Books by João de Oliveira Geraldes
Da promessa unilateral de prestação no direito civil português (1045 pp.) - prelo/forthcoming (Unilateral Promises/Cause/Consideration/Abstract Obligations/Abstraction/Deed)
Unilateral promises, contracts, consideration/causa and abstraction
Papers by João de Oliveira Geraldes
Revista da Faculdade de Direito da Universidade de Lisboa, LXVI, 2025, n.º 2, 231-246 , 2025
O presente estudo tem por objeto a análise crítica da tese segundo a qual o artigo 3.º/4 da Conv... more O presente estudo tem por objeto a análise crítica da tese segundo a qual o artigo 3.º/4 da Convenção de Bruxelas de 1952 sobre o arresto de navios consagraria um alegado direito de sequela (droit de suite) /This study aims to critically analyze the thesis that Article 3(4) of the 1952 Brussels Convention on the Arrest of Seagoing Ships enshrines an alleged droit
de suite (right of pursuit).
Rechtskultur 13 (2024), 75-92 , 2025
This inquiry explores the legacy of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz within the
evolution of modern le... more This inquiry explores the legacy of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz within the
evolution of modern legal systems, with particular emphasis on the conceptual domains of juridical acts, conditional legal positions, and the integra-
tion of probabilistic methodologies into legal theory. As a preeminent Enightenment polymath whose oeuvre bridged jurisprudence, mathematics,
and philosophy, Leibniz advanced substantive contributions to the structural
formalization of contingent legal relations and the systematic application of
rationalist principles to mitigate ontological and epistemic uncertainties inherent in juridical adjudication. Leibniz´s scholarship provided a conceptual
foundation for the codification of legal norms and the assimilation of logico-
deductive methodologies into the hermeneutics of juridical reasoning, thereby shaping paradigmatic shifts in the architecture of modern civil law systems.
Cause and Consideration: Exploring the Foundations of Contract Law, Hart Publishing, 17-32 , 2025
A brief reflection is offered on the development of the concept of cause in the medieval period, ... more A brief reflection is offered on the development of the concept of cause in the medieval period, emphasizing the rise of cause, while also underlining that it is still possible to find traces of abstraction in the medieval period. Particular attention is given to the law of the Kingdom of Aragon, which demonstrates the existence of abstract promises in this historical period.
Revista de Direito Intelectual, 2025, n.º 1, 251-282
Abstract: This study presents an analysis of the application of global comparative assessment in ... more Abstract: This study presents an analysis of the application of global comparative assessment in evaluating the likelihood of confusion between distinctive signs. It synthesizes three recent decisions of the Supreme Court of Justice, which consistently reaffirm that trademarks with a high degree of distinctiveness enjoy broader legal protection than those with weaker distinctive character. The highest national court further held that, in the comparative evaluation of conflicting signs, elements of reduced distinctiveness – particularly within complex marks– should be given diminished weight, given their limited impact on the average consumer’s perception. In this context, and to locate this national jurisprudence within a broader framework, the study also examines two divergent approaches identified in the case-law of the Court of Justice of the European Union concerning the relevance of weakly distinctive elements: the “LoC” approach (Likelihood of Confusion), which supports a finding of confusion even where weak elements are present, and the “No LoC” approach (No Likelihood of Confusion), which assigns such elements a more limited role. Also addressed is the Kenner Doctrine, developed within North American jurisprudence, which advocates for broader protection of highly distinctive marks. Judicial and doctrinal positions suggesting that this doctrine should be reconsidered are also discussed.
In summary, by offering a brief comparative perspective between national jurisprudence and the evolving case-law of Europe and North America, this study seeks to contribute to a deeper understanding of the legal standards governing the assessment of the likelihood of confusion, with particular emphasis on the role that varying degrees of distinctiveness ought to play.
Revista de Direito Intelectual, 2024, n.º, 217-233, 2024
There has been extensive debate regarding whether Article 9(7) of Directive 2004/48/EC prevents M... more There has been extensive debate regarding whether Article 9(7) of Directive 2004/48/EC prevents Member States from adopting liability models that allow for compensation for damages resulting from provisional measures subsequently deemed unjustified, without the need to demonstrate the fault or negligence of the applicant. In the judgment Mylan v. Gilead (C-473/22), the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) concluded that the aforementioned article establishes only a minimum standard concerning civil liability for unjustly issued provisional measures, granting Member States considerable discretion to choose between objective and subjective liability models. In light of this decision, and the interpretative controversy associated with Article 343(3) of the Industrial Property Code (CPI), this commentary aims to highlight the relevance of this judgment for Portuguese industrial law. In this context, it is emphasised that courts must thoroughly consider all the circumstances of the cases under review, even when applying objective liability models.
Revista de Direito Intelectual, 2024, n.º 2, 95-119, 2024
Abstract: The legal protection of trade secrets depends on fulfilling the requirements set out in... more Abstract: The legal protection of trade secrets depends on fulfilling the requirements set out in Article 313 of the Industrial Property Code. In this brief study, the aim is to highlight the importance of adopting cybersecurity measures when seeking to legally safeguard trade secrets, particularly the duty to take reasonable steps to maintain the confidentiality of such information within the context of the digital society.
Summary: §1. Introduction. §2. Legal framework for trade secrets: general overview. §3. Cybersecurity and the protection of trade secrets: 3.1. Disclosure of information in the digital space. 3.2. Access to information and the digital space. 3.3. Adoption of “reasonable measures” in the digital space. §4. Conclusions.
Revista de Direito Intelectual, 2024, n.º 1, 163-195
This paper presents remarks regarding the revision of the European Regulation aimed at enhancing ... more This paper presents remarks regarding the revision of the European Regulation aimed at enhancing the current system for protecting the geographical origin of products, as well as expanding its scope to encompass both craft and industrial products. The proposals as put forward, generally include no exception clauses. Accordingly, a Manifesto was published, endorsed by dozens of European academics, calling for the explicit inclusion of a "due cause". The potential for applying the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights as a limitation to the protection of the geographical origin of products is also analyzed. Summary: §. Introduction and rationale. §. General guidelines.. . Fundamentals of the system for protecting the geographical origin of products and the appellations of origin.. . Flexibility of the system and geographical indications.. . European regulations and the Industrial Property Code.. . Indeterminate concepts and hermeneutic densification of the protection of the geographical origin of products in European case law. §. Notes on the proposed amendments to the European regulations on the protection of the geographical origin of products.. . Amendment of European regulations and issues related to European case law.. . Amendment of European regulations within the general framework of industrial law.. . Limits to the geographical protection of the origin of products and the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union.
Revista da Faculdade de Direito da Universidade de Lisboa - Lisbon Law Review, Vol. LXIV (2023) 2, 921-938., 2023
ESTUDOS DE ABERTURA Christian Baldus 25-38 Tudo podemos... ou: pão integral antes do bolo! Intern... more ESTUDOS DE ABERTURA Christian Baldus 25-38 Tudo podemos... ou: pão integral antes do bolo! Internacionalização da formação jurídica entre política e prática Wir können alles... oder: Schwarzbrot vor Kuchen! Internationalisierung der Juristenausbildung zwischen Politik und Praxis Jean-Louis Halpérin 39-60 O direito e as suas histórias Law and its Histories ESTUDOS DOUTRINAIS Alfredo Calderale 63-118 Carta della foresta e mutamenti economico-sociali in Inghilterra dal XV al XX secolo The Forest Charter and Socio-economical Changes in England from the XV th to the XX th Century André Mendes Barata 119-167 O Sistema Europeu de Garantia de Depósitos: perspectivas para a construção do terceiro pilar da União Bancária The European Deposit Insurance Scheme: perspectives for the construction of the third pillar of the Banking Union Aquilino Paulo Antunes 169-190 Falhas de abastecimento de medicamentos Medicines shortages Carlos de Oliveira Coelho 191-238 Em torno de duas leituras da lex sane si maris. Sobre as visões de Grotius e de Serafim de Freitas a respeito da liberdade dos mares On two readings related to the lex sane si maris. About the views of Grotius and Serafim de Freitas regarding the freedom of the seas Carlos Sardinha 239-Introdução ao estudo da História da Ciência do Direito Privado na Europa: Alemanha Introduction to the Study of the History of the Science of Private Law in Europe: Germany Daniel de Bettencourt Rodrigues Silva Morais 255-Inventory Proceeding according to the Goa Succession, Special Notaries and Inventory Proceeding Act 2012: still portuguese law? O processo de inventário de acordo com o Goa Succession, Special Notaries and Inventory Proceeding Act 2012: ainda direito português? Daniele Coduti 301-La legge ex art. 116, co. 3, della Costituzione italiana: punto fermo od ostacolo per l'attuazione del regionalismo differenziato? A lei nos termos do art. 116, par. 3º, da Constituição italiana: ponto fixo ou obstáculo para a implementação do regionalismo diferenciado? Eduardo Vera-Cruz Pinto 335-A Constituição Brasileira de 1824 e o fim da Confederação Brasílica: efeitos jurídicos da rejeição política de juntar Cabo Verde e Angola ao Brasil The Brazilian Constitution of 1824 and the end of the Brazilian Confederation: legal effects of the political rejection of joining Cape Verde and Angola to Brazil Filipe de Arede Nunes 377-A guerra como continuação da política de Estado: o confronto dialético entre Direito e Poder War as continuation of State politics: the dialectic confrontation between Law and Power
Revista da Faculdade de Direito da Universidade de Lisboa - Lisbon Law Review, Vol. LXIV (2023) 2, 601-660
ESTUDOS DE ABERTURA Christian Baldus 25-38 tudo podemos... ou: pão integral antes do bolo! intern... more ESTUDOS DE ABERTURA Christian Baldus 25-38 tudo podemos... ou: pão integral antes do bolo! internacionalização da formação jurídica entre política e prática Wir können alles... oder: Schwarzbrot vor Kuchen! Internationalisierung der Juristenausbildung zwischen Politik und Praxis Jean-Louis Halpérin 39-60 o direito e as suas histórias Law and its Histories ESTUDOS DOUTRINAIS Alfredo Calderale 63-118 carta della foresta e mutamenti economico-sociali in inghilterra dal Xv al XX secolo The Forest Charter and Socio-economical Changes in England from the XV th to the XX th Century André Mendes Barata 119-167 o sistema europeu de Garantia de depósitos: perspectivas para a construção do terceiro pilar da união bancária The European Deposit Insurance Scheme: perspectives for the construction of the third pillar of the Banking Union Aquilino Paulo Antunes 169-190 Falhas de abastecimento de medicamentos Medicines shortages Carlos de Oliveira Coelho 191-238 em torno de duas leituras da lex sane si maris. sobre as visões de Grotius e de serafim de Freitas a respeito da liberdade dos mares On two readings related to the lex sane si maris. About the views of Grotius and Serafim de Freitas regarding the freedom of the seas Carlos Sardinha 239-introdução ao estudo da História da ciência do direito Privado na europa: alemanha Introduction to the Study of the History of the Science of Private Law in Europe: Germany Daniel de Bettencourt Rodrigues Silva Morais 255-inventory Proceeding according to the Goa Succession, Special Notaries and Inventory Proceeding Act 2012: still portuguese law? O processo de inventário de acordo com o Goa succession, special notaries and inventory Proceeding act 2012: ainda direito português? Daniele Coduti 301-la legge ex art. 116, co. 3, della costituzione italiana: punto fermo od ostacolo per l'attuazione del regionalismo differenziato? A lei nos termos do art. 116, par. 3º, da Constituição italiana: ponto fixo ou obstáculo para a implementação do regionalismo diferenciado? Eduardo Vera-Cruz Pinto 335-a constituição brasileira de 1824 e o fim da Confederação Brasílica: efeitos jurídicos da rejeição política de juntar cabo verde e angola ao brasil The Brazilian Constitution of 1824 and the end of the brazilian confederation: legal effects of the political rejection of joining Cape Verde and Angola to Brazil Filipe de Arede Nunes 377-a guerra como continuação da política de estado: o confronto dialético entre direito e Poder War as continuation of State politics: the dialectic confrontation between Law and Power
Revista da Faculdade de Direito da Universidade de Lisboa vol. LXIV (2023) 1, 1207-1248
On Recognition of Ecclesiastical Judgments in Matrimonial Matters: Article 99 of the Brussels II ... more On Recognition of Ecclesiastical Judgments in Matrimonial Matters: Article 99 of the Brussels II ter Regulation and the 2004 Concordat Between the Portuguese Republic and the Holy See
This study aims to denote and contextualize the relation between the article99 of the Brussels II ter Regulation, concerning jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgments in matrimonial matters, with the 2004 Concordat between the Portuguese Republic and the Holy See. The system of automatic recognition of ecclesiastical decisions in matrimonial matters, as provided for in Article XXV of the 1940Concordat, was amended by Article 16 of the 2004 Concordat to establish a system of conditional recognition. However, this had no effect on the Brussels II ter Regulation, and the previous system of recognition of the Brussels II bis Regulation was maintained.
Liber Amicorum - Pedro Pais de Vasconcelos, Vol. I, Almedina, Coimbra, 2022, pp. 221-246
Revista da Faculdade de Direito da Universidade de Lisboa vol. LXIII (2022) 1/2, 407-485
ÍNDICE 2022 M. Januário da Costa Gomes 9-16 Editorial ESTUDOS DE ABERTURA Guido Alpa 19-34 On con... more ÍNDICE 2022 M. Januário da Costa Gomes 9-16 Editorial ESTUDOS DE ABERTURA Guido Alpa 19-34 On contractual power of digital platforms Sobre o poder contratual das plataformas digitais José Barata-Moura 35-62 Dialéctica do tecnológico. Uma nótula Dialectique du technologique. Une notule ESTUDOS DOUTRINAIS Ana Alves Leal 65-148 Decisões, algoritmos e interpretabilidade em ambiente negocial. Sobre o dever de explicação das decisões algorítmicas Decisions, Algorithms and Interpretability in the Context of Negotiations. On the Duty of Explanation of Algorithmic Decisions Ana María Tobío Rivas 149-215 Nuevas tecnologías y contrato de transporte terrestre: los vehículos automatizados y autónomos y su problemática jurídica Novas tecnologias e contrato de transporte terrestre: veículos automatizados e autónomos e seus problemas jurídicos Aquilino Paulo Antunes 217-236 Avaliação de tecnologias de saúde, acesso e sustentabilidade: desafios jurídicos presentes e futuros Health technology assessment, access, and sustainability: present and future legal challenges Armando Sumba 237-270 Crowdinvesting e proteção do investidor: vantagens e limites do financiamento colaborativo de empresas em Portugal Crowdinvesting and investor protection: the advantages and limits of business crowdfunding in Portugal Diogo Pereira Duarte 271-295 O Regulamento Europeu de Crowdfunding: risco de intermediação e conflitos de interesses The European Crowdfunding Regulation: intermediation risk and conflicts of interests Eduardo Vera-Cruz Pinto 297-340 Filosofia do Direito Digital: pensar juridicamente a relação entre Direito e tecnologia no ciberespaço Digital Law Philosophy: thinking legally the relation between Law and Technology in the Cyberspace
Revista de Direito Comercial, 2022 (39), pp. 1941-1996.
Revista de Direito Comercial, pp. 87-126, 2022
Sopesar o legado jurídico romano e sua subsequente modelação levada a cabo pela escola dos glosad... more Sopesar o legado jurídico romano e sua subsequente modelação levada a cabo pela escola dos glosadores, dos pós-glosadores e dos comentadores do período do direito intermédio, aproposita algumas circunstanciadas considerações sobre a influência do direito canónico no desenvolvimento da teoria da obrigação da promessa . A indicada pertinência resulta da necessidade de apreender concretamente, ainda que de forma muito limitada, alguns aspectos particulares da influência do direito canónico na formação do direito privado europeu .
Revista da Faculdade de Direito da Universidade de Lisboa, LXII, 2021, 2, 277-307, 2021
Resumo: neste artigo é analisada a tese que sustenta que os designados negócios de acertamento es... more Resumo: neste artigo é analisada a tese que sustenta que os designados negócios de acertamento estão previstos no artigo 458.º do Código Civil. A esse respeito, é primeiramente descrita a evolução geral da teoria do negócio de acertamento, sucedendo-lhe a explicitação dos elementos constituintes da formulação normativa constante do artigo 458.º do Código Civil. Conclui-se que no artigo 458.º do Código Civil não estão previstos os negócios declaratórios de acertamento.
Palavras-chave: negócio de acertamento, promessa unilateral de prestação, causa, abstração, reconhecimento de dívida.
Abstract: in this article it is examined the theory sustaining that the designated declaratory agreements are contained on the article 458 of the Civil Code. In this regard, it is firstly described the general evolution of the theory of declaratory agreements, followed by the explicitation of the constitutive elements of the normative formulation of article 458 of the Civil Code. It is concluded that article 458 of the Civil code does not contain the declaratory agreements.
Keywords: consideration, abstraction, declaratory agreements, recognition of debt, unilateral promises
Revista da Faculdade de Direito da Universidade de Lisboa, LXII, 1, 405-489, 2021
Abstract: in this article it is examined the problem of determining death and its legal consequen... more Abstract: in this article it is examined the problem of determining death and its legal consequences, namely regarding the extraction of organs. It is concluded that the order no. 14341, of November 6, 2013, which allows the extraction of organs in situations of irreversible cardiac arrest, because it is incompatible with the legal concept of death, it is legally null and void.
Resumo: neste artigo é analisado o problema da determinação da morte e das suas consequências jurídicas, nomeadamente quanto à extração de órgãos. Conclui-se que o despacho n.º 14341, de 6 de novembro de 2013, que permite a extração de órgãos em situações de paragem cardiocirculatória, porque incompatível com o conceito legal de morte, é inválido e nulo.
Revista de Direito Civil Contemporâneo, ano 8, v. 29 (out./dez.), Revista dos Tribunais, São Paulo, 2021
Neste artigo é analisado o poder unilateral de renunciar a condições suspensivas. Depois de reali... more Neste artigo é analisado o poder unilateral de renunciar a condições suspensivas. Depois de realizado o enquadramento geral do problema, conclui-se que, nos casos de negócios jurídicos sob condição suspensiva, quando a condição represente apenas o interesse exclusivo de uma das partes, será possível, de forma unilateral, prescindir dessas condições suspensivas, tornando o contrato plenamente eficaz.
This study examines the unilateral power to unilaterally waive precedent conditions. After describing the general framework of the problem, it is concluded that, in the case of contracts under the effect of a precedent condition, in which the condition represents only the exclusive interest of one of the parties, it is possible to make the contract effective by unilaterally waiving the precedent condition.
. vol. 29. ano 8. p. 299-337. São Paulo: Ed. RT, out./dez. 2021.
Revista da Faculdade de Direito da Universidade de Lisboa, LXI, 2, 415-446, 2020
Abstract: The present study aims to identify the main theories about promises of rewards, develop... more Abstract: The present study aims to identify the main theories about promises of rewards, developed in the continental legal systems, and to argue that, under some circumstances, promises of rewards can be defined as conditional promises.
Resumo: O presente estudo visa identificar asprincipais teorias sobre a promessa pública,desenvolvidas nos sistemas jurídicos continentais,e enunciar a possibilidade de perspetivar a promessa pública, atendendo a circunstânciasconcretas, como uma promessa condicionada
Revista da ordem dos Advogados, ano 72.º, vol. IV Out/Dez, 1095-1127, 2012
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Books by João de Oliveira Geraldes
Papers by João de Oliveira Geraldes
de suite (right of pursuit).
evolution of modern legal systems, with particular emphasis on the conceptual domains of juridical acts, conditional legal positions, and the integra-
tion of probabilistic methodologies into legal theory. As a preeminent Enightenment polymath whose oeuvre bridged jurisprudence, mathematics,
and philosophy, Leibniz advanced substantive contributions to the structural
formalization of contingent legal relations and the systematic application of
rationalist principles to mitigate ontological and epistemic uncertainties inherent in juridical adjudication. Leibniz´s scholarship provided a conceptual
foundation for the codification of legal norms and the assimilation of logico-
deductive methodologies into the hermeneutics of juridical reasoning, thereby shaping paradigmatic shifts in the architecture of modern civil law systems.
In summary, by offering a brief comparative perspective between national jurisprudence and the evolving case-law of Europe and North America, this study seeks to contribute to a deeper understanding of the legal standards governing the assessment of the likelihood of confusion, with particular emphasis on the role that varying degrees of distinctiveness ought to play.
Summary: §1. Introduction. §2. Legal framework for trade secrets: general overview. §3. Cybersecurity and the protection of trade secrets: 3.1. Disclosure of information in the digital space. 3.2. Access to information and the digital space. 3.3. Adoption of “reasonable measures” in the digital space. §4. Conclusions.
This study aims to denote and contextualize the relation between the article99 of the Brussels II ter Regulation, concerning jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgments in matrimonial matters, with the 2004 Concordat between the Portuguese Republic and the Holy See. The system of automatic recognition of ecclesiastical decisions in matrimonial matters, as provided for in Article XXV of the 1940Concordat, was amended by Article 16 of the 2004 Concordat to establish a system of conditional recognition. However, this had no effect on the Brussels II ter Regulation, and the previous system of recognition of the Brussels II bis Regulation was maintained.
Palavras-chave: negócio de acertamento, promessa unilateral de prestação, causa, abstração, reconhecimento de dívida.
Abstract: in this article it is examined the theory sustaining that the designated declaratory agreements are contained on the article 458 of the Civil Code. In this regard, it is firstly described the general evolution of the theory of declaratory agreements, followed by the explicitation of the constitutive elements of the normative formulation of article 458 of the Civil Code. It is concluded that article 458 of the Civil code does not contain the declaratory agreements.
Keywords: consideration, abstraction, declaratory agreements, recognition of debt, unilateral promises
Resumo: neste artigo é analisado o problema da determinação da morte e das suas consequências jurídicas, nomeadamente quanto à extração de órgãos. Conclui-se que o despacho n.º 14341, de 6 de novembro de 2013, que permite a extração de órgãos em situações de paragem cardiocirculatória, porque incompatível com o conceito legal de morte, é inválido e nulo.
This study examines the unilateral power to unilaterally waive precedent conditions. After describing the general framework of the problem, it is concluded that, in the case of contracts under the effect of a precedent condition, in which the condition represents only the exclusive interest of one of the parties, it is possible to make the contract effective by unilaterally waiving the precedent condition.
. vol. 29. ano 8. p. 299-337. São Paulo: Ed. RT, out./dez. 2021.
Resumo: O presente estudo visa identificar asprincipais teorias sobre a promessa pública,desenvolvidas nos sistemas jurídicos continentais,e enunciar a possibilidade de perspetivar a promessa pública, atendendo a circunstânciasconcretas, como uma promessa condicionada