Voluntary Sector Organisations

This paper focuses on English non-governmental organisations (voluntary organisations 1 ) facing sweeping changes in arrangements for welfare services, coupled with austerity measures and increased service demands. Growing outsourcing of public services, scaled-up contracts and intense competition have supplanted previous state-voluntary sector relationships, increasingly privileging large contractors. The paper contrasts the experiences of large and smaller voluntary organisations, considering the effect of size and questioning the space for more creative local approaches to enhance services. Initially, it analyses available information on the current state of the voluntary sector and its finances; and then, from a series of case studies, examines localised experiences in different areas and services fields 2 . It concludes that size has become a growing factor in distinguishing experiences and outcomes; and this is reflected across different welfare fields and localities. However,...

This paper focuses on English non-governmental organisations (voluntary organisations 1) facing sweeping changes in arrangements for welfare services, coupled with austerity measures and increased service demands. Growing outsourcing of public services, scaled-up contracts and intense competition have supplanted previous state-voluntary sector relationships, increasingly privileging large contractors. The paper contrasts the experiences of large and smaller voluntary organisations, considering the effect of size and questioning the space for more creative local approaches to enhance services. Initially, it analyses available information on the current state of the voluntary sector and its finances; and then, from a series of case studies, examines localised experiences in different areas and services fields 2. It concludes that size has become a growing factor in distinguishing experiences and outcomes; and this is reflected across different welfare fields and localities. However, experiences varied, with more intelligently drawn up contract criteria, emphasis placed on social value, local collaboration and co-production creating alternative models in a few areas, highlighting the importance of political approaches and creative local alliances in shaping future services.

Family Foundation Giving Trends 2012 is the fifth in a series of reports that annually updates the giving of the largest 100 family foundations in the UK, tracking trends and comparing them with their US counterparts. Giving through family foundations represents around 8% of all private giving in the UK.This year's report is a special edition aimed at providing a more rounded picture of family foundation philanthropy. The regular updating of the annual league tables of giving is complemented by new research on the causes supported, the influences on decision-making in an uncertain environment, and family foundations' outlook for the future.The research was carried out through extracting financial data from annual reports and websites on annual spending and the distribution of grants by cause, and an online survey of decision-making amongst the largest family foundations (40 responses, 45% response rate).For this research, UK and US family foundations are defined as independe...

This paper investigates whether regional patterns of uneven charitable distribution are evidenced at a local neighbourhood level. Drawing on qualitative and quantitative evidence of charitable resources in two case-study areas, one affluent and one deprived, it argues that there is a clear distinction between the case-study areas. Charities in the affluent area are more numerous, run by volunteers, and meet a broad range of social, community and cultural needs of that community. Charities in the deprived area are less numerous, meet urgent needs related to deprivation, and are more likely to be larger charities run by professionals with statutory funding. There is great concern, within the deprived area, about the impact of austerity cuts and measures, and what this will mean for the future of these charities, and the community which they support. Introduction: The question of the distributional effects of charitable activity is the central concern of a project at Southampton on quantitative and qualitative aspects of the geographical distribution of charities. It is well-known that the distribution of registered charities in the UK is uneven (Mohan and Rolls, 2006), but this tells us relatively little about where charitable activity takes place. Extensive work needs to be done on methods for apportioning expenditure by charities to geographical areas because it is unrealistic to assume that all expenditure can be allocated to the area in which an organisation is based. In a separate paper (Mohan, 2011) this topic is discussed in more detail. In this paper we argue for case-study research to investigate the flows of charitable resources, and of expenditure by charitable organisations, on a local scale. We explore the distribution of resources, the distinctive features of charitable activity, the barriers to organisational success and the challenges organisations are likely to face. A mixed method approach was taken, combining a desktop analysis of available accounts and annual reports of all the registered charities within the chosen case-study areas alongside up to 50 semistructured interviews with stakeholders and the managers/chairs of charities of a cross-section of registered charities in these areas. Two contrasting neighbourhoods that lie within 3 miles of each other in the same local government district were selected for study. One case-study area is a neighbourhood defined as one of the 20% most deprived areas in the country, dominated by social renting and high levels of reliance on state benefits, and characterised by relatively high population turnover. The other case-study area is one of the 20% least deprived areas in the country, a prosperous village with high levels of owner occupation

This practice paper sets out to understand the failure of one charity's quest to establish a social enterprise, reaching, as it did, for a solution without understanding how or even whether social enterprises would help the charity's beneficiaries. Ultimately a social business has been established at the charity's premises, but by an external organisation thinking quite differently from its host. The paper concludes with lessons for other organisations considering social enterprise activity.

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This paper considers implications for the English voluntary sector of recent shifts in the terms of engagement with the state following rapid political and policy changes under the UK Coalition government. It explores how ideas of what constitutes the voluntary sector are being reconstructed in policy and practical settings, examining processes contributing to re-shaping the voluntary sector's conception of itself and beliefs about legitimate activities and aspirations. It draws on theories of institutional isomorphism and governmentality to explore these changes which appear to be modifying and restricting the voluntary sector's role in social welfare, limiting its influence and its ability to act simultaneously within and against the state. The paper argues the integral role of the state in recasting the roles of different sectors but also discusses the extent to which voluntary sector compliance is necessary to ensure organisational survival, asking what spaces exist for ...

Scholars have attributed various beneficial outcomes to the presence and density of the voluntary, third or non-profit sector in communities. One way in which the distribution of such organizations may benefit communities is through providing opportunities for volunteering. We hypothesize that the distribution of third-sector organizations has an influence, after controlling for relevant individual and area characteristics, on the likelihood of engaging in formal volunteering (defined as unpaid help given through, and to, third-sector organizations, rather than directly to individuals). Using administrative data from the Charity Commission, we classify organizations in terms of their geographical scale of operation. We then construct indicators of the distribution of charities, and their expenditures, for local authorities in England. We obtain data on volunteering by individuals from the Citizenship Survey and link this to administrative data contained in the Charity Commission reg...

This is the fourth and final NPC paper in a series based on polling into public attitudes towards charities. The first three—Matter of trust (October 2014), Charities, voters & trust (December 2014), and Having their say (January 2015)—each looked at how the public views charities, and the political and social factors with which these opinions are linked. These papers identified a number of trends in the public perception of charities: that larger, more campaign-oriented charities encounter more mistrust; that UKIP supporters are substantially less trusting in charities than other voters; and that ‘chugging’, while an irritant to many, does not seem to be associated with the trust people place in charities as a whole.

This paper investigates whether regional patterns of uneven charity distribution occur at a local neighbourhood level. Drawing on qualitative and quantitative evidence of charitable resources in two case study areas, one affluent and one deprived, it argues that there is a clear distinction between the case study areas. Charities in the affluent area are more numerous, run by volunteers, and meet a broad range of social, community and cultural needs of the community. Charities in the deprived area are less numerous, meet urgent needs related to deprivation, and are more likely to be larger charities run by professionals with statutory funding. The paper concludes with questions as to how the area of deprivation's charitable resources will be affected by austerity measures and the coalition government's Big Society agenda.

Previous articles in Voluntary Sector Review have documented the evolution of third sector capacity-building policy (Macmillan, 2011) and addressed the focus on ‘market-making’, characterised by a discursive shift since 2010 that favours demand-led over supply-led delivery models (Macmillan, 2013). This article builds on these articles by using data from the National Survey of Charities and Social Enterprises (NSCSE) to investigate the characteristics of third sector organisations on the supply side of the capacity-building ‘market’. We argue that the ambitions of the demand-led model need to be understood in the context of the embeddedness of these organisations. This is based on findings that suggests that, immediately prior to the identified discursive shift, a significant proportion of third sector capacity-building providers were embedded in the supply-led model through relationships with and funding from the public sector locally and nationally. This, we suggest, could thwart ...

While there is a central assumption that charities can be key implementers of Big Society ideals, this paper will consider whether there is compatibility between the political rhetoric of the Big Society and its delivery through the charitable sector. It will be maintained that, while much obvious synergy exists, there are inherent difficulties, at both the practical and theoretical level, for the large-scale involvement of charities and their volunteers in the delivery of the Big Society. At the practical level, it will be seen that some amendments to the legal framework, so as to accommodate the greater use of charities and volunteers within the Big Society, may need to be brought into effect. However, at the foundational level, an examination of the core characteristics of charities and their substantive legal principles reveals some more fundamental impediments to their fulfilling Big Society objectives laid out for them by government.

This paper considers implications for the English voluntary sector of recent shifts in the terms of engagement with the state following rapid political and policy changes under the UK Coalition government. It explores how ideas of what constitutes the voluntary sector are being reconstructed in policy and practical settings, examining processes contributing to re-shaping the voluntary sector's conception of itself and beliefs about legitimate activities and aspirations. It draws on theories of institutional isomorphism and governmentality to explore these changes which appear to be modifying and restricting the voluntary sector's role in social welfare, limiting its influence and its ability to act simultaneously within and against the state. The paper argues the integral role of the state in recasting the roles of different sectors but also discusses the extent to which voluntary sector compliance is necessary to ensure organisational survival, asking what spaces exist for ...

Our objectives in this working paper are twofold. Firstly, to put pen to paper and grapple with the issues and starting point for looking at the relationships between the NHS and TSOs. Secondly, to outline our recent award of a 12 month ESRC funded Business Engagement Opportunities Scheme that seeks to engage with the debate and add to the growing body of knowledge around the subject. Health and social care are provided in developed economies by the state, the market, the household and voluntary agencies in combinations that vary across time and place. In England (and in the devolved administrations of the UK) governments have put mechanisms in place to ensure that more public services will be delivered by organisations from the Third Sector (including but not limited to social enterprises), especially for individuals and groups the public sector finds hardest to reach. After decades of a national health service (post WWII) a more diverse set of current and potential providers to address social and health inequalities is among the objectives of the national programme World Class Commissioning. For many TSOs this agenda for change has profound implications that are both welcomed and feared. There are opportunities to develop new and relatively reliable funding streams and to escape dependency on donations and grants. Yet, as many see it, there are new threats to the values of individual organisations and to the distinctiveness of the sector. Becoming more entrepreneurial can be associated with being adaptable and responsive to opportunities and the 'market'; or it can seem to signal weakening of charitable, social and voluntary ethos. NHS Manchester has developed a strategic plan of which a key priority is to reshape its local provider profile through market making and commissioning new service contracts from TSOs, especially social enterprises. It is clear that much learning is needed on both sides to make this achievable.

Our objectives in this working paper are twofold. Firstly, to put pen to paper and grapple with the issues and starting point for looking at the relationships between the NHS and TSOs. Secondly, to outline our recent award of a 12 month ESRC funded Business Engagement Opportunities Scheme that seeks to engage with the debate and add to the growing body of knowledge around the subject.

As we stand at the halfway point of the government's austerity programme, this timely report examines its impact on local government, with evidence from national data and local case studies. • The most deprived areas have borne the brunt of the cuts. On one key measure, the most deprived English authorities have had a level of cut nearly six times higher than the cut experienced in the least deprived areas. • Councils have employed imaginative strategies to balance budgets, minimising impacts on front-line services to date. But the need for cuts to continue to at least 2018/19 means there will inevitably be greater 'retrenchment' in the coming years. • Austerity has catalysed council efforts to find more efficient ways of working and encouraged new forms of partnership, particularly with health services. But it has also fragmented services and created barriers to collaboration due to the scarcity of resources and the strain on basic services. • Cuts are clearly beginning...

This paper critically assesses how social enterprises" collaborative relationships are built up and maintained. In particular, the paper examines how social enterprises are building partnerships with the public sector, private sector and other third sector organisations for the delivery of public services (defined as services that are funded by the public sector). The past 10 years has seen an increase in the opportunities for social enterprises to deliver contracts for the public sector along side the growth of public sector expenditure in areas where social enterprises are already active. There is also much rhetoric concerning the need for collaboration and partnership both from policy makers and those within the sector who see the social enterprise model as being more collaborative than the private sector. However, there is limited understanding of the processes by which trust is built up and maintained in these contexts. The paper examines the relationships between commissioners and providers, users/beneficiaries/ customers (vertical relationships) and relationships between providers (horizontal relationships). The paper will go beyond assumptions concerning how organisations are expected to behave, and will examine the economic and social institutional contexts in which their actions are embedded. In particular attention will be given to how organisations build relationships in "quasi markets" and in an environment of emerging competition for the delivery of public services. These trust building processes are embedded in social relationships and shaped by norms of behaviour that are specific to professional cultures.

Our objectives in this working paper are twofold. Firstly, to put pen to paper and grapple with the issues and starting point for looking at the relationships between the NHS and TSOs. Secondly, to outline our recent award of a 12 month ESRC funded Business Engagement Opportunities Scheme that seeks to engage with the debate and add to the growing body of knowledge around the subject. Health and social care are provided in developed economies by the state, the market, the household and voluntary agencies in combinations that vary across time and place. In England (and in the devolved administrations of the UK) governments have put mechanisms in place to ensure that more public services will be delivered by organisations from the Third Sector (including but not limited to social enterprises), especially for individuals and groups the public sector finds hardest to reach. After decades of a national health service (post WWII) a more diverse set of current and potential providers to address social and health inequalities is among the objectives of the national programme World Class Commissioning. For many TSOs this agenda for change has profound implications that are both welcomed and feared. There are opportunities to develop new and relatively reliable funding streams and to escape dependency on donations and grants. Yet, as many see it, there are new threats to the values of individual organisations and to the distinctiveness of the sector. Becoming more entrepreneurial can be associated with being adaptable and responsive to opportunities and the 'market'; or it can seem to signal weakening of charitable, social and voluntary ethos. NHS Manchester has developed a strategic plan of which a key priority is to reshape its local provider profile through market making and commissioning new service contracts from TSOs, especially social enterprises. It is clear that much learning is needed on both sides to make this achievable.

Our objectives in this working paper are twofold. Firstly, to put pen to paper and grapple with the issues and starting point for looking at the relationships between the NHS and TSOs. Secondly, to outline our recent award of a 12 month ESRC funded Business Engagement Opportunities Scheme that seeks to engage with the debate and add to the growing body of knowledge around the subject. Health and social care are provided in developed economies by the state, the market, the household and voluntary agencies in combinations that vary across time and place. In England (and in the devolved administrations of the UK) governments have put mechanisms in place to ensure that more public services will be delivered by organisations from the Third Sector (including but not limited to social enterprises), especially for individuals and groups the public sector finds hardest to reach. After decades of a national health service (post WWII) a more diverse set of current and potential providers to address social and health inequalities is among the objectives of the national programme World Class Commissioning. For many TSOs this agenda for change has profound implications that are both welcomed and feared. There are opportunities to develop new and relatively reliable funding streams and to escape dependency on donations and grants. Yet, as many see it, there are new threats to the values of individual organisations and to the distinctiveness of the sector. Becoming more entrepreneurial can be associated with being adaptable and responsive to opportunities and the 'market'; or it can seem to signal weakening of charitable, social and voluntary ethos. NHS Manchester has developed a strategic plan of which a key priority is to reshape its local provider profile through market making and commissioning new service contracts from TSOs, especially social enterprises. It is clear that much learning is needed on both sides to make this achievable.

Our 2016 report To Bridge the Gap? Voluntary Action in Primary Education was the first significant piece of academic research to measure the extent and distribution of private donations to primary education in England.

We found that voluntary action – the giving of time or money – was widespread within primary schools, with many examples of schools where generosity was resulting in increased opportunities for pupils.

In this latest report A Bridge Too Far: The Increasing Role of Voluntary Action in Primary Education, we have revisited the same data sources we used in 2016, including financial data from all primary schools in a local authority area, a survey sent to Head-teachers and Chairs of Governors of all the primary schools, and follow up interviews with a selection of schools.

Additionally, we have looked at school Parent Teacher Associations’ financial data accessed through The Charity Commission, which allows us to include money raised on behalf of schools as well as money raised directly by the school.

In this report we celebrate the growth in voluntary action over the past couple of years, the result of significant strategic and tireless approaches taken by schools. However, we are cautious for three reasons:

Firstly, the driver behind these efforts is declining budgets due to deceased statutory funding, and increased budgetary spending pressures.

Secondly, we are seeing a growing gulf between the schools who can access significant resources of time and treasure in the communities and those who cannot.

Thirdly, schools are increasingly having to do more than just educate and are raising money and recruiting to provide social welfare support for pupils and the wider community.

We are concerned that as this escalates, inequalities will grow and elements of what schools do will become privatised by stealth.

Corcoran, M.S. & J. Grotz (2016) ‘Deconstructing the panacea: the benefits fallacy in volunteer recruitment in criminal justice’, in Corcoran, M.S. & A. Hucklesby (eds) The Voluntary Sector in Criminal Justice. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 93-116.

Voluntary action has long played a role in state education, with Parent Teacher Associations being one of the most common forms of charitable organisation in England. However, education policy, driven by a growing free-market discourse and policy initiatives such as localism, is increasingly pushing for greater voluntary action. This article explores the distribution of voluntary action for primary schools in one local authority area in England. Drawing upon primary data from 114 questionnaires completed by head teachers and secondary data from the financial records (2013/14) of 380 primary schools, we find evidence of considerable uneven dispersal of voluntary action between schools. These disparities are related to factors including school size, location, leadership ideology and the socioeconomic profile of the school. The consequence of this uneven distribution is that schools catering for more affluent communities are more likely to have additional resources than those with poorer profiles.

This paper considers the treatment of volunteering in the general election 2015 in England and explores the implications for how volunteering may feature under the new Conservative government.  Whilst the Conservative and Labour manifestos had very little of substance for volunteering at national level, the paper finds signs of a shift of attention to local civil society. The paper applies previous research and practical experience to analysis of how government may implement policy on volunteering and how local volunteering organisations may respond to the new policy environment. It puts forward suggestions about how the situation may develop. It poses questions for discussion about the constraints and opportunities facing volunteering organisations in their local situations and about the relevance of the national sector to them and to the government.

This paper was presented to the Voluntary Sector and Volunteering Research Conference, September, 2015. I have posted it in June 2017 as I am now undertaking a research project to investigate some of the questions posed in the paper – ML

The last five years has seen youth social action in the UK has develop into a cohesive movement, with a common focus and ambitious aims. But there is still a significant amount of work to do over the next five years to ensure that the #iwill campaign meets its target by 2020. A renewed commitment from the Government is vital to realising the full potential of youth social action and achieving the prime minister’s ambitious vision for a flourishing service nation of civic activism.

In this report we present a series of recommendations to the Government on how it can harness and maximise the potential for youth social action.

New community rights to bid, buy, build, challenge and provide are enshrined in legislation and Coalition policy. The government is also extending existing individual rights to buy and to personal budgets. This paper examines the objectives and scope of the new community rights and proposes a typology of public sector reform rights. It highlights the fundamental conflicts between ‘rights’, ‘choice’ and ‘contract’ cultures and localism. It assesses the conflicts and contradictions between community and commissioning, participation and empowerment, and the impact on democratic accountability, public finance, employment, equalities, the changing role of the state and community, voluntary and non-profit organisations.

This practice paper sets out to understand the failure of one charity's quest to establish a social enterprise, reaching, as it did, for a solution without understanding how or even whether social enterprises would help the charity's beneficiaries. Ultimately a social business has been established at the charity's premises, but by an external organisation thinking quite differently from its host. The paper concludes with lessons for other organisations considering social enterprise activity.

The ‘Community Rights’ agenda is potentially a highly innovative part of the Localism Act 2011, breaking sharply with the centralist traditions of British public policy. This ‘turn to community’ appears to hark back to the community development movement of the 1960s and early 1970s in the UK, which experimented with a variety of ways of mobilising local people in civic activities. However, part of the clever political calculation behind this approach comes from a different source. It builds on the reputation capital of the ‘right to buy’ which worked so well for the Thatcher administration a generation earlier in relation to council housing. Nor is it a surprise as a coalition government policy – it was signalled as part of the Conservative Party electoral manifesto as long ago as November 2009 and is fully in line with the Liberal Democrat tradition of ‘community politics’. While Labour have called into question the ‘localist’ credentials of parts of the Act, such criticisms can ha...

Focusing on the domestic violence sector as a case study, this article examines how the Big Society agenda, coming alongside public spending cuts, is affecting the independence and ability of women’s organizations to engage in progressive policy shaping. By situating the analysis of the Big Society agenda within the broader context of international civil society strengthening programmes, the article considers how the processes currently unfolding in England, share certain similarities to what has happened globally wherever neoliberal policies aimed at instrumentalizing civil society for service delivery have been implemented. It contends that the policies of the Big Society agenda, which are aimed at strengthening the ‘capacity’ of civil society, are instead creating a situation where the independence and ability of civil society organizations to engage in progressive policy making is weakened.

This paper considers implications for the English voluntary sector of recent shifts in the terms of engagement with the state following rapid political and policy changes under the UK Coalition government.  It explores how ideas of what constitutes the voluntary sector are being reconstructed in policy and practical settings, examining processes contributing to re-shaping the voluntary sector’s conception of itself and beliefs about legitimate activities and aspirations. It draws on theories of institutional isomorphism and governmentality to explore these changes which appear to be modifying and restricting the voluntary sector’s role in social welfare, limiting its influence and its ability to act simultaneously within and against the state. The paper argues the integral role of the state in recasting the roles of different sectors but also discusses the extent to which voluntary sector compliance is necessary to ensure organisational survival, asking what spaces exist for independent activity and resistance.

Garland, C. (2014) ‘As Barriers Fall, Contingency Becomes Possibility: Protest Resisting and Escaping Containment and Categorization’, Part II Identity, Embodiment and Categorisation in Eds. Lamond, I. and Spracklen, K. 'Protests as Events: Politics, Activism and Leisure (London: Rowman & Littlefield International) Hardback ISBN/9781783480760 Paperback ISBN/978-1-78348-077-7 eBook ISBN/978-1-78348-078-4 

https://rowman.com/ISBN/9781783480760

For years we have seen how Britain’s charitable groups offer the relationships and person-to-person support that matters most for people living in disadvantaged communities. The voluntary and community sector fills the gaps that government and the private sector cannot, gathering the best of communities together by enabling citizens to help each other.

In 2007, Breakthrough Britain argued that the fight against poverty will only be won by liberating the voluntary sector and building social responsibility and action. It called for a range of measures to attract more funding to third sector organisations, to increase charitable giving and volunteering from the British public, to break down the bias against effective faith-based organisations, and to offer more independence for the sector.

The current Government entered power with a strong determination to enhance the standing and role of the voluntary sector. Nonetheless, these are difficult days for many grassroots charities. Despite receiving political support, and despite some promising initiatives having begun, many in the sector have found the demands on their services rising whilst their resources have constricted.

This diagnostic report on the state of the voluntary sector in Britain in 2013 will form the basis of a second report to be published next year. We will explore the opportunities that are available for the voluntary sector with the growth of new technologies, the emergence of social businesses and cross-sector partnerships, and the outsourcing of some previously state-run services. And we will identify ways forward for some of the dilemmas that have proven impenetrable in recent years, suggesting how to reverse the concentration of resources in the sector and how to build social capital in areas where the voluntary sector is thin. We will propose measures which central government, local authorities and charities themselves should take to ensure that poverty-fighting voluntary sector organisations attract the people and financing they need to do more, reach further, work with the most excluded people, and change lives.

We know that youth social action – practical action in the service of others – can have tremendous benefits for the young people taking part and the communities they serve. Social action includes everything from volunteering, to activism, mentoring, civic participation and fundraising. Tackling tomorrow’s social and economic problems requires a new generation of activists and active citizens raised on social action. Service Generation sets out to uncover exactly what we know about social action in the UK: how many young people take part, the details of what they are doing and the impact it is having on their character and their local communities.

This report is published to support the launch of Step Up To Serve, a new cross-sector campaign which aims to achieve over 50 per cent of British young people between the ages of 10 and 20 taking part in high quality social action projects by 2020. With the Prince of Wales as the its Royal Patron, and the strong support of all three of Britain’s major political parties, the campaign aims to achieve a once-in-a-generation step-change in attitudes to social action, such that it becomes a habit for life and something we come to expect everyone to take part in.

The campaign has set an ambitious target and this report has some ideas on how to achieve it. First, it is crucial to recapture the spirit of London 2012: the Olympics inspired young people in particular to volunteer and there is some evidence that this has continued, but more can be done. Second, social action opportunities need to be more accessible for all young, and greater involvement of the education and business sector will be especially important. Third, analysis by CASM finds that social media have created new digital spaces significant to social action: this should be harnessed through celebrity endorsements and event-specific social media campaigns. And finally, measurement of this is crucial – Demos calls on the Cabinet Office to supplement the Community Life Survey to ensure that any gains from the campaign are captured.