Digital India

"Change is a constant thing". Yes! As humans, we enjoy 'change' to unwind from routine jobs. When we hear the word policy, we want to know what year it is or what the new policy is about. After 34 years, education policy was updated, and we are hearing about and understanding the impact of NEP 2020. The draft was completed on May 31, 2022, for accreditation and assessment in the Higher Education Sector in India. This means that it took two years after the new policy was declared to establish and codify rules. Before the NEP 2020 strategy was drafted, COVID-19 had already changed the mode of education from offline to virtual and hybrid formats. The world has already accepted the transformation, which affects not only schooling but many other sectors of life. By maintaining a safe distance and communicating remotely, we were able to overcome the hurdles and achieve our intended purpose.
The National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 led to a massive transformation in education through "an education system rooted in Indian ethos that contributes directly to transforming India, that is Bharat, sustainably into an equitable and vibrant knowledge society, by providing high-quality education to all, thereby making India a global knowledge superpower."

The Indian welfare system has increased its digital operations to solve problems of corruption and inefficiency and to include all citizens. The Aadhaar-enabled Direct Benefit Transfer program and the Ayushman Bharat PMJAY program present themselves as unbiased technology systems which improve transparency and social inclusion. The study demonstrates that digital welfare systems function as a new governance method which uses data as the primary administrative element instead of citizens. The research study uses secondary data and policy documents and field-level evidence to show how digital infrastructures create new power dynamics between the state and beneficiaries while establishing new exclusion methods. The research paper shows how digital welfare programs interact with existing governance systems and surveillance practices and administrative efficiency methods while establishing that digital welfare exclusion occurs because data-driven governance systems create inherent exclusion mechanisms.

Digital governancethe use of technology to deliver, monitor, and improve government serviceshas redefined the citizen-state relationship in India. Since 2015, the Digital India mission has expanded access to online services across identity management (Aadhaar), documentation (DigiLocker), payments (UPI), and service integration (UMANG).Yet, despite the massive scale of digitization, India faces a paradox: scale without uniform precision. Citizens often encounter errors in data, technical failures, or limited access in rural and marginalized regions. This study situates India's experience in a comparative and policy context, asking: 1. How effectively do digital platforms deliver public services? 2. What barriers limit inclusive, secure, and trustworthy service delivery? 3. How can institutional and policy reforms improve performance and equity?

Kenya has made strong progress in digital governance at the national level. However, case management at the grassroots level is still largely manual, slow, and exposed to risks such as data loss, record alteration, and delays in service delivery. Chiefs and Assistant Chiefs continue to depend on paper based Occurrence Books, which limits transparency, accountability, and timely response to cases. This proposal introduces a Digital Case Management System designed to improve how cases are recorded, tracked, and managed within local administration. The system will support structured digital data entry, real time case tracking, automated reporting, and secure storage of records. It will replace scattered manual processes with a more organized, reliable, and transparent system. The system will be implemented in phases starting with pilot testing, followed by gradual expansion, and finally full national adoption. It is designed to work both online and offline so that it remains functional even in areas with limited internet access. The proposed system supports Kenya's digital transformation goals by strengthening service delivery, improving accountability, and building public confidence in local administration. It offers a practical step toward a more responsive and citizen focused system of governance.

bolstered by strong financial accessibility measures, inclusive entrepreneurship has become a powerful instrument for attaining equitable economic expansion. Through the lens Of social entrepreneurship, this article examines how financial inclusion encourages inclusive innovation. The study's main goals are to examine the connection between financial inclusion and social entrepreneurship, comprehend how inclusive financial systems give marginalized and underprivileged individuals access to possibilities for entrepreneurship, and evaluate their impact on sustainable development and social integration. Based on secondary data collected from government publications, policy reports, research articles, and documents from national and international institutions, the study utilizes a descriptive and analytical method of research. The study examines CUrrent financial inclusion programs, alternative funding sources, and social entrepreneurship frameworks that support inclusive business. The study holds significant relevance to Indian Knowledge Systems (IKS), as it reflects traditional Indian practices of community-based enterprises, cooperative models, and ethical entrepreneurship aimed at social welfare. It aligns with the objectives of NEP 2020, which emphasizes entrepreneurship education, financial literacy, skill development, and innovation as drivers of inclusive growth. Furthermore, the paper contributes to the vision of Viksit Bharat @2047 by positioning financial inclusion and social entrepreneurship as strategic pathways toward building an inclusive, self-reliant, and sustainable Indian economy. The study concludes that by granting access to official financial services including credit, savings, insurance, and electronic payment systems, financial inclusion acts as a key foundation for social entrepreneurship. These services enable people and social entrepreneurs to start and grow projects that tackle social issues like improving communities, disparities in gender, employment creation, and reducing poverty. The results demonstrate that inclusive entrepreneurship fosters social cohesion and resilience in addition to increasing financial involvement.

This study explores gender inequalities in higher education by examining the perceptions and experiences of 200 female postgraduate students from four prominent universities in Delhi-A purposive sampling technique was employed to select participants, and data were collected through semi-structured interviews and survey questionnaires consisting of both closed-ended and open-ended questions, the study focuses on the barrier to access, individual experiences, and awareness of government initiatives aimed at promoting the gender equality. Quantitative data from closed-ended responses were analysed by using percentage analysis, while the open-ended responses underwent thematic analysis to identify recurring themes related to gender disparity and challenges. The findings reveal significant obstacles female students face and highlight areas where policy can enhance gender equality in higher education institutions. This research contributes to the ongoing discourses on gender equity in Indian universities and offers practical recommendations for policy and institutional reforms.

Net neutrality is an important concept for building a fair and open internet, especially under the Digital India initiative in India. It means that all internet content is treated equally by service providers, without blocking or slowing down certain websites or apps. This study looks at how net neutrality supports the goals of Digital India, such as improving digital access, online services, and connectivity for all people. The study uses both research articles and a simple survey to understand people's awareness and opinions. The results show that most users support equal access to the internet and believe it helps innovation and fairness. It also highlights the role of the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India in protecting these rules. Overall, net neutrality is essential for reducing the digital divide and ensuring equal opportunities in the digital world, though more awareness is still needed.

India administers the largest democratic elections in the world under the supervision of the. While the current system has ensured transparency and credibility, it also requires enormous financial, administrative, and logistical resources. This paper proposes the Digital Sovereignty & Accountability Protocol (DSAP), a conceptual governance framework that explores how modern digital infrastructure could complement electoral administration while strengthening democratic accountability. The study identifies six foundational preconditions for any future digital electoral architecture: nationwide internet infrastructure, highly reliable network systems, universal digital literacy, public trust in adaptive governance, comprehensive voter awareness, and strong safeguards against duplicate voting. The paper also proposes a multi-level digital monitoring architecture, portable election administration tools, and optimized deployment of security forces. The objective is to stimulate academic and institutional dialogue on the evolution of democratic participation in the digital age.

Digitalization, a vital strategic initiative, was launched to transform India into a knowledge-based, digitally empowered economy. Today, the economic and social progress of any nation is increasingly reliant on digitization. It has the potential to transform the lives of millions of Indians by boosting efficiency, fostering innovation, and driving growth across various sectors. Digital technologies such as digital payments, artificial intelligence (AI), blockchain, 5G, big data, and the Internet of Things (IoT) are reshaping industries and creating new opportunities across multiple fields. The proliferation of digital transactions is increasing money circulation and velocity, resulting in a multiplier effect on the Indian economy. This paper explores how digitalization impacts India's economy, focusing on finance, industry, healthcare, and agriculture, while also addressing the challenges it poses, including job displacement due to automation, the digital divide, and cybersecurity threats. It also reviews key components of India's digital economy.

The objective of this study was to analyze the status of indicators related to gender equality within the different SDGs in Ecuador and Chile, as well as the efforts of manufacturing companies to promote gender equity and contribute to the 2030 Agenda. Two non-probabilistic samples of 20 companies from each country were studied, using descriptive statistics, correlation, and hypothesis testing.  In the surveyed companies, women constitute 29% of the workforce, and 10% hold managerial positions; moreover, 68% of the companies have a board of directors, of which 18% are women. Only 25% of companies report having more than 40% female employees. The results show that managers have an intermediate level of knowledge about the SDGs, and that companies exhibit a low degree of implementation of strategies related to these objectives. The efforts made to achieve gender equity stand out, aligned with institutional theory and resource dependence theory. No differences were found  regarding  progress  in  fulfilling  their  commitments  to  the  2030  Agenda;  however,  there  are  gaps  that require attention.


El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar el estado de los indicadores relacionados con la igualdad de género en los distintos ODS en Ecuador y Chile y los esfuerzos de las empresas manufactureras para promover la equidad de  género  y  contribuir  con  la  Agenda  2030.  Se  estudian  dos  muestras  no probabilísticas  de  20  empresas  de cada país, mediante estadísticas descriptivas, correlación y pruebas de hipótesis. En las empresas encuestadas las mujeres constituyen el 29 % de la fuerza laboral, y el 10 % ocupa puestos directivos; además, el 68 % de las  empresas  tienen  consejo  de  administración, compuesto  en  un18  %  por  mujeres.  Solo  el  25  %  de  las empresas declaran tener más del 40 % de trabajadoras. Los resultados muestran que los directivos tienen un nivel medio de conocimiento sobre los ODS, y que las empresas exhiben un bajo grado de implementación de estrategias relacionadas con estos objetivos. Se destacan los esfuerzos realizados para alcanzar la equidad de género, alineados con la teoría institucional y la teoría de la dependencia de recursos. No se han encontrado diferencias sobre el avance para cumplir sus compromisos con la Agenda 2030; no obstante, existen brechas que requieren atención.

Information communication technology is necessary for both routine library operations and academic and research projects (ICT). India's research and academic libraries have been transformed by the latest information communication technology devices that allow for the rapid spread of knowledge Research and academic libraries, which are commonly found in universities and research institutions, have benefited from the rapid advancements in information technology. ICT advancements have made it possible to collect, regulate, and distribute scientific and technical information in new and innovative ways." New information communication technologies (ICTs) have made it possible for libraries to expand and better integrate their electronic collections. In order to fulfil their role as a society's knowledge support network, academic and research libraries must keep up with technological advancements in the field of information and communication (ICT). India's higher education institutions must all implement an ICT-based LIS curriculum and use cutting-edge Web technologies.

The advent of e-governance has revolutionized the way governments interact with citizens, businesses, and other stakeholders.
E-governance refers to the use of information and communication technologies (ICTs) to deliver government services, enhance
the efficiency of administrative processes, and promote transparency and accountability. At its core, e-governance seeks to foster
inclusive participation by leveraging digital tools to bridge the gap between citizens and policymakers. Simultaneously, the rapid
digitization of governance frameworks has amplified the importance of protecting digital rights, which encompass fundamental
freedoms and human rights in the digital age. These include the right to privacy, freedom of expression, access to information, and
protection against digital discrimination.
This abstract delves into the dual dimensions of e-governance and digital rights, emphasizing their interdependence and the
challenges inherent in their implementation. E-governance initiatives aim to transform traditional bureaucratic processes through
digital platforms that enable swift, reliable, and citizen-centric services. Examples include e-tax filing systems, online grievance
redressal mechanisms, digital identification programs, and e-voting systems. However, the success of such systems relies heavily
on safeguarding citizens’ digital rights, ensuring data protection, and maintaining equitable access to technology

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is reshaping the global Information Technology (IT) industry at an unprecedented pace-and nowhere is this disruption more acutely felt than in India, the world's premier IT outsourcing hub. While AI drives efficiency and innovation, it simultaneously threatens the livelihoods of millions of IT professionals. This paper examines the dual-directional threat: AI as an existential risk to Human Beings as a Threat to AI: Vice Versa-AI as a Threat to Human Employment and Livelihoods Immanial Yamarthy | SSBM Geneva | Founder, Global Leading Enterprises | Page 2 human employment, and human beings as an emerging operational threat to AI systems through sabotage, resistance, and organized opposition. This paper-written from personal conviction and professional experience as an international business development consultant and educator-critically evaluates India's policy vacuum on AI displacement, documents the layoff patterns of India's IT giants and outsourcing companies, analyzes what realistic alternatives exist for displaced workers, and proposes a comprehensive framework for a just and sustainable human-AI transition.

Rather than reimagine, India's borrowed vision of innovation failed to break the hierarchy where entrepreneurial risk-taking is limited to a tiny elite class.
https://scroll.in/article/1090811/startup-india-at-10-with-little-to-show-how-failure-was-defined-as-success

India's Digital India programme presents digital transformation as a great equaliser-a technological revolution that will democratise governance, deliver welfare, and unlock economic opportunity for every citizen regardless of geography or class. This paper argues that the opposite is often true. As the state rapidly digitises its essential public services-welfare distribution, healthcare, education, financial inclusion, and civic participation-it is simultaneously constructing a two-tier citizenship in which access to fundamental rights is conditioned on digital literacy that hundreds of millions of Indians, particularly in rural areas, do not possess.

Background: In the era of digital revolution, companies are progressively aligning their marketing practices with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to promote responsible, inclusive, and sustainable growth. India, as a dynamic emerging economy with a rapidly expanding digital ecosystem, offers a vital platform for examining how sustainability values are incorporated into corporate communication strategies. Aim: This study examines how different industries and corporate sectors in India incorporate SDG objectives into their digital marketing initiatives and compares the intensity and effectiveness of such integration across sectors. Method: The study depends on secondary data sources, including official reports from NITI Aayog, UN SDG India Index, corporate sustainability reports, and digital marketing campaign documents.

Digital education has emerged as a transformative force in primary schooling, particularly in developing countries like India. National policies such as the Right to Education Act (2009) and the National Education Policy (2020) emphasize the integration of digital technology to improve access, equity, and quality in education. However, a significant gap exists between policy norms and actual classroom practices. Infrastructure deficits, teacher preparedness, digital literacy, socioeconomic disparities, and policy implementation challenges hinder effective digital intaegration in primary schools. This research paper critically examines the legal, policy, infrastructural, and pedagogical dimensions of digital education at the primary level. It analyzes the disconnect between policy objectives and ground realities and proposes practical solutions to bridge this gap.

This study examines Ethiopia's readiness to implement e-voting by assessing e-government infrastructure, institutional readiness, citizen engagement, and key implementation constraints. The objectives focus on evaluating how these factors influence e-voting adoption. A total of 385 Ethiopian citizens, selected through stratified random sampling, participated in the study. Data were collected using structured questionnaires and analyzed with descriptive statistics, correlation, and multiple regression techniques. Findings reveal moderate infrastructure support, strong institutional readiness, significant challenges in citizen engagement, and notable implementation constraints, including cyber security risks and political resistance. Among the factors, citizen engagement emerged as the most critical determinant of e-voting readiness. Based on the findings, the study recommends enhancing ICT infrastructure in rural areas, strengthening legal and institutional frameworks, promoting digital literacy, and implementing robust cyber security measures. Collaboration among government agencies, civil society, and technology providers is essential to ensure a secure, inclusive, and effective e-voting system in Ethiopia.

The 21st century shows an era of unprecedented digital transformation, positioning India at the edge of a technological revolution with its ambitious "Digital India" initiative. This article deals with the multifaceted landscape of Digital India, exploring the profound challenges and abundant opportunities it presents. By aiming to create a digitally empowered society and knowledge economy, the initiative strives to bridge the digital divide, enhance e-governance, and foster economic growth through digital inclusion. Key challenges such as infrastructural inadequacies, cybersecurity threats, digital literacy deficits, and regional disparities in access to technology are critically examined. The article also addresses the complexities of implementing large-scale digital projects in a diverse and populous country like India. Conversely, the opportunities presented by Digital India are vast. The initiative has the potential to revolutionize various sectors, including healthcare, education, agriculture, and finance, through the integration of digital technologies. It promises to enhance efficiency, transparency, and accessibility, thereby driving socioeconomic development. The rise of a robust digital ecosystem can promote innovation, entrepreneurship, and job creation, positioning India as a global digital leader. This research paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the strategic measures needed to overcome the challenges and leverage the opportunities inherent in Digital India. Through case studies, policy analysis, and stakeholder perspectives, it offers insights into the path forward for realizing the vision of a digitally empowered India in the 21st century. By balancing the discourse between potential hurdles and strategic opportunities, this research paper aims to contribute to the ongoing dialogue on India's digital future.

This research explores the role of digital governance in strengthening transparency and accountability within rural governance systems, with a particular focus on developing regions. Traditionally, rural governance structures have depended on manual administration, paper-based systems, and physical service delivery mechanisms, which often resulted in inefficiencies, corruption, limited monitoring, and restricted citizen participation. The emergence of digital governance has gradually transformed this model by introducing information and communication technologies into public administration, service delivery, and citizen engagement processes. Digital platforms such as government portals, mobile-based services, online grievance systems, and digital payment mechanisms have significantly reshaped governance practices in rural areas. These systems have improved access to public services, reduced dependency on intermediaries, and enhanced citizen participation in governance processes. Rural populations now engage more directly with welfare schemes, development programs, healthcare services, and public institutions through digital platforms. The use of direct benefit transfers and digital financial systems has further reduced financial leakages and strengthened transparency in public service delivery. At the administrative level, digital governance has improved institutional openness through digital records, real-time data access, and public information systems. Governance processes have become more visible, enabling citizens to track public spending, monitor development projects, and observe service implementation. This visibility has contributed to increased public trust and greater confidence in governance institutions. However, the study also highlights critical challenges, including digital literacy gaps, weak infrastructure, limited internet connectivity, unstable electricity supply, and institutional resistance to digital reforms. These barriers restrict the effective use of digital platforms and limit the inclusive potential of e-governance systems. The research adopts a qualitative approach based on secondary data analysis and selected case studies from regions such as India, Africa, and Southeast Asia. The findings indicate that while digital governance holds strong potential to transform rural governance systems, its sustainability depends on long-term infrastructure development, digital education, supportive policy frameworks, and active community participation. With integrated planning and institutional commitment, digital governance can serve as a foundation for transparent, accountable, and inclusive rural governance.

Digitalization has become a major force shaping governance, the economy, and society in the twenty-first century. It involves using digital technologies to improve the way governments work, how businesses operate, and how people access services and communicate. Across the world, digitalization is seen as a tool for improving efficiency, transparency, innovation, and inclusive growth. This research paper studies the basic concepts, evolution, and wide-ranging effects of digitalization, with a focus on governance, economic development, and social change. It examines global and Indian digital initiatives such as e-governance, digital public infrastructure, digital payments, digital health, and digital education. Using descriptive methods and secondary data, the paper highlights both the opportunities and challenges related to digitalization. Key issues include data privacy, cyber-security risks, lack of digital literacy, and unequal access to digital resources. The paper also discusses how new technologies reshaping administrative systems and economic activities.

Digital media has become a defining force in reshaping the contours of development communication in India. Once a largely top-down model of transmitting state-led messages, development communication has evolved into a participatory, dialogic, and networked process facilitated by digital connectivity. This conceptual paper explores how digital media functions as a catalyst for participatory development communication in India by enabling citizen engagement, democratizing information flows, and fostering social innovation. Drawing on theoretical frameworks such as participatory communication, diffusion of innovations, and digital public infrastructure, it integrates insights from contemporary Indian scholarship and policy analyses. The paper argues that while digital media has significantly expanded opportunities for inclusion and transparency, persistent structural inequalities, such as the digital divide, gender disparities, and algorithmic bias, continue to limit its transformative potential. The study concludes by proposing a participatory model of digital development communication emphasizing inclusivity, media literacy, and local agency as pathways toward achieving sustainable development in the digital age.

The global landscape of education has changed due to the growing popularity of educational technology. Integrating technology, specifically in education, creates a global education market that helps to share ideas, information, and insight among all nations and works as an inclusive education platform. Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) is a digital learning platform that provides accessible and flexible learning opportunities to all groups of individuals irrespective of their age, socioeconomic status and qualification. SWAYAM is a flagship initiative by the Government of India under the Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD). Presently known as the Ministry of Education of India, it offers quality education through online courses in various disciplines by the resource persons of leading institutions. Even with MOOCs-SWAYAM's many benefits, but low completion rates are still a significant problem. Overcoming these obstacles requires learning adaptation, which includes selfregulated learning, time management, digital competence, and cognitive flexibility. This study explores how learning adaptability affects MOOCs-SWAYAM completion rates and how it affects Academic Progress. Despite the many benefits of MOOCs-SWAYAM, the low completion rates remain a significant issue faced by learners. To overcome these issues, learners require the ability to learn adaptability. Learning adaptability plays a vital role in academic progress because those learners have better learning adaptability, including time management, engagement, resilience, and motivation; these components allow them to effectively navigate the challenges of self-paced learning in online platform education. Many obstacles prevent learners from completing their courses and achieving their academic goals, including low motivation, poor time management, lack of technological proficiency, and inadequate interactions with peers. There are various ways to increase learning adaptability, including goal-setting, selfmotivation techniques, well-structured study plans, well-structured effective learning strategies, and interactive and engaging learning tools that can significantly improve learning adaptability. Its plays a key role in determining success in MOOCs-SWAYAM courses, helping to reduce the gap between virtual learning and Academic Progress. The primary aim of this paper is to discuss the key factors that contribute to learning adaptability, various challenges faced by the learners, and strategies that help to enhance adaptability for better course completion rates and academic progress.

Cybersecurity is one of the most dynamic and challenging fields today, with constantly evolving digital threats. Digital forensic analysis, a subfield of forensic science, focuses on the examination of digital media and components to report, explain, and justify events that occur in a digital context. As a subfamily of forensic sciences, digital forensic analysis applies specific methods, techniques, and procedures to ensure that the collected evidence is valid and unquestionable. To prepare future information security professionals, hands-on education that goes beyond theory and emphasizes realism and engagement is essential. Traditional teaching approaches in this area are often limited to theoretical instruction, lacking the immersive and investigative dimensions required to address real-world challenges. This paper presents an innovative dual-role, group-based methodology-Think like a hacker, think like an investigator-that integrates collaborative learning, gamification, and standardbased forensic practice. Students alternate between designing attack scenarios and performing forensic investigations, following internationally recognized frameworks, such as NIST SP 800-86 and ISO/IEC 27037:2012. This bidirectional learning process develops both adversarial and investigative thinking, enhancing critical analysis, teamwork, and methodological rigor in the research process. The methodology was applied in the Digital Forensic Analysis course at ISTEC-Instituto Superior de Tecnologias Avançadas (Lisbon, Portugal), where it demonstrated promising outcomes. Students reported greater motivation, a deeper conceptual understanding, and improved readiness for professional cybersecurity environments. By combining opensource and no-cost tools with a dual-role group dynamic, this approach contributes to a more inclusive, engaging, and practiceoriented cybersecurity education.

This paper investigates the multifaceted role of new media platforms in fostering and sustaining social capital among India's rapidly expanding techno-savvy population. Drawing on social capital theory and contemporary digital communication scholarship, this study examines how internet-based platformsincluding social networking sites, messaging applications, and digital communities-facilitate both bonding and bridging social capital formation. The research demonstrates that active engagement with new media platforms significantly influences the development of social capital, particularly among India's tech-savvy demographic (18-35 years), who constitute approximately 60% of the internet user base[1]. Through synthesizing existing empirical research and analyzing India's digital ecosystem, this paper argues that new media serves as a transformative mechanism for social capital accumulation, though structural inequalities and digital divides persist. The findings have significant implications for digital inclusion policies, community development initiatives, and understanding social cohesion in the Indian context.

Covid-19 as a worldwide epidemic took the whole world under its control. In order to stop the spread of this Governments had to lock down were things only related to basic necessities were available for day to day life. Similar to all other activities the institutions of learning as schools, colleges and universities were also closed from March 2020 to 2021 and in coming months. This had a major impact on the education of students as most of the students were accustomed only to the classroom teaching learning methods. Never before had any country faced such a global crisis as the one brought on by the COVID-19 pandemic. The sudden outbreak disrupted every aspect of daily life, and one of the most severely affected sectors was education. With schools, colleges, and universities forced to shut their doors indefinitely, the traditional mode of classroom learning came to a standstill. To prevent a complete breakdown in the academic cycle and ensure that students could continue their studies without interruption, the adoption of digital learning tools became essential. In response, various e-learning apps, platforms, and software were rapidly introduced and integrated into the educational system. These digital solutions enabled students and teachers to connect virtually, conduct classes, share materials, and assess progress from the safety of their homes. Although initially challenging, this shift marked a significant transformation in how education was delivered, highlighting the critical role of technology in maintaining continuity during times of crisis.

This study is about the transforming roles of academic libraries in India's Open Educational Resources (OER) ecosystem. Using a mixed-methods approach involving surveys and interviews with various institutions, the study shows significant variations in OER integration across different types of academic libraries. Central universities demonstrate higher implementation levels compared to state universities and colleges, reflecting disparities in funding, infrastructure, and institutional priorities. Factors influencing successful OER adoption include librarian competencies, technological infrastructure, and collaborative relationships with faculty. The study identifies emerging frameworks for understanding library engagement with OER, including an integration model and stakeholder ecosystem approach. Findings suggest that academic libraries are evolving from traditional resource custodians to active participants in educational content creation, though this transition faces challenges related to professional development, resource limitations, and sustainability concerns. Recommendations address policy interventions, skill development, and collaborative structures to strengthen academic libraries' contributions to equitable education through OER.

India’s foreign policy represents a balance between moral ideals and pragmatic national interests, shaped by its civilizational heritage, colonial experiences, and evolving global realities. Guided by principles such as Panchsheel, non-alignment, peaceful coexistence, and respect for sovereignty, the policy seeks to safeguard India’s sovereignty, promote economic development, and contribute to world peace. Over time, India’s diplomacy has evolved from Nehru’s idealism to contemporary strategic autonomy, adapting to globalization and technological transformation. The policy’s objectives include protecting national security, fostering regional stability, advancing economic and technological growth, and enhancing India’s global influence. Its determinants—both domestic and external—range from geography, leadership, and economic priorities to international politics and global challenges. In the 21st century, India’s foreign policy continues to uphold its foundational principles while engaging dynamically with global governance, regional cooperation, and emerging transnational issues, reaffirming its role as a responsible and influential power in world affairs.

In the era of globalisation, Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) have played an important role in improving public service delivery in India. Since the launch of the Digital India mission, India has launched various national and state digital platforms, digital identity, and distributed service delivery architecture (CSCs). This study synthesizes policy documents and empirical data to assess how e-governance interventions have enhanced accessibility, efficiency, transparency, and accountability of public services. This research indicate how the changing governance system helps to convenience, transaction speed, and scope of services, especially where digital infrastructure and local intermediaries (VLEs) exist; however, there are some challenges, such as the digital divide, infrastructure gaps, low digital literacy, financial sustainability data privacy, and exclusion risks associated with e governance systems that constrain equitable impact.

The South African retail apparel industry has and continues to undergo major digitisation. This movement better known as e-tailing has pioneered over the years and proven to be a lucrative way of trading. As a developing market, e-tailing has seen increased growth with great potential for new entrants to thrive. Only a small number of e-tailers were dominating the South African online apparel industry. In order to understand and further promote success in e-tailing, the researchers identified the need to determine the critical success factors of leading apparel etailers in South Africa. Identifying the CSFs proved to be an integral part of successful e-tailer survival. The objective of this study was, therefore, to establish and delve into the CSFs of both leading pure-play online apparel e-tailers and omnichannel or hybrid retailers based in Cape Town, South Africa. The study adopted a multiple case study approach and a qualitative methodology was used by employing an interpretive philosophical perspective. An exploratory design was appropriate for the study and an Inductive reasoning is a theory-building method which best explained the phenomena that are the subject of this study. The research paper further incorporated an empirical approach and the data comprised of four organisations primarily collected through semi-structured interviews from individuals that were connected to the organisations. The findings of the study revealed the most fundamental CSFs which consisted of five CSF groups, namely, 1) Business Intelligence, 2) Operations, 3) Organisational culture, 4) Business model and 5) Strategic modelling. Ultimately, the study recommended an effective growth and development framework for apparel e-tailers in Cape Town.

Digital India is one of the initiatives to digitally empower Indian
society.  Digital India is presumed to bring more accountability and
transparency in the governance. Digital India is a transformed version
of government’s already running E-governance programme. An
attempt has been made in this paper to analyze digital India
programme. This paper also endeavored to throw light on success
achieved till 2014-15, challenges ahead for realizing the vision of
Digital India. In the 21 century information is power in itself.
Information and Technology has revolutionized and triggered new
avenues of growth. Governments in India have made endless efforts to
benefit its citizen. There are several ongoing social and economic
development projects, programmes and schemes in India for the
empowerment of its citizens. As the global scenario is changing India
has taken many initiatives to renew older ways of procedures and
governance. Government tries to be more responsive, participatory,
efficient and more transparent in its activities and in delivery of its
services. No doubt, digital India is a huge dream and no dream is so
big to be achieved. But there are some challenges which need to
overcome to make Digital India a reality.

In the era of globalisation, Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) have played an important role in improving public service delivery in India. Since the launch of the Digital India mission, India has launched various national and state digital platforms, digital identity, and distributed service delivery architecture (CSCs). This study synthesizes policy documents and empirical data to assess how e-governance interventions have enhanced accessibility, efficiency, transparency, and accountability of public services. This research indicate how the changing governance system helps to convenience, transaction speed, and scope of services, especially where digital infrastructure and local intermediaries (VLEs) exist; however, there are some challenges, such as the digital divide, infrastructure gaps, low digital literacy, financial sustainability data privacy, and exclusion risks associated with e governance systems that constrain equitable impact.

The paper explores the transformation of Indian democracy in the digital era through the Digital India initiative. It examines how digital tools enhance participation, transparency, accountability, and service delivery, while addressing challenges like the digital divide, data privacy, misinformation, and cybersecurity threats. The study highlights the role of initiatives such as Aadhaar, MyGov.in, BharatNet, and DigiLocker in deepening democratic engagement. It also analyzes the integration of emergent technologies—AI, blockchain, big data, and IoT—and their implications for privacy, security, and electoral integrity. Ultimately, the paper underscores India’s pursuit of inclusive, secure, and citizen-centric digital democracy

Non-cash payments have improved the way people conduct transactions by making it easier to borrow and transfer money. Hygiene issues when using paper money and coins change daily financial transactions and have a long-term impact on payment alternatives choices. Opting for cashless has been proved to increase accessibility and ensure financial inclusion. India is among the largest economies in this world. Many changes are needed to support the global economy, including a cashless economy. This article talks about the real environmental problems borne by traditional payment methods and the use of cashless to save the environment. In the past, paper was used to print money along with thousands of machines. But now as it is becoming cashless, pollution from thousands of machines can also be significantly reduced.

In today's digital age, the protection of business information is of paramount importance. Organisations face numerous challenges in safeguarding their sensitive data from unauthorised access, data breaches, and other forms of cyber threats. The consequences of information loss or compromise can be severe, leading to financial losses, reputational damage, and legal liabilities. Therefore, it is imperative for organisations to adopt effective strategies and measures to ensure the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of their business information. In the rapidly evolving digital landscape of India, the protection of business information has emerged as a critical concern for organisations across various sectors. With the country's ambitious digital transformation initiatives and the growing reliance on technology, businesses face unique challenges and risks when it comes to safeguarding their valuable information. Thus, the study of the protection of business information in India is of utmost importance to ensure the security and integrity of sensitive data. The objectives of the research is To analyse the effectiveness of existing data protection strategies and policies, To analyse the impact of data breaches or security incidents on the reputation of business organisations and To propose recommendations and best practices for enhancing the protection of business information. The research method followed is empirical Research. A total of 201 samples were taken from the general public through convenient sampling. The primary source of information was taken from the general public in the form of a survey method. The secondary sources of information were from journal articles, books and reports of presidency non-governmental organisations. This paper concludes that as India continues its digital journey, prioritising the protection of business information is vital for sustainable growth and success.

This paper frames a critique of India's existing e-governance programme in the context of a market-driven and efficiency enhancing approach. This narrow guiding vision occurs because of a deficit in normative frameworks for governance rooted in principles of governance reform, and in turn a normative model for telecentre-based e-governance. The paper proceeds to empirically assess an e-governance initiative in the state of Gujarat, e-Gram, exploring what kind of development and local governance are served by this telecentre-based initiative. By analysing eGram through the lens of guiding vision, accountability, and systemic integration, the paper elaborates an egovernance model based on the development cornerstones of participation, social justice and equity. Index Terms – governance reform, gram panchayat, systemic integration, equity, Gujarat.

The study explores the transformative role of emerging technologies in reshaping the Indian education system. It highlights how innovations such as artificial intelligence, virtual and augmented reality, and digital platforms are fostering personalized, accessible, and engaging learning experiences. The paper examines evolving roles of teachers and students in technology-enhanced classrooms, emphasizing the importance of professional development and learner autonomy. Supported by recent studies and government initiatives, including the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020, the study outlines the policy framework promoting digital integration. However, it also identifies critical challenges-such as the digital divide, lack of infrastructure, teacher training gaps, and data privacy concerns-that hinder widespread adoption.

The COVID-19 pandemic has definitely introduced a new trend in higher education by bringing many challenges to the education system. It has led to a paradigm shift in pedagogy and a new perspective of education. This has demonstrated the importance of ICT in teaching, learning, and research. In this background, the present study is directed towards a critical look into the transformation in higher education institutions. The experience and attitude of the students about the advancement in digital education are the main aim of this Paper. The research is based on primary data collected from the undergraduate college students in the Belagavi City of Karnataka State, through a questionnaire. 133 Representative samples of U.G. Students have been selected randomly. The study aims to study the attitude and opinion of the students towards the digital transformation in education and its impact, including the availability of technical infrastructure, accessibility, capacity building of teachers, and distance learning competencies. The study's findings show that Governments and Educational Institutions need to increase institutional capacity to respond quickly to modern ICT learning platforms.

Our daily life is changing at a rapid speed due to technological innovations and the usage of technology in our lives. We are surrounded by digital devices, so we need to know and get the skills to do our work in the right manner at the right time. Digital India Campaign is the first step to digitally transforming India toward a better future. The Digital India project will help in the evolution of employment and increase the economic part of the Indian economy. The advancement of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has changed the process of information generation and its consumption among users. Now it is not only important to find the information it is more important to find correct and suitable information in the right manner and at the right time. With the enlarged importance of innovation in modern society, digital literacy and digital skills have been the need of the hour and have become the most important device for long-lasting learning or to become lifelong learners.

E-governance leverages technology to enhance government services, simplify communication, and integrate systems between the government and citizens. Building on the foundation of Digital India, the Assam government is actively working to enhance 'Digital Assam'. The National e-Governance Service Delivery Assessment (NeSDA) initiative, in collaboration with the National Informatics Centre (NIC) Assam State Centre, has been instrumental in driving digital transformation. NIC Assam has served as the Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) backbone of the state, connecting government offices through NICNET and enabling seamless communication and e-governance services. Assam has made major improvements in establishing digital governance, but challenges remain. Poverty, geographical barriers, infrastructure gaps, digital illiteracy, and funding constraints continue to hinder the full-scale implementation of e-governance initiatives in the state. This paper aims to examine the journey of Digital Assam, highlighting its achievements, challenges, and prospects in e-governance. The study is descriptive and relies on secondary data collected from government reports, policy documents, research studies, books, newspaper reports, etc. The finding shows that the state has successfully launched 100 per cent e-services through its unified portal, Sewa Setu, offering uninterrupted public service access. Key initiatives like Mission Bhumiputra (digital caste certificates), Mission Basundhara 2.0 (land record updates), e-district (Sugam), Direct Benefit Transfer (Arunodoi Scheme), Kritagyata Pension Seva Kendras, and e-Prastuti are driving socioeconomic transformation in Assam. The study highlights that the successful implementation of e-governance in Assam requires an effective telecommunications network, skilled IT professionals, a stable electricity supply and government officials' digital competence. The authors have acknowledged the role of NIC in launching several innovative digital initiatives, ensuring that governance becomes more accessible, transparent, and efficient for all citizens.