Computer Science and Cybersecurity

Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has become a major tool in delivery of health services and has had a revolutionary impact on how we live and perceive the world. ICT has given birth to the contemporary "Es" such as e-learning, e-commerce, e-governance, e-banking, e-shopping and e-health, the primary focus of this paper. In this paper, we discuss ICT in Nigeria with focus on three common ICT indicators: Internet, computing and telephony. We review the past and present state of health informatics in Nigeria, in comparison to the United Kingdom as examples of less developed and developed nations. We also analyse the problems facing successful implementation of health informatics in Nigeria and suggest possible solutions.

Sub-Saharan Africa is a region characterised by high rates of several deadly diseases most especially HIV/AIDS. HIV/AIDS alone has claimed the life of many people and turned many innocent children to orphans. There is relatively little consistent or reliable data that can be used for surveillance, monitoring, and management of these diseases in the region HIV/AIDS inclusive. To alleviate the problem of patchy and inconsistent epidemiological data, a well structured, interoperable spatial data model for HIV/AIDS surveillance and monitoring is proposed for Nigeria in this paper. This paper initially reviews some of the existing health data models which were modified and extended to develop a data model for HIV/AIDS surveillance, monitoring, and management. The data model captures information required for the development of HIV/AIDS surveillance systems. The model is developed using the Unified Modelling Language. The work aims to produce the model as an open standard in order to promo...

HIV/AIDS has now become a big threat to the world generally, most especially the Sub-Saharan Africa region as it continues to increase drastically in the region. This disease has increased the poverty level of the countries in the region. In Nigeria, millions of people infected with this deadly disease are in their productive years between 15 and 49. This surge is having a negative effect on Nigeria and other Sub-Saharan Africa countries as it lowers life expectancy, slows population growth and social and economic effect on the country. Presently, health officers in Nigeria primarily rely on monitoring HIV/AIDS prevalence only among women attending antenatal clinics as that is the only source of getting data from HIV/AIDS patients. In the country, there is no electronic HIV/AIDS database, no electronic means of capturing HIV/AIDS data and no electronic monitoring of HIV/AIDS patients. This chapter presents a prototypical HIV/AIDS surveillance and monitoring system and the prototype ...

There is a relationship between ICTs and empowerment of rural women. ICTs are applicable to all sectors of development for women, most especially education, livelihoods, healthcare and government which are directly linked to poverty alleviation. Meanwhile there are arguments that tight fiscal constraints facing Ghana may frustrate the widespread use of ICT by households. This is especially troublesome in the case of poor rural female households because without some type of government assistance, the ICT revolution may escape them altogether. Most scholars and policy leaders recognize that ICT is one of the contributing factors to social and economic disparities across different social and economic groups, for example, disparities between developed and developing countries, between rural and urban dwellers, and between men and women. The critical information needed for making appropriate and relevant ICT policies to improve rural conditions for women is to identify the characteristic...

This paper identified the risk factors for environmental health related diseases and formulated a fuzzy logic based predictive model based on the identified variables. Related literatures were reviewed so as to understand the body of knowledge surrounding environmental health related diseases and their corresponding risk factors, interviews with community health officers were conducted in order to validate the identified variables. Fuzzy logic was used to formulate the predictive model using Matlab Fuzzy logic tool box. Data was collected from five different states in Nigeria. The result showed that there are cases of environmental related diseases in the areas where there is no potable water and in locations that lack good toilet facilities. In the areas where there is no toilet facility or where bucket and bush are used as toilet, there are always cases of cholera. In these areas during the rainy season cholera outbreaks are common occurrences. All these points to fact that, if there is a good environmental health tracking system with predictive features, then environmental health officers would be able to easily monitor, manage and track any area which may be prone to any of these environmental health diseases.

This paper focused on the development of a predictive model for the classification of the risk of kidney stones in Nigerian using data mining techniques based on historical information elicited about the risk of kidney stones among Nigerians. Following the identification of the risk factors of kidney stone from experienced endocrinologists, structured questionnaires were used to collect information about the risk factors and the associated risk of kidney stones from selected respondents.

This article presents a predictive model that can be used for the early detection of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus using fuzzy logic. In order to formulate the model, risk factors associated with the risk of T2DM were elicited. The predictive model was formulated using fuzzy triangular membership functions following which the rules needed for the inference engine was elicited from experts. The model was simulated using the MATLAB Fuzzy logic Toolbox. The results of the study showed that the sensitivity of 11.67% and 100% precision for the low risk was recorded for both cases, specificity of 41.67% compared to 48.33% for the moderate risk, while there was 0% and 13.33% for the high risk. In conclusion, this model will help the doctor to know what course of preventive actions for a patient with high risk and what advice to give to those with low and moderate risk so that the occurrences of the diseases can be prevented altogether and thereby reducing the number of people dying from Type 2 ...

Despite the fact that Sub-Saharan Africa is a region characterised by high rates of several deadly diseases, there is relatively little consistent or reliable data that can be used for surveillance, monitoring and management of these diseases in the region. In order to alleviate the problem of patchy and inconsistent epidemiological data, a well structured, interoperable spatial data model for diseases surveillance and monitoring is proposed in this paper. The model is motivated by HIV/AIDS monitoring and prediction in Nigeria. We initially review some of the existing health data models which we modify and extend to develop a conceptual data model for disease surveillance, monitoring, management and, potentially, prediction. The data model captures information required for the development of diseases surveillance systems. The model is developed using the Unified Modelling Language and we aim to make the model an open standard in order to promote collaboration and encourage researchers in developing nations to contribute to the maintenance of the data model. The model will be implemented in XML, and will be applied to a system using service oriented architecture with a focus on HIV/AIDS surveillance and monitoring in Nigeria.

Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has become a major tool in delivery of health services and has had a revolutionary impact on how we live and perceive the world. ICT has given birth to the contemporary "Es" such as e-learning, e-commerce, e-governance, e-banking, e-shopping and e-health, the primary focus of this paper. In this paper, we discuss ICT in Nigeria with focus on three common ICT indicators: Internet, computing and telephony. We review the past and present state of health informatics in Nigeria, in comparison to the United Kingdom as examples of less developed and developed nations. We also analyse the problems facing successful implementation of health informatics in Nigeria and suggest possible solutions.

This study developed a classification model for monitoring the risk of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) among females using information about non-invasive risk factors. Structured interview with physicians was done in order to identify the risk factors that are associated with the risk of STDs in Nigeria. The model was simulated using the fuzzy logic toolbox accessible in the MATLAB® R2015a Software. The results showed that nine non-invasive risk factors were associated with the risk of STDs among female patients in Nigeria. Two, three, and four triangular membership functions were appropriate for the formulation of the linguistic variables of the factors while the target risk was formulated using four triangular membership functions for the linguistic variables namely no risk, low risk, moderate risk, and high risk. The study concluded that the fuzzy logic model approach was adequate for predicting the risk of STDs based on the knowledge of the risk factors.

Malaria is one of the diseases that contributed to health problems in Nigeria and this research developed a Geographic Information System forecasting model for prediction of malaria in Nigeria. This research develops a GIS based prediction model for malaria in Nigeria. With the application of GIS in malaria control, Nigeria can move towards certain reduction (if not complete eradication) of malaria infection and deaths through the use of analysis and prediction. This system will enhance the efficacy of prevention efforts and will substantially reduce costs of prevention and treating malaria in Nigeria. The system will also serve as a good decision support system for public health officers, government office and decision makers.

Today, the Internet has further improved the functionalities of computers. A computer and Internet based technology offering a radically different way to manage spatial data is the GIS. Its useful digital maps are needful and very useful in managing healthcare related affairs and communities as well as industry base issues. Therefore, we describe a distributive information system that uses a web-based GIS spatial approach to aid the distribution of tertiary health facilities in Nigeria. The system would assist its users to identify where health care facilities are concentrated, and how and where to locate them anytime. Some of the resources employed in the system's development include: Macromedia dreamweaver, Java Scripting, PHP, MYSQL; the WAMP server; while the UML was used for the system's design. Implementing the system showed that stakeholders were able to visualize the distribution of tertiary hospitals in Nigeria, and make useful inferential decisions with ease. Conclusively, we believe the system will aid in locating the nearest tertiary hospital, as well as help stakeholders make more informed decisions.

The number of missed appointments in healthcare institutions in Nigeria caused problems, hence the need for integrated healthcare system to intervene and provide seamless care for patients. Appointment scheduling system lies at the intersection of providing efficiency and timely access to health services. This research presents an online National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) Outpatient Medical Appointment Booking System where NHIS patients can access and view any available personnel or doctor schedule in order to book an appointment with the corresponding time as specified by the available doctor. The system was developed using PhP, macromedia dreamweaver, apache and MYSQL. This is to ensure that the application is robust, cheap and is able to run on different platforms. The system provides the platform to facilitate the booking and management of patients' appointment bookings. Patients can also view their appointment reports. It also provides the healthcare workers an easy access to manage patients' appointments and to generate relevant reports.

Disease rates vary between different locations particularly in the rural areas. While a database of diseases occurrence could be easily found, studies have been limited to descriptive statistical analysis, and are mostly restricted to diseases affecting adults. This paper therefore presents a Mathematical Model (MM) for predicting immunize-able diseases that affect children between ages 0 -5 years. The model was adapted and deployed for use in six (6) selected localized areas within Osun State in Nigeria. Using the MATLAB's ANN toolbox, the Statistics toolbox for classification and regression, and the Naïve Bayesian classifier the MM was developed. The MM is robust in that it takes advantage of three (3) data mining techniques: ANN, Decision Tree Algorithm and Naïve Bayes Classifier. These data mining techniques provided the means by which hidden information were discovered for detecting trends within databases, and thus facilitate the prediction of future disease occurrence in the tested locations. Results obtained showed that diseases have peak periods depending on their epidemicity, hence the need to adequately administer immunization to the right places at the right time. Therefore, this paper argues that using this model would enhance the effectiveness of routine immunization in Nigeria.

Waste management has to do with handling of solid refuse from their sources of generation through storage, collection, transportation, recovery and treatment processes to disposal This research developed a web based GIS waste disposal management system, with aim of achieving an effective waste management system and a spatial view of waste collection locations in any local government area in Nigeria. The system was developed using Extensive Hypertext Markup Language and Cascading Style Sheet (XHTML/CSS), and Asynchronous Java Scripting with XML (AJAX) and the software packages used for the development of the application are Adobe Dreamweaver and Adobe Fireworks, MySQL, Apache Server and PHP scripting. With this waste management system, the locations of all the waste collection tanks in any location will be, monitored, managed and maintained. The use of this system will ease the job of the waste management unit of the local government areas in Nigeria in achieving a clean environment and mitigate the spread of epidemic in a way to ensure safety of all and sundry.

This paper is to address the problem of environmental health monitoring system facing Nigeria as a whole. Environment and the factors that are associated with it are the root causes of many epidemic diseases both in the developed and developing nations. In Nigeria, environmental health problems arise from population pressure on housing, poor environmental sanitation, coupled with lack of safe drink water and basic housing facilities. Despite the deplorable state of environmental health (lack of clean and safe drinking water, bad housing condition, and so on), there is no reliable and timely means of surveillance or any monitoring system. The result of this research makes it possible for environmental health workers to capture environmental health situation of any house in Nigeria real time while on the field. In conclusion, this paper presents result of a research which developed a web based environmental health tracking system for Nigeria.

The collection, management and dissemination of road traffic accident (RTA) related events has posed a serious problem to Nigerian road safety officers and all stakeholders alike. This is especially true because of the absence of a central repository from which all accident related information can be stored and managed. Where available, these information are available in paper based form and this poses a bottleneck in updating the available information. In this study, a Web based Road Traffic Accident Monitoring System (RTAMS) was developed for Nigerian. The Road Traffic Accident Monitoring System (RTAMS) was developed using Adobe Dreamweaver and Notepad++ as the Integrated Development Environments, HTML, CSS and JavaScript were used for the frontend, PHP was used as the scripting language, and MySQL served as the database server. Most of the languages and tools used were open source which ensured that the application would be robust, reusable, cheap and highly scalable. The result of the developed system shows that road safety officers, users, policy makers and all other stakeholders can be able to register, login, submit reports and run queries on information that has been previously entered into the system such as the accidents that occurred on a particular route or the accident in which an identified victim was involved. Policy makers can run these queries in order to take appropriate steps in minimizing road traffic accident occurrences. In conclusion, this system will help create a paperless alternative to the present method of RTA information and thus make information dissemination quicker and also improve first aid response to accident occurrences.