Marine Biology

The present study deals with the first records of Laubieriellus salzi and Spiophanes afer in the Sea of Marmara. They were collected from Mytilus galloprovincialis, Zostera marina, sand, and shell fragments substrate at depths ranging from 0.2 to 5 m in November 2010. This study gives more information regarding the morphological and distributional features of these species.

The spionid polychaete Paraprionospio pinnata (Ehlers, 1901) has been widely reported from the Mediterranean Sea. We examined some specimens belonging to the genus Paraprionospio that had been collected from the Aegean Sea, the Sea of Marmara and the Spanish Mediterranean coast, and identified them as Paraprionospio coora , which is new to the Mediterranean fauna. This finding indicates that P. coora has a widespread geographical distribution in Australia, the Far East and the Mediterranean, and suggests that the previous records of P. pinnata from the Mediterranean are questionable.

Beta adrenergic receptor antagonist drugs (beta blockers) are widely used in treatment of hypertension and in other cardiovascular diseases and also used in treatment of childhood migraine. In U.K and France the annual consumption of Atenolol for a person is 0.63 and 0.3 g respectively. Atenolol can be found in surface waters, waste waters and even in ground waters up to µg/l levels. Physiochemical measurements are not enough for the assessment of environmental impacts of chemicals or pollutants. Toxicity tests with the organisms can be useful tools in environmental studies. As the embryonic stage is more sensitive to pollutants and other stressors, experiments on the embryos are important for assessing the environmental effects of pollutants. The embryonic stage of organisms is important both for ecosystem health and for future of the population. In this study the effects of atenolol on sea urchin (Arbacia lixula) embryo development was evaluated. Sea urchin embryos were exposed to increasing concentration of Atenolol (1,25, 40, 80 and 100 ppm) under static conditions. Embryotoxicity was assessed on 72 h-old pluteus larvae under light microscope. According to obtained results, an increase in larval malformations as skeleton deformities at the pluteus stage were observed and the calculated EC 50 for embryotoxicity was 66,46 mg/l.

Bisphenol A (BPA), is one of the most important industrial chemicals synthesized for diverse applications. In this study, tests for embryotoxic and spermiotoxic effects of BPA were utilized in the sperms and embryos of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus. The sperm and eggs of sea urchins were exposed to increasing concentrations of BPA (300–3500 μg/L) under static conditions. The endpoints were successful sperm fertilization, larval malformations, developmental arrest, and embryonic/larval mortality. BPA concentration (300 μg/L) had spermiotoxic and embryotoxic effects on this species. A dose–response related reduction was observed in fertilization success and significant increases in the number of larvae with skeleton malformations at the pluteus stage when the sperms were exposed BPA. The embryotoxicity of BPA is concentration-dependent and significant growth reduction at the early life stages and an increase in larval malformations as skeleton deformities at the pluteus stage were observed. It can be concluded that BPA adversely affects the reproduction and embryonic developmental stages of the P. lividus and this is of great ecological importance due to the hazard at the population level. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2008.

In this study, embryotoxic and genotoxic effects of nonylphenol (NP) and octylphenol (OP), which are the derivates of alkylphenol (APs), were evaluated using the gametes and embryos of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus. The sperm and eggs of sea urchins were exposed to increasing concentrations of NP (0.937–18.74 μg/L) and OP (5–160 μg/L) under static conditions. The endpoints were sperm fertilization success, quantitative and morphologic changes in mitotic activity, larval malformations, developmental arrest, and embryonic/larval mortality. A dose–response-related reduction (approximately 20%) was observed in fertilization success and significant increases in the number of larvae with skeleton malformations at the pluteus stage of the contaminated sperms. The spermiotoxic and embryotoxic concentrations were determined as 0.937 μg/L for NP and 4.685 μg/L for OP for this species. The embryotoxicity of NP and OP is concentration dependent, and significant growth reduction at the early life stages and an increase in larval malformations as skeleton deformities at the pluteus stage were observed. Cytogenetic analysis of embryos showed a decreasing curve in mitotic indexes (number of mitosis per embryo) with increasing concentrations of NP and OP. It can be concluded that NP and OP adversely affect the reproduction and embryonic developmental stages of the P. lividus and this is of great ecological importance because of the hazard at the population level.

Micronuclei tests is a system of mutagenicity testing used for determining the pollution and chemicals causing changes in DNA fragments such as micronuclei in the cytoplasm of interphase cells. Damage caused on the DNA by genotoxic pollutants is the first consequence occurring in the aquatic organisms. Thus, it was attempted to determine whether pollution affected the erythrocytes and gills of fish Gobius niger and haemolymph and gills of mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis living in Izmir Bay at the level of DNA by the means of micronuclei (MN) test. Organisms used in the MN test were collected from seven locations (Alsancak, Alaybey Shipyard, Karsiyaka, Bostanli, Göztepe, Konak and Pasaport) which are known as the most polluted part of inner Bay of Izmir (Western Coast of Turkey). According to the results of the present study, frequency of MN was found at high level in Alaybey Shipyard and Pasaport where wastes from existing dockyard contributed to high level of pollution. In conclusion, this study indicates that the micronuclei test gives sensitive results in monitoring the pollution, especially the pollution of harbor, and thus it might be used as standard method in regular monitoring of pollution of coastal ecosystem.

Nonylphenol (NP) and octylphenol (OP), both of which are biodegradation products of alkylphenols, are widely used in industrial applications and in some domestic products. These chemicals are found widely in surface water and aquatic sediments. We have carried out a comparative embryotoxicity analysis of the effects of increasing concentrations of NP (seven concentrations ranging from 0.937 to 18.74 μg/l) and OP (six concentrations ranging from 5 to 160 μg/l) on embryos of the sea urchin Arbacia lixula. The indicators evaluated were larval malformations, developmental arrest and embryonic/larval mortality. The results revealed that low concentrations of these chemicals (NP, OP) generally caused malformations in the skeletal system. High concentrations (18.74 μg NP/l, 160 μg OP/l) were found to inhibit the growth of embryos in the early life stages by preventing mitosis. We conclude that NP and OP present a major risk to the normal development of A. lixula at the low concentrations that have been recorded in the environment. These chemicals are therefore most likely to represent an ecological hazard at the population level given the cumulative effects of other environmental pollutants.

The accumulation of some heavy metals in the liver tissues of black gobby (Gobius niger L., 1758) living in the aegean sea. The heavy metal concentrations (Cd, Ni, Se, Zn, Cu, Cr) in the liver tissues of Gobius niger which are collected from various parts of Aliağa Bay, where a petroleum refinery is located, have been measured in this study. The accumulation of heavy metals in the collected samples from Aliağa region have been found to be minumum. İn addition the physical measurements lenght) of the samples and season (summer ,and spring) of the samples they were collected in taken into consideration, yielding to differences in the distribution of heavy metal accumulation.

Özet: Nonilfenol ve Oktifenol'ün Salmonella mutasyon testi ile mutajenitesinin belirlenmesi. Bu çalışmada, yüzey suyunda, denizde, yeraltı sularında ve sucul sedimentte yüksek seviyelerde bulunan, endüstri ve bazı evsel ürünlerde yoğun olarak kullanılan Nonilfenol (NP) ve Oktilfenol (OP)' ün mutajenik aktivitesi test edilmiştir. NP ve OP'nin toksisite ve östrojenik etkisine ait çok sayıda veri bulunmasına rağmen, bu kimyasalların mutajenik etkisi ile ilgi literatür az sayıdadır. Mutajenik etkinin belirlenmesi amacı ile NP 0.937-4.685 µg/L aralığın da 6 farklı konsantrasyonda, OP ise 10-160 µg/L aralığında 5 farklı konsantrasyonda test sistemi olarak seçilen Salmonella thyphimirium TA98 ve TA 100 suşları üzerinde (metabolik aktivasyonsuz) test edilmiştir. Sonuçlar revertant koloni sayılarına göre değerlendirildiğinde, tüm NP konsantrasyonlarının toksik olduğu buna rağmen mutajenik etkisinin olmadığı gözlenmiştir. Buna ek olarak OP'ün Salmonella thyphimirium TA98 suşu ile yapılan testlerde 40 μg /L ve Salmonella thyphimirium TA100 suşu ile yapılan testlerde ise 20 μg/L konsantrasyonları mutajenik bulunmuştur. Bu bulgular ışığında yapmış olduğumuz çalışma çevresel konsantrasyonlarda ki NP' nin toksik, OP' nin ise mutajenik etkiye sahip olması ile çevresel etkilerinin önemini vurgulamaktadır.

Körfezi'ne dökülen derelerin sediment toksisitesini su piresi Daphnia magna kullanarak izleyebilmektir. Toplanan sedimentlerin toksik içeriği saf su ile elüsyondan sonra belirlenmiştir. Elusyonların letal toksisitesi 192-s akut toksisite testi ile belirlenmiştir. Akut testlerde hareketsizlik indis olarak kullanılmıştır. Kronik testlerde hayatta kalma, ilk üreme günü, anaç başına yumurta ve yavru sayıları indis olarak kullanılmıştır. Akut test sonuçlarına göre LC50 (192-s) değerleri yaklaşık olarak Melez, Halkapınar, Manda dereleri için %79.025, %57.321, %81.603 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Bornova deresi diğer istasyonlarla karşılaştırıldığında, belirlenen LC50 (1.5 saat) %67.273 değeri ile daha toksik bulunmuştur. Sub-letal sediment elusyonu seyrelmelerine maruz bırakılan D. magna testi sonuçları ise tüm elusyonların pozitif etki yarattığını göstermiştir (hormeosis). Bu çalışmada elde edilen veriler D. magna kullanılarak yüzey sularının kirliliğinin daha iyi ve anlamlı bir şekilde belirlenebileceğini göstermektedir.

Özet: Gediz Nehri sedimentlerinde Salmonella mutajenite testi. Bu çalışmada, Ramsar sitesi olarak koruma altında olan, büyük öneme sahip kuş cennetinin bulunduğu Gediz Nehri deltası sedimentinin, Salmonella typhimurium TA98 ve TA100 suşları kullanılarak yapılan Ames testi ile mutajenik potansiyeli araştırılmıştır. Her iki suşla yapılan mutajenisite testleri sonucunda sediment örneklerinin hiçbirinde mutajenik madde içermediği buna rağmen gözlenen bakteri büyümesinde ki azalmaya bağlı olarak tüm örneklerin toksik olduğu belirlenmiştir.

Bisphenol-A (BPA) is one of the important industrial chemicals used in manufacture of polycarbonate, epoxy resins, and in the packing industry. It is released into the environment from the industries producing or incorporating BPA, and reaches detectable levels in aquatic environments. In this investigation, the embryo-toxic effects of BPA were analyzed during the development of the sea urchin Arbacia lixula from the post-fertilization to pluteus stage (72 h). Sea urchin embryos were exposed to BPA concentrations ranging from 5 to 3500 µg/L. The effects on developing embryos were evaluated by scoring normal plutei and developmental defects, such as retarded plutei, skeletal malformations, blocked gastrula/blastula and dead embryos/ larvae. Following exposure to BPA, a concentrationrelated increase in the number of larvae with skeletal malformations at pluteus stage was observed. The EC 50 for 72 h was determined to be 1396 µg/L, and the NOEL (no observable effect level) 70 µg/L.

Özet: Gediz Nehri Deltası (Batı Türkiye) sedimentlerinde ağır metal birikimi. Bir Ön Çalışma: Gediz Nehri bölgede tarımsal açıdan önemli olduğu kadar deltası da Dünya Doğal Yaşamı Koruma Federasyonu tarafından Önemli Kuş sahası olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Bunun yanı sıra, Gediz Deltası 1998 yılından beri Ramsar alanı olarak koruma altındadır. Öte yandan Gediz Nehri'nin tarımsal, evsel ve endüstriyel atıklar ile yoğun bir şekilde kirlendiği rapor edilmektedir. Bu ön araştırmada Gediz Deltasından toplanmış sediment örneklerinde bazı ağır metaller (As, Pb, Cd, Ni, Cu, Co ve Cr) analiz edilerek kirliliğin etkisi tayin edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre, As, Cu, Cd, Co, Ni ve Pb için bir kirlilik riski olmadığı sonucuna varılabilir. Bununla beraber, arıtma tesisi olmasına rağmen özellikle deri sanayinin atık sularının döküldüğü kanalın birleştiği yer olan istasyon 2 ve 3'de yüksek Cr içeriği saptanmıştır (2565.5 ppm maksimum).

Our environment has been affected by increasing concentration of organic and inorganic pollutants from anthropogenic sources. Perfluorinated compounds are an important source of pollution, and they are major risks for the aquatic ecosystems. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and Perfluorooctane sulfonyl fluoride (POSF) are both industrially synthesized perfluorinated chemicals, and they produced in substantial amounts. They are found widely in surface water and aquatic sediments. In this study, the comparative embryotoxicity of increasing concentrations of PFOS (five concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 10 mg/L) and POSF (five concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 10 mg/L) were examined on embryos of the sea urchin, Paracentrotus lividus. Results were evaluated by observing: larval malformations, developmental arrest and embryonic/larval mortality. The results indicated that, low concentrations of these chemicals generally caused malformations in the skeletal system. It was observed that high concentrations (10 mg-PFOS/L, 10mg-POSF/L) inhibited the growth of embryos in the early life stages. As a result, POSF was more toxic than PFOS (EC 50 : 1.795 mg/L) on sea urchin embryo as the EC 50 is 1.074 mg/L and also both of the chemicals were harmful on the embryonic development of sea urchin in the sense of whole embryo and cellular level. In conclusion, PFOS and POSF present a major risk to the normal development of P. lividus in the environment, so that it has ecological importance due to the hazard at a population level considering the cumulative effects of other environmental pollutants.

Bisphenol A (BPA), is one of the most important industrial chemicals synthesized for diverse applications. In this study, tests for embryotoxic and spermiotoxic effects of BPA were utilized in the sperms and embryos of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus. The sperm and eggs of sea urchins were exposed to increasing concentrations of BPA (300-3500 lg/L) under static conditions. The endpoints were successful sperm fertilization, larval malformations, developmental arrest, and embryonic/larval mortality. BPA concentration (300 lg/L) had spermiotoxic and embryotoxic effects on this species. A doseresponse related reduction was observed in fertilization success and significant increases in the number of larvae with skeleton malformations at the pluteus stage when the sperms were exposed BPA. The embryotoxicity of BPA is concentration-dependent and significant growth reduction at the early life stages and an increase in larval malformations as skeleton deformities at the pluteus stage were observed. It can be concluded that BPA adversely affects the reproduction and embryonic developmental stages of the P. lividus and this is of great ecological importance due to the hazard at the population level. # 2008

Nif Çayı Endüstriyel evsel ve tarımsal deşarjlar ile doğrudan kirlenmektedir. Çayın suyunun evsel ve endüstriyel alanlarda sulama ve yıkama suyu olarak kullanılması rahatsızlık verici boyuttadır, bu nedenle doğal populasyonlar için potansiyel toksisitesinin bilinmesi büyük öneme sahiptir. Bu çalışmanın amacı Nif Çayı su ve sediment örneklerinin su piresi Daphnia magna kullanılarak toksisitesinin belirlenmesidir. Su ve sediment örneklerinin letal toksisitesi 48-saat akut test, subletal toksisite ise 7-gün kronik test ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlar kontrol gurubu ile karşılaştırılmıştır. Çalışmanın sonunda, akut testlerde canlının yaşama oranı indis olarak kullanılmıştır. Kronik testte ise, ilk üreme yaşı, anaç başına düşen yavru sayısı, toplam yavru sayısı indis olarak kullanılmıştır. D. magna kullanılarak yapılan 48 saat Akut test sonuçlarına göre LC 50 değerleri su örnekleri için 6.8 ile 12.67 µl/L arasında sediment örnekleri içn 6.826 ile 38.038 µg/L arasında bulunmuştur. Subletal konsantrasyonlara maruz bırakılarak yapılan kronik testler sonucunda tüm istasyonlardan alınan su ve sediment örneklerin canlının üremesi üzerine negatif etkisi olduğu gözlenmiştir. Elde edilen veriler ışığında bu deneme sisteminin rutin kirlilik belirleme çalışmaları için uygunluğunu tespit edilmiştir.