponry, coinage, and ceramic assemblages—revealing patterns of territorial control and the daily interactions that fostered cultural exchange. The final section analyses the legal and civic integration of provincial populations, tracing how colonial towns, the granting of Latin rights, and the expansion of Roman citizenship contributed to the emergence of new urban, administrative, and social landscapes. These developments, exemplified by the colonisation and municipalisation programmes of Caesar and Augustus, laid the groundwork for the consolidation of the Hispanian provinces under the Principate.

By emphasising the active role of provincial communities and challenging traditional narratives of unilateral Roman domination, Military Presence and Civic Integration in Hispania Ulterior from Sertorius to Caesar provides a nuanced understanding of Romanisation as a dynamic and multifaceted process. It presents the 1st century BC not merely as a period of civil war but as a transformative era in which new forms of identity, loyalty, and civic belonging emerged, reshaping the trajectory of Hispania within the Roman world.

Certes Rome n'a pas inventé le concept de ville, de centre urbain… mais elle l'a néanmoins porté à un niveau jamais atteint auparavant et à l'échelle d'un empire!" (p. 318). Con esta exclamación, L. Callegarin sintetiza el alcance sin precedentes del fenómeno urbano romano en un breve pero sugerente capítulo final titulado "Héritages et perspectives autour de l'Urban Boom" (pp. 315-330), que concluye el volumen colectivo Explaining the Urban Boom. A Comparison of Regional City Development in the Roman Provinces of North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula, editado cuidadosamente por J. Lehmann y P. Scheding. Publicado en 2023 dentro de la prestigiosa serie Iberia Archaeologica del Deutsches Archäologisches Institut, este libro reúne una parte significativa de las contribuciones presentadas en el congreso internacional del mismo nombre, organizado por dicha institución en colaboración con la Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität de Múnich, y celebrado entre los días 25 y 27 de enero de 2018 en Madrid. La obra aborda un fenómeno poliédrico de gran relevancia histórica: la generalización del modelo urbano romano en las provincias hispanas y norteafricanas durante los siglos I, II y III d.C., entendido no sólo como un proceso de difusión de formas arquitectónicas o urbanísticas, sino también como la implantación de una entidad jurídica, política, social, económica y material compleja, descrita acertadamente como "produit d'un ensemble de paramètres interconnectés et interdépendants" (p. 326). La urbanización en época imperial romana constituye un campo de estudio con una larga y consolidada tradición historiográfica y arqueológica, a la que este volumen contribuye con un enfoque renovado, caracterizado por su marcado carácter comparativo, metodológico, diacrónico e interdisciplinar. J. Lehmann y P. Scheding conceptualizan este proceso mediante el uso de la expresión inglesa Urban Boom, que puede traducirse como "explosión" o "eclosión urbana", y que permite subrayar el carácter dinámico, extendido y transformador de este fenómeno. Frente a interpretaciones lineales, deterministas o excesivamente generalizadoras, la obra apuesta por una comprensión plural de los desarrollos urbanos, combinando escalas de análisis diversas y teniendo en cuenta tanto los factores estructurales como los condicionantes regionales. El volumen se organiza en cuatro bloques temáticos: "Macro-and Micro-Regional Approaches on the Urban Boom" (pp. 17-108), "Stages of an Urban Boom. Pre-Roman Origins and Imperial Developments" (pp. 109-122), "Home, Sweet Home. Connectivity of People, Resources and Trade" Janine Lehmann -Paul Scheding (eds.), Explaining the Urban Boom. A Comparison of Regional City Development in the Roman Provinces of North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula (= Iberia Archaeologica 22),

Estudiar la relación entre el cristianismo y las mujeres de la elite de la Galia del siglo VI representa un verdadero desafío. Si bien la disponibilidad de las fuentes está hoy facilitada por la digitalización, generalmente se accede a traducciones y, en muy pocos casos, a manuscritos en línea. Por otra parte, la escasez de producción escrita sobre el período limita su reconstrucción a la mirada de ciertos autores eclesiásticos, como Cesáreo de Arles o Gregorio de Tours, cuyas obras han sido ampliamente estudiadas. En las últimas décadas, la incorporación de la perspectiva de género en los estudios medievales ha permitido la formulación de nuevas preguntas, en especial acerca de las relaciones que las mujeres mencionadas en estos textos sostuvieron con los representantes del poder político y eclesiástico. Este artículo pretende, así, analizar las dificultades y desafíos que las fuentes plantean a los historiadores que buscan comprender las maneras en que se desarrolló la vida religiosa de las mujeres de entonces, tanto fuera como dentro de un monasterio.

RESUMEN: Si bien el artículo expone la relación entre la mujer y el mundo religioso cristiano durante la Antigüedad Tardía, en particular tras su caída (año 476), en la parte Occidental del antiguo Imperio Romano, con carácter previo se presenta la situación de la mujer (ciudadana romana) en la sociedad alto-imperial y se analiza su protagonismo. Esta estructura permite apreciar el triunfo de la continuidad respecto del papel social de la mujer que, en mi opinión, se produjo desde la sociedad pagana romana del Principado a la sociedad cristiana del Bajo Imperio, incluso, en el ámbito religioso cristiano, teóricamente tan alejado de los valores religiosos paganos. PALABRAS CLAVE: Ciudadana romana. Ministerios sacerdotales. Presbiteriado. Cánones conciliares. Iglesia hispana. Iglesia gala. LABURPENA: Nahiz eta artikuluan antzinako Erromatar Inperioaren mendebaldean emakumeak eta erlijio-mundu kristauak Antzinate Berantiarrean zuten harremana azaltzen den, batez ere garai hori amaitu ondorengo harremana (476. urtea), aurretik emakumeak (herritar erromatarra) goi-inperioko gizartean zuen egoera agertzen da, eta haren protagonismoa aztertzen da. Egitura horri esker, ikus dezakegu Printzerriko erromatar gizarte paganotik Behe Inperioko kristau-gizartera emakumearen gizarte-rolak jarraipena izan zuela, nire ustez, baita erlijio-eremu kristauan ere, teorian balio erlijioso paganoetatik oso urrun zegoen arren. GAKO-HITZAK: Emakumezko herritar erromatarra. Apaiz-zerbitzuak. Presbiteriotza. Kontzilio-kanonak. Eliza hispaniarra, eliza galiarra.

À quelles conditions les pratiques médiatiques peuvent être porteuses d'autonomie politique ? En partant des derniers écrits de Félix Guattari, nous posons cette question afn de comprendre les raisons de l'enthousiasme qui s'est exprimé à la fn des années 1980 à propos de la démocratisation des outils numériques et de leurs potentialités émancipatrices, et de ce qui permet de le diférencier de l'idéologie techniciste néo-libérale qui lui est contemporaine. Pour ce faire, nous allons rendre compte de la réalité étriquée du paysage médiatique des années 1970-90 ; puis, du verrouillage progressif de l'espace numérique par les instances économiques du grand capital aboutissant à la situation actuelle d'absolue hétéronomie ; avant d'esquisser des pistes de réfexion sur ce qu'il est encore possible de mettre en oeuvre du point de vue d'une démocratie radicale.

Scholarly consensus has long held that Acts was intended as some sort of Christian apology to the ruling authorities, serving to allay the fears of the imperial forces and their collaborators that the followers of Jesus posed no political threat. This scholarly edifice has been eroded somewhat, among others by the position that the source and direction of the apology were the reverse of the consensus position -a promotion of the imperial regime among followers of Jesus. Given these and other understandings of the imperial setting portrayed in Acts, the relationship between Acts and Empire clearly remains an unfinished and important discussion. Such interpretative positions regarding the relationship between Acts and Empire are briefly reviewed amidst first-century conceptions and positions of power, before highlighting a number of instances in Acts where this relationship comes to a head, suggesting also four possible avenues for further investigation.

Jusqu’à quel point est-il possible d’établir des liens entre le citoyen Claude Nicolet et l’historien Claude Nicolet ? Cet article entend reconstituer l’ancrage politique de Nicolet dans les années 1970, au moment de l’écriture du Métier de citoyen, et (re)considérer les raisons historiographiques comme éditoriales qui ont mené à la publication du livre. C’est aussi à une relecture synthétique du Métier qu’invite cette contribution, afin de souligner la cohérence du système mis en place par Nicolet autant que les limites de son analyse. Car si la manière qu’il a de penser la place du citoyen romain au sein du monde civique est novatrice pour son époque, en ce qu’elle met le civis au cœur du système politique, elle demeure dans le même temps guidée par certains centres d’intérêts de l’auteur (la fiscalité, le vote) et soumise à des présupposés épistémologiques plus ou moins conscients (prisme institutionnel, tropisme oligarchique, focalisation sur les acteurs masculins). L’enjeu est alors de proposer des pistes permettant d’aller au-delà du « métier » de citoyen, afin d’éclairer le (plus) vaste monde de la cité.

To what extent is it possible to establish links between the citizen Claude Nicolet and the historian Claude Nicolet? This article intends to reconstruct Nicolet's political roots in the 1970s, when he wrote Le métier de citoyen, and to (re)consider the historiographical and editorial reasons that led to the book's publication. This contribution also invites us to re-read Le Métier in a synthetic way, in order to highlight the coherence of the system Nicolet puts in place, as much as the limits of his analysis. For while Nicolet's way of thinking about the place of the Roman citizen within the civic world was innovative for its time, in that it places the civis at the heart of the political system, it remains at the same time guided by certain interests of the author (taxation, voting) and subject to more or less conscious epistemological presuppositions (institutional prism, oligarchic tropism, focus on male actors). The challenge, then, is to suggest ways of going beyond the ‘métier’ of citizen, in order to shed light on the (wider) world of the city.

The article offers a detailed analysis of the information of Appian and other sources concerning the revolt of the Italic communities of Etruria and Umbria and the passing of the lex Iulia de sociis et Latinis civitate danda in order to establish a causal relationship between these events. Although the Julian law was passed after, rather than as a result of, the Etrurian and Umbrian uprising, a link between these events still existed: the uprising accelerated the adoption of the Julian law and influenced its final content. The Julian law enfranchised not only loyal Italian allies, but also the so-called dediticii. For the latter, a particular procedure was provided: dediticii, if they wished to become Roman citizens, had to apply to the praetor urbanus, who had to announce the senate’s decision in the Popular Assembly, where it would be eventually ratified.

El Imperio Romano constituye una realidad en la que conviven individuos no solo de diversa procedencia, cultura o estatus social, sino también de diferente categoría jurídica. Esto genera un contexto marcado por la desigualdad y la condición de superioridad de los habitantes provistos de la ciudadanía romana —la civitas— sobre aquellos que no la poseen –los peregrini–. A su vez, durante el Alto Imperio esta situación derivaría en el sistema de dominación de los itálicos sobre los habitantes de las provincias. Así, las nuevas circunstancias llevarían a recurrir al ámbito provincial para satisfacer las necesidades de la sociedad romana —como la participación en el ejército—, generando un marco que favorece el proceso de integración provincial. En este estudio nos centraremos en cómo el ejército romano de este periodo no solo se  convierte en un instrumento de integración jurídica de los provinciales, sino también cultural y religiosa, es  decir,  de  sus  cultos  y  divinidades  locales.  Para  ello,  nos apoyamos  tanto en  las  características  políticas,  sociales, económicas y culturales del Alto Imperio, como en los rasgos propios del ámbito castrense que hacen posible este proceso, recurriendo a varios textos epigráficos para mostrar cómo se manifiesta a través de ejemplos reales.

Spendern sei an dieser Stelle nochmals herzlich gedankt, auch denjenigen, die nicht genannt werden wollten oder konnten, weil ihre Spende nach Drucklegung einging. Ohne ihre Unterstützung wäre die Herausgabe des Bandes nicht möglich gewesen.

In this essay, I examine how the right of Roman citizenship in the republican age was usurped, beginning with the evidence of fraudulent attempts of inclusion in Roman colonies and on Roman census lists that were tried by Latins, before analyzing episodes of falsification of tabulae in both central and local archives, and finally considering the adscriptio of several (Eastern) Greeks in Southern Italian towns.

Prima edizione: ottobre 2017 Volume pubblicato dal Dipartimento di Storia, Culture, Religioni e con il contributo della Sapienza-Università di Roma I saggi contenuti nel volume sono stati sottoposti a procedura di peer review. I diritti di traduzione, di memorizzazione elettronica, di riproduzione e di adattamento totale o parziale, con qualsiasi mezzo (compresi i microfilm), sono riservati per tutti i Paesi. Le fotocopie per uso personale del lettore possono essere effettuate nei limiti del 15% di ciascun volume/fascicolo di periodico dietro pagamento alla SIAE del compenso previsto dall'art.

At the end of the Sertorian War, the lex Gellia Cornelia provided for the extension of citizenship to certain individuals who had distinguished themselves through military merit while fighting alongside Pompey. A new reading of Cicero’s Pro Balbo – the only source on this law – provides insights into how even the Roman citizenship grants made by Sertorius in the Iberian Peninsula were legally recognized by the late 70s BCE.