Policy Making Processes

Buku ini menguraikan berbagai dinamika penguasaan, pemanfaatan, dan pengelolaan tanah dalam konteks pembangunan wilayah, termasuk hubungan antara hak masyarakat, peran pemerintah, serta kepentingan pembangunan. Pembahasan disajikan secara runtut dan mudah dipahami, sehingga pembaca dapat melihat persoalan pertanahan tidak hanya dari sisi hukum, tetapi juga dari aspek sosial, ekonomi, dan penataan ruang.

Makalah ini mengkaji pelaksanaan landreform di Indonesia dalam kerangka hukum yang berlaku serta dinamika implementasinya di Provinsi Sulawesi Tengah. Landreform merupakan instrumen kebijakan agraria yang bertujuan menata ulang struktur pemilikan,penguasaan, penggunaan, dan pemanfaatan tanah guna menciptakan keadilan agraria bagi seluruh masyarakat, terutama petani kecil yang tidak memiliki akses tanah yang memadai. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa landreform di Indonesia memiliki landasan hukum yang komprehensif, mulai dari pasal 33 ayat (3) UUD 1945, Undang-Undang Nomor 5 Tahun 1960 tentang Peraturan dasar Pokok-Pokok Agraria (UUPA), hingga Peraturan Presiden Nomor 86 Tahun 2018 tentang reforma Agraria. Namun demikian, terdapat kesenjangan yang signifikan antara norma hukum yang ada dengan implementasinya di lapangan. Program-program utama landreform—redistribusi tanah, konsolidasi tanah, dan sertifikasi tanah—menghambati hambatan struktural dan kelembagaan yang kompleks. Studi kasus di Sulawesi tengah memperlihatkan persoalan agraria yang multi-dimensional: konflik antara masyarakat adat dengan kawasan taman nasional di Kabupaten Sigi, proses redistribusi lahan eks HGU yang lambat di Kabupaten Poso, implementasi program TORA yang terkendala tumpang tindih kawasan hutan di Kabupaten Parigi Mautong, serta lemahnya pengakuan hak-hak tanah masyarakat adat di wilayah industri nikel Morowali. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa keberhasilan landreform di Sulawesi Tengah mesnyaratkan pendekatan yang hpolistik, partisipatif, dan berkeadilan yang memadukan penguatan regulasi, pengakuan hak masyarakat adat, penguatan kapasitas kelembagaan daerah, serta program pendamping paasca-redistribusi yang komprehensif.

This policy brief examines weaknesses in policy formulation within Nigeria’s Federal Civil Service, based on a baseline assessment and training intervention led by the Aig-Imoukhuede Foundation in partnership with the Office of the Head of the Civil Service of the Federation (OHCSF). The study identifies key barriers to effective policymaking, including limited technical capacity, weak stakeholder engagement, unreliable data, and political interference. A targeted training workshop significantly improved participants’ competence in policy drafting, review, and analytical thinking. The brief concludes that sustained capacity-building, structured policy processes, and institutionalised reforms are critical to strengthening evidence-based policymaking and governance outcomes in Nigeria’s public sector.

The Right to Information (RTI) Act 2005 passed with great fanfare as a path-breaking legislation by the then government completed a journey of 19 years on 12th October, 2024. The Act empowered millions of people and kick-started their journey of an RTI application, evoking the concept of participatory citizenship. Without an iota of doubt, it can be said, 'RTI has empowered the lay man to communicate directly with the public authority, squashing the practice of delivery of services by the authority, by challenging the practice of allotting the "middleman" the charge of disbursement of entitlements' hence shifting from a 'need based-approach to a rights-based approach to development. It has been observed through studies that the RTI has played an active role in checking public authority at the grassroots levels for any misappropriation of people's money. However, the transformation in work culture, from secretive to openness, changing of minds of the public authorities as well as of the people, will definitely take a long time to bring RTI in practice to its full potential.

Agrarian conflicts that have been going on at plantation areas is a picture of conflict that was the legacy of colonialism in Indonesia. These conflicts seemed untouchable in the context of the current policies. For the implementing the agrarian reforms as the overall solution to existing conflicts at the plantations, then the plantation itself has to become the main object for land reform.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis ruang lingkup serta latar historis hukum agraria di Indonesia guna memahami dinamika pembentukannya dan relevansinya dalam menjawab persoalan agraria kontemporer. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan, konseptual, dan historis, serta didukung oleh studi kepustakaan terhadap berbagai sumber hukum primer dan sekunder. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa hukum agraria di Indonesia memiliki cakupan yang luas meliputi aspek publik dan privat, serta dipengaruhi oleh perkembangan historis dari hukum adat, kolonial, hingga hukum nasional. Selain itu, ditemukan adanya kesenjangan antara das sollen dan das sein yang ditandai dengan masih terjadinya konflik agraria dan ketimpangan penguasaan tanah. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan harmonisasi regulasi dan penguatan implementasi kebijakan agraria untuk mewujudkan keadilan sosial dan kepastian hukum.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis ruang lingkup serta latar historis hukum agraria di Indonesia guna memahami dinamika pembentukannya dan relevansinya dalam menjawab persoalan agraria kontemporer. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan, konseptual, dan historis, serta didukung oleh studi kepustakaan terhadap berbagai sumber hukum primer dan sekunder. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa hukum agraria di Indonesia memiliki cakupan yang luas meliputi aspek publik dan privat, serta dipengaruhi oleh perkembangan historis dari hukum adat, kolonial, hingga hukum nasional. Selain itu, ditemukan adanya kesenjangan antara das sollen dan das sein yang ditandai dengan masih terjadinya konflik agraria dan ketimpangan penguasaan tanah. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan harmonisasi regulasi dan penguatan implementasi kebijakan agraria untuk mewujudkan keadilan sosial dan kepastian hukum.

Hukum agraria memiliki peran fundamental dalam sistem hukum nasional karena berkaitan langsung dengan struktur penguasaan sumber daya alam dan distribusi kesejahteraan masyarakat. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji secara konseptual ruang lingkup hukum agraria serta menelusuri latar historis pembentukannya dalam konteks perkembangan hukum Indonesia. Metode yang digunakan adalah penelitian yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan konseptual, perundang-undangan, dan historis. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa hukum agraria nasional merupakan sistem pengaturan yang komprehensif, meliputi penguasaan, pemanfaatan, dan pengendalian sumber daya agraria oleh negara dengan tetap mengakui hak masyarakat adat dan hak perseorangan. Secara historis, lahirnya hukum agraria nasional merupakan koreksi terhadap kebijakan kolonial yang bersifat eksploitatif dan diskriminatif. Pembentukan Undang-Undang Nomor 5 Tahun 1960 menjadi tonggak penting dalam mewujudkan unifikasi hukum agraria yang berorientasi pada keadilan sosial.

Perkembangan ekonomi digital dan meningkatnya kompleksitas aktivitas usaha menuntut ketersediaan data statistik yang mutakhir, akurat, dan terintegrasi sebagai dasar perencanaan pembangunan berbasis bukti. Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis tantangan penyelenggaraan Sensus Ekonomi 2026 (SE2026) serta mengkaji pembaruan kerangka regulasi statistik dalam mendukung optimalisasi penyelenggaraan dan pemanfaatan hasil sensus. SE2026 diposisikan sebagai instrumen strategis untuk memenuhi kebutuhan tersebut, namun penyelenggaraannya masih dihadapkan pada keterbatasan kerangka regulasi yang belum sepenuhnya adaptif terhadap dinamika ekonomi digital dan pemanfaatan teknologi. Hasil pembahasan menunjukkan perlunya penguatan mandat pembaruan data berkelanjutan, penegasan peran independen Badan Pusat Statistik, serta pengaturan komprehensif terkait pemanfaatan teknologi digital dan kecerdasan buatan, termasuk dalam aspek teknis penyelenggaraan sensus. Sejalan dengan itu, Komisi X DPR RI melalui fungsi legislasi, pengawasan, dan anggaran diharapkan dapat mendorong percepatan pembahasan Rancangan Undang-Undang tentang Statistik, memastikan dukungan pendanaan yang memadai, serta mengawasi implementasi kebijakan statistik agar SE2026 menjadi fondasi data pembangunan nasional yang presisi dan berkelanjutan.

Isu agraria di Indonesia bersifat multidimensi dan kompleks, meliputi pengaturan atas tanah, udara, ruang angkasa, serta sumber daya alam yang terkandung di dalamnya. Secara historis, sistem hukum agraria pada era kolonial bersifat dualistik dan condong tidak berpihak kepada rakyat, sehingga menimbulkan disparitas penguasaan sumber daya. Oleh karena itu, Undang-Undang Pokok Agraria (UUPA) Tahun 1960 menjadi tonggak krusial dalam pembentukan kerangka hukum agraria nasional yang berpijak pada prinsip keadilan sosial. Dari perspektif teoritis, hukum agraria tidak terbatas pada konsep sempit sebagai hukum tanah saja, melainkan mencakup secara luas berbagai disiplin hukum yang berkaitan dengan pengelolaan sumber daya alam, seperti hukum udara, pertambangan, dan perikanan. Cakupan pokoknya meliputi tanah, udara, ruang angkasa, serta kekayaan alam di dalamnya, yang semuanya berada di bawah penguasaan negara demi kesejahteraan rakyat. Meskipun demikian, implementasinya masih terjadi pada berbagai tantangan, termasuk konflik kepemilikan dan kekokohan distribusi lahan. Dengan demikian, pemahaman yang komprehensif terhadap dimensi konseptualisasi, cakupan ruang, serta konteks historis hukum agraria menjadi penting untuk merealisasikan pengelolaan sumber daya agraria yang adil, berkelanjutan, serta berorientasi pada kesejahteraan masyarakat.

This paper investigated project-based governance (PBG) in China's higher vocational education (HVE) with a main research question asking how PBG works in China's HVE. Using case study as a research strategy, the paper examines the application and effect of the PBG model on Chinese HVE within the analytical framework of PBGbased agency theory. Twenty-three faculty members from both administrative and academic departments in College Plateau (pseudonym) were recruited to participate in a person-to-person interviews. They were expected to share their observations and perspectives on the PBG model as applied to HVE. As supplementary materials, the Chinese government's policy documents and statistics, as well as institutional policy documents, were also looked at for a brief discussion of governance of China's HVE. The results showed that the PBG model has greatly challenged the traditional administrative, distribution and personnel systems, as well as the college-enterprise cooperation model, and academic performance of higher vocational colleges (HVCs). These changes have brought higher academic achievements and greater social resources to College Plateau. However, they have also caused many negative effects, such as homogeneity of organizations and the Matthew effect among HVCs.

Polarized politics and autocratic leaders are threats to modern democracies. Established norms and conventions of politics appear incapable of effectively tackling the challenges they pose. It leads to growing disenchantment and mistrust with established institutions, often resulting in popular upsurge and protest movements. This paper examines the development of such politics and their impact on the functioning of Indian democracy, representative institutions, and governance. In recent years, popular resentment against public institutions has resulted in several mass agitations and movements. This paper examines three such movements – Anna Hazare or India Against Corruption Movement, Anti-CAA and NRC Protest Movement, and the protests against the three Farm Bills. These protest movements directly confronted the laws passed by the Indian parliament. For a brief time, these protest sites became alternative forums for democratic deliberations and forging new solidarity across groups and communities. However, this paper argues that despite their relative successes, these protest movements/sites are more effective when they function within the confines of civil society to hold the government and its institutions accountable. Thus, it critiques the much-discussed/highlighted arguments in recent years, projecting citizens' assemblies or forums as alternatives to formal representative institutions.

Historically, the 'campesino' or peasant farmer has been marginalised from the public sphere. This paper explores how La Via Campesina, the world's largest independent social movement, has employed framing techniques to legitimise the claims of a diverse membership through its Global Campaign for Agrarian Reform. It is proposed that frame strategists within the movement are effectively challenging dominant paradigms of land reform by engaging in public relations activities, including relationship management, alliancebuilding and strategic repositioning within a broader network or 'counterpublic' of social justice organisations

Historically, the ‘campesino’ or peasant farmer has been marginalised from the public sphere. This paper explores how La Via Campesina, the world’s largest independent social movement, has employed framing techniques to legitimise the claims of a diverse membership through its Global Campaign for Agrarian Reform. It is proposed that frame strategists within the movement are effectively challenging dominant paradigms of land reform by engaging in public relations activities, including relationship management, alliancebuilding and strategic repositioning within a broader network or ‘counterpublic’ of social justice organisations

Development of road infrastructure is one of the priorities of the Indonesian government to accelerate the recovery of Indonesia's economic conditions after the economic crisis that took place during the New Order government. This study aims to explore and analyze data and facts that will show various local social and economic issues in the farming community in the GORR construction site. This study uses a qualitative method. The results of this study indicate that In Gorontalo, the Gorontalo Outer Ring Road (GORR) road infrastructure development project is one of the government's strategies to improve the welfare of the people of Gorontalo. The construction of the ring road is intended to reduce traffic congestion (congestion), speed up the distribution of goods and people from the port to Djalaluddin Airport. However, in reality, the project also had an unfavorable impact on the farming community around the road infrastructure development area. This reality is the backgrou...

Hamburg has had a major transformation at the urban level within the metropolitan region including the increase of population and the challenge to ensure an adequate supply for the housing market and the growing number of households. The most important idea is a new concept of spatial development which is harnessing the potential of a growing city by "more city in the city". The vision is based on a growing port and key growth industries to strengthen Hamburg's role as engine of economic dynamic. The future space requirements, technical infrastructure and new container terminals 1.

Reforma agraria atau dikenal dengan sebutan landreform adalah salah satu upaya penataan kembali penguasaan, pemilikan, dan pengelolaan tanah dengan melakukan pemberian hak atas tanah terhadap subjek tertentu yang telah memenuhi syarat di dalam rangka menciptakan serta mewujudkan keadilan dan pemerataan mengenai tanah dan juga kesejahteraan masyarakat. Reforma agraria dilakukan karena banyaknya tanah milik Negara yang terlantar yang tidak dimanfaatkan dan dikelola. Untuk melaksanakan tujuan tersebut, pemerintah melakukan reforma agraria atau landreform yakni melalui redistribusi tanah.
Redistribusi tanah merupakan pembagian tanah-tanah yang mana dikuasai oleh negara dan telah ditegaskan menjadi objek landreform yang akan diberikan kepada petani penggarap yang telah memenuhi persyaratan ketentuan yang sebagaimana diatur dalam Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 224 Tahun 1961bertujuan yakni untuk memperbaiki keadaan sosial ekonomi rakyat khususnya bagi para petani berlahan sempit maupun petani penggarap yang tidak memiliki
lahan sendiri yang dilakukan melalui pengadaan pembagian tanah secara adil dan merata atas sumber penghidupan rakyat tani dengan berupa tanah sehingga dapat mewujudkan kesejahteraan petani kecil di Indonesia.
Kata Kunci : Reforma Agraria, Redistribusi Tanah.

Abstrak Artikel ini menganalisis transformasi status hukum lahan kompensasi kehutanan seluas ±395 hektare di Desa Harapan, Kecamatan Malili, Kabupaten Luwu Timur, yang beralih dari kewajiban kompensasi pinjam pakai kawasan hutan menjadi Hak Pakai (2007), hibah kepada pemerintah daerah (2022), Hak Pengelolaan/HPL (2024), dan perjanjian pemanfaatan dengan pihak ketiga (2025). Transformasi tersebut melibatkan rezim hukum kehutanan, agraria, dan pengelolaan aset daerah yang berpotensi menimbulkan disharmonisasi normatif. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan yuridis-normatif dengan analisis konseptual berbasis teori Hak Menguasai Negara (HMN), teori validitas norma (Stufenbau), asas lex specialis, doktrin penyalahgunaan kewenangan (detournement de pouvoir), serta teori perlindungan kepercayaan yang sah (legitimate expectation). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya risiko cacat turunan (derivative defect) apabila tahapan awal transformasi tidak memenuhi syarat legalitas substantif dan prosedural. Artikel ini merekomendasikan penguatan harmonisasi sektoral dan audit hukum independen untuk menjamin kepastian hukum yang konsisten dengan mandat konstitusional Pasal 33 UUD 1945.

The scientific method is widely regarded as the primary framework for generating reliable and objective knowledge about the natural world. This paper examines both the strengths and limitations of the scientific method, with particular emphasis on its application to complex, long-term, and ethically constrained research domains such as human exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMF). The study highlights the role of hypothesis testing, controlled experimentation, reproducibility, and empirical validation in reducing bias and supporting cumulative knowledge development. At the same time, it critically evaluates methodological and ethical constraints that limit experimental control, the study of chronic low-intensity exposures, and the investigation of heterogeneous biological responses. By focusing on the challenges of defining harmful exposure and interpreting uncertainty in EMF research, this paper demonstrates that while the scientific method remains indispensable for evaluating biophysical interactions, it is insufficient on its own for resolving broader questions of public health protection and regulatory decision-making. The findings underscore the need for complementary approaches that integrate observational evidence, precautionary reasoning, and transparent risk assessment to support more robust and context-sensitive EMF policy and practice. ►Discussion: The scientific method is one of the best tools we have for producing reliable knowledge-but it also has real limitations, particularly for complex, long-term and ethically constrained topics such as human EMF exposure. This perspective also provides a conceptual basis for evaluating the adequacy and limits of scientific evidence in policy-relevant and high-uncertainty domains, such as environmental and public health risk assessment. ►Why the scientific method is useful. The scientific method helps us: 1. Reduce bias and personal belief By requiring testable hypotheses, controlled observation, and transparent methods, it limits how much conclusions depend on opinion or authority. 2. Separate correlation from causation This is critical in EMF research, where many studies observe associations (for example, device use and symptoms) but causation is much harder to establish. 3. Make results reproducible Other researchers can repeat the same experiment or analysis and check whether the results hold.

Anjloknya Indeks Harga Saham Gabungan (IHSG) yang disertai dengan gejolak institusional di sektor pasar modal dan perbankan negara tidak dapat dipahami semata sebagai fenomena volatilitas pasar yang bersifat teknis-ekonomis. Artikel ini berangkat dari tesis bahwa krisis tersebut merupakan manifestasi dari konflik struktural dalam politik ekonomi Indonesia, yakni pertarungan antara oligarki predatoris yang terintegrasi dengan rezim kapitalisme global dan negara konstitusional yang berupaya menegakkan kembali mandat pembangunan nasional sebagaimana diamanatkan oleh Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945.
Dengan menggunakan pendekatan ekonomi politik kritis serta analisis normatif-konstitusional, artikel ini menunjukkan bahwa pasar keuangan—khususnya pasar modal—tidak pernah bersifat netral, melainkan berfungsi sebagai arena relasi kekuasaan yang dapat digunakan untuk mendisiplinkan negara ketika kebijakan ekonomi nasional menyimpang dari kepentingan status quo oligarkis. Dalam perspektif developmental state, upaya negara untuk mereorientasi peran perbankan nasional, mengoreksi praktik rente, dan menegaskan kedaulatan ekonomi seringkali memicu resistensi sistemik yang diekspresikan melalui tekanan pasar, krisis kepercayaan, dan delegitimasi kebijakan publik (Johnson, 1982; Wade, 1990; Chang, 2002).
Temuan utama artikel ini menegaskan bahwa anjloknya IHSG tidak dapat dilepaskan dari konteks perlawanan struktural terhadap agenda negara pembangunan yang konstitusional. Pasar keuangan dalam kondisi tersebut beroperasi sebagai instrumen politik ekonomi yang mempertemukan kepentingan oligarki domestik predatoris dengan mekanisme disiplin kapital global, sebagaimana digambarkan dalam literatur tentang financialization dan political disciplining of states (Streeck, 2014; Epstein, 2005).
Sebagai kontribusi konseptual dan kebijakan, artikel ini menawarkan kerangka awal pertahanan dan kedaulatan ekonomi nasional yang menempatkan stabilitas pasar dalam relasi subordinat terhadap mandat konstitusi, kesejahteraan rakyat, dan pembangunan jangka panjang. Kerangka ini menegaskan perlunya negara untuk membangun ketahanan moneter, perbankan, dan narasi ekonomi publik sebagai bagian integral dari strategi developmental state Indonesia yang berdaulat dan berkeadilan.
Kata kunci: Oligarki Predatoris dalam Ekonomi Politik Indonesia, Indeks Harga Saham Gabungan (IHSG) dan Kekuasaan Pasar Keuangan, Negara Konstitusional dan Pasal 33 UUD 1945, Developmental State dan Kebijakan Industrialisasi Nasional, Kedaulatan Ekonomi dan Keuangan Negara, Finansialisasi, Oligarki Global, dan Demokrasi Ekonomi.

This article analyzes the Perhutana (Perusahaan Hutan Tanaraya) initiative by Jatiwangi art Factory (JaF) as a new model for ecological financing and governance amidst massive industrialization pressures. The article focuses on analyzing JaF's strategies in responding to the conversion of productive agricultural land into industrial zones, as seen around Kertajati Airport in Majalengka. Employing a constructivist approach and a descriptive-analytical case study method, this research utilizes the theoretical lenses of political ecology, commons, and artistic strategy to dissect the innovative Perhutana model. This model acquires threatened land through the sale of micro-plots (4x4 m²) under collective ownership rules (one person, one plot) and issues material culture certificates made from clay, subsequently managing the land as a collective forest through governance structured by the formation of a Customary Council. The expected findings reveal the effectiveness of strategies that mimic estate market logic for the purpose of creating ecological commons, as well as the potential for replicating this modular model in other peri-urban areas. The significance of this research lies in its contribution to the discourse on sovereign, self-financed conservation, moving beyond dependence on the state or global carbon market mechanisms, and democratizing collective action for ecological resilience.

daten (RatSWD) gemeinsam mit dem deutschen Kompetenznetzwerk zur digita-len Langzeitarchivierung nestor und dem GESIS-Leibniz-Institut für Sozialwis-senschaften in der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek in Frankfurt veranstalteten Workshops zum Thema „Archivierung sozial- und wirtschaftswissenschaftlicher Datenbestände“. Dank und Anerkennung gelten ausdrücklich den beteiligten Per-sonen und Institutionen, insbesondere dem Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF), welches die Aktivitäten des RatSWD finanziert und unter-stützt. Lektorat: Dr. Gabriele Rolf-Engel

Authors' Contributions: Abunahel, M. was responsible for the conceptualization, methodology, formal analysis and investigation, original draft preparation, and provision of resources. Prof. Sapna contributed to the review and editing of the manuscript, supervision of the whole research process, and provided critical guidance to enhance the analytical framework and statistical interpretation. Transparency: The authors affirm that this manuscript presents an honest, accurate, and transparent account of the study. All essential aspects have been included, and any deviations from the original study plan have been clearly explained. The writing process strictly adhered to established ethical standards.

Buku Putih Reforma Agraria: Reforma Agraria Mewujudkan Kemandirian Bangsa merupakan hasil Konferensi Nasional Reforma Agraria (KNRA) yang diselenggarakan sebagai respons atas ketimpangan struktur agraria, konflik agraria yang meluas, serta kegagalan kebijakan pembangunan berbasis ekstraksi sumber daya alam di Indonesia. Buku ini menegaskan bahwa reforma agraria merupakan mandat konstitusional yang bersumber dari Pasal 33 UUD 1945, Undang-Undang Pokok Agraria 1960, serta TAP MPR RI No. IX/2001 tentang Pembaruan Agraria dan Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Alam.


Melalui pendekatan analitis dan partisipatif yang melibatkan akademisi, organisasi masyarakat sipil, serta gerakan rakyat, buku ini merumuskan kerangka konseptual, kelembagaan, dan strategi operasional reforma agraria yang bersifat menyeluruh dan sejati (genuine agrarian reform). Pembahasan mencakup penguatan kelembagaan pelaksana reforma agraria, mekanisme penyelesaian konflik agraria, penataan ulang penguasaan dan pemanfaatan tanah, transformasi pedesaan, penguatan ekonomi rakyat, pembiayaan reforma agraria, agenda legislasi nasional, penataan perdagangan dan investasi, serta pengembangan riset dan kajian agraria.


Buku ini menempatkan reforma agraria tidak semata sebagai redistribusi tanah, tetapi sebagai proses politik, ekonomi, sosial, dan ekologis untuk membangun kemandirian bangsa, mengurangi ketimpangan struktural, menyelesaikan konflik agraria, memperkuat basis produksi rakyat, dan mewujudkan keadilan sosial yang berkelanjutan. Dengan demikian, Buku Putih ini diharapkan menjadi rujukan strategis bagi pemerintah, masyarakat sipil, dan gerakan rakyat dalam mendorong pelaksanaan reforma agraria yang berkeadilan dan berdaulat di Indonesia.

Urbanisasi merupakan salah satu fenomena demografi yang telah mengubah lanskap sosial, ekonomi, dan lingkungan seluruh kota di dunia. Proses ini ditandai dengan peningkatan jumlah penduduk yang tinggal di wilayah perkotaan dan peningkatan jumlah lahan terbangun. Lebih dari 3.5 miliar orang selama 5 dekade terakhir telah bermigrasi ke wilayah perkotaan (United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UN DESA), 2014). Sejak tahun 2007, lebih dari separuh populasi dunia telah tinggal di perkotaan, dan proyeksi menunjukkan bahwa jumlah tersebut akan terus meningkat,
mencapai ±68% pada tahun 2050 (UN-DESA, 2019). Hal ini senada dengan pernyataan bahwa jika saat ini urbanisasi semakin cepat dan populasi perkotaan diprediksi tumbuh dari 4,2 miliar (57,5% dari populasi dunia) pada tahun 2018 menjadi sekitar 6,7 miliar (69,1%) pada tahun 2050 (Seto et al., 2011).

Indonesian economic development is based on Constitutional Economics, as mandated by Article 33 of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, which rejects extreme liberalism and aims at the prosperity of the people and the principle of kinship. However, the implementation of this noble principle is hindered by the severe and persistent problem of wealth inequality, indicating a discrepancy between constitutional ideals and field reality. Previous research on Article 33 tends to focus on legal and institutional aspects, but lacks a philosophical framework and radical mechanisms to address distribution failure (research gap). The purpose of this research is to formulate a framework of fair economy that is applicable in Indonesia through the substantial integration of the Iqtisaduna Principle of Muhammad Baqir Al-Sadr with Constitutional Economics. This qualitative research with a Library Study (Philosophical-Normative) and Comparative Analytical approach compares key concepts from both frameworks. The results conclude that there is a strong philosophical and functional compatibility. Al-Sadr's fundamental concept, Dual Ownership (al-Malikiyah al-Muzdawijah), provides a substantive basis for strengthening the interpretation of State Control over vital resources in Article 33 Paragraphs 122 | Jurnal Ekonomi Manajemen (JEKMa) 2 and 3. Al-Sadr's concept of Wilayah (State Authority) rationalizes state intervention to address distribution failure, not just market failure. The formulation of a fair economic framework is generated through integration that emphasizes: 1) Affirmation of state sovereignty over primary wealth through audit and takeover of idle assets, in line with Al-Sadr's Pre-Production Distribution and 2) Optimization of Post-Production Distribution through the implementation of a firm Progressive Tax and the integration of Zakat, Infaq, and Amfal in the national Social Security system to achieve social balance. Overall, Al-Sadr's thought provides a practical methodology and a strong Sharia ethical-philosophical basis for interpreting and implementing Article 33 of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia comprehensively.

As a general theme, this study explores the types of local governments in Latin America and Spain, focusing on the political leadership
of mayors. Through a comparative analysis of twelve countries, it examines how institutional, political, and cultural contexts affect the
political power of older people. The theoretical framework is based on the typologies of political leadership developed by Mouritzen
and Svara (2002) and Heinelt and Hlepas (2006), and on Arellano's (2023) sequential theory of recentralization. The methodology
used includes a documentary analysis of political regimes, systems of government, state structures, and local electoral systems, as
well as an evaluation of the dynamics of recentralization in each country. The main conclusion is that, in Ibero-America and Spain,
the Strong Mayor and Executive Mayor models predominate, with variations adapted to local political contexts. The article aims, as its
main theoretical contribution, to show that leadership typologies and recentralization theory allow us to analyze how local contexts
shape the power of mayors. Although the Strong/ Executive Mayor model predominates, recentralization dynamics condition their
autonomy and management capacity, offering a comparative framework that explains the tension between centralization and local
leadership in various institutional environments.

Cette thèse a été élaborée sous la direction de Mme Rym Bouderbala, Maitre-de conférence à l'ISCAE université de Manouba -Tunisie (Les modèles relatifs aux résultats de cette recherche sont protégés par les droits d'auteur (OTDAV) en date du 16 septembre 2025 sous la référence

Amid accelerating climate change, persistent global energy security concerns, and the imperative to provide sustainable and affordable energy for all, the expansion of renewable energy has become a universal priority. Yet the widespread adoption of renewables demands substantial financial and technological investment—resources that many states, particularly in the developing world, cannot mobilise independently. This reality underscores the critical importance of promoting foreign investment in the renewable energy sector, especially in light of the limited success of international initiatives to date. Among a handful of states that have assumed leadership in the global energy transition, the United Arab Emirates (UAE) has emerged as a frontrunner—not only within the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) but across the broader developing world. Since the early 2000s, the UAE has pursued ambitious policies aimed at deploying renewable energy technologies both domestically and internationally. This article seeks to address a central question: what factors have enabled the UAE to emerge as a regional pioneer in renewable energy development, and in what ways is it contributing to the global energy transition? Employing a qualitative methodology, the study explores the UAE’s renewable energy development trajectory. The findings reveal that the State’s institutional architecture, its regulatory and investment frameworks—both national and foreign—and its commitment to fostering international partnerships constitute the core pillars of its energy transition strategy. The article concludes by identifying key practices with broader relevance for policymakers, international negotiators, and academics engaged in the global energy and climate governance discourse.

China's transition to a market economy is accompanied by an unprecedented eco- nomic growth. However, due to structural problems the economic dynamism seems to have been running out of steam since the late 1990s. In its recent report "China in the World Economy. The Domestic Policy Challenges", the OECD attributes the structural problems to a lack of integration in factor markets, among business seg- ments, and among regions. The OECD report is comprised of an impressive number of sector studies and analyses of economy-wide issues. It is based on the commonly available set of Chinese government data without questioning whether we can rely on this official version of reality. In contrast, the question of the quality of official information has been frequently picked up in many press reports and by a number of economists over the past years. Since 1997, doubts about the accuracy of officially published statistics seem to have been supported by discrepancies between the g...