Somali Piracy

Der Historiker Peter Hug schildert in seinem neuen Buch «Humanitäre Hilfe der Schweiz für SS-Kriegsverbrecher. Zur Errichtung einer völkischen Siedlerkolonie in Brasilien, 1949–1952/59» (Zürich: Chronos-Verlag 2026) eine der grössten «humanitären» Aktionen der Schweiz nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg. Diese verhalf einer entschlossen handelnden Gruppe dazu, 1951/52 in Brasilien eine völkisch definierte, geschlossene Siedlerkolonie zu gründen, um die Idee des deutschen Herrenvolkes in die Zeit nach der Niederlage des Nazi-Regimes hinüberzuretten. Dass ehemalige Angehörige der Waffen-SS mitwirkten, schien weder die beteiligten schweizerischen Hilfwerke noch die Bundesbehörden wirklich zu stören – ebenso wenig der rassistische Blick auf die indigene Bevölkerung in Brasilien, welche die Siedler teils vertrieben, teils als billige Arbeitskraft heranzogen. Mein kurzer Vortrag, den ich an der Buchvernissage im Schweizerischen Bundesarchiv in Bern am 18. Mai 2026 hielt, ordnet diese Studie in die Geschichte der Nachkriegszeit ein.

In his new book, “Swiss Humanitarian Aid for SS War Criminals: On the Establishment of a Nationalist Settler Colony in Brazil, 1949–1952/59” (Zurich: Chronos-Verlag 2026), historian Peter Hug recounts one of Switzerland's largest “humanitarian” operations following World War II. This initiative helped a resolute group to establish a racially defined, closed settler colony in Brazil in 1951–52, with the aim of preserving the idea of the German master race into the post-Nazi era. The fact that former members of the Waffen-SS were involved did not seem to truly bother either the Swiss relief organizations involved or the federal authorities—nor did the racist view of Brazil’s indigenous population, whom the settlers partly drove out and partly exploited as cheap labor. My brief presentation, which I delivered at the book launch at the Swiss Federal Archives in Bern on May 18, 2026, situates this study within the history of the postwar period.

India’s maritime sector is undergoing a structural transformation—one that goes beyond
infrastructure upgrades to reshape how the country participates in global trade. From fleet
expansion and port efficiency to digital integration and multi-corridor connectivity, the shift is
systemic and strategic. In this conversation, Dr. Asha Pillai, Chief Strategy Officer, Docker
Vision, unpacks how policy alignment, capital investment, and technology adoption are
converging to build a more resilient, efficient, and globally competitive maritime ecosystem—
positioning India not just as a trade participant, but as an emerging force capable of influencing
the future of global shipping and logistics.

Oriented mainly in understanding the Intelligence Services and their cooperation within private military companies, with special emphasis on their methods within this sphere which is determining the regional, European and global security sphere. During my work I will be oriented towards the factors that have influenced the cooperation between the state (its agencies) and these private military companies.

China–Pakistan cooperation in the
technology sector has two dimensions:
strategic and operational. Strategically, it
is anchored in three domains - land,
water, and space. Operationally, it
manifests through infrastructure
connectivity, maritime and underwater
security, and cyberspace.

إن التحديات الأمنيه في البحر الأحمر تبين اهداف عسكريه عدوانية على الدول ذات السيادة على المياه الإقليمية وهذا نافذ تحت ارسال القوه العسكريه بأسم حمايه البحر الأحمر والسيطرة على الجزر العربيه و اليمنيه ب حمايه السفن العالم تجاريه وسيطرة الضغوط على الدول الناميه والتي دي لها السياره على حمايه المياه الاقليميه وبذات اليمن  حيث يتقدم اليمن دحر تلك القوه الظالمة وكسر  تخبرهم ودحر بوارجهم الحربيه وثبات اليمن على مواقعه البحريه.

A blockade of the Strait of Hormuz is best analysed as a compound shock to the construction industry: (i) an energy and fuel price shock and (ii) a logistics-and-risk shock that disrupts maritime access to major Gulf ports, raises insurance and financing costs, and delays imported construction inputs. These shocks propagate through government budgets, private investment, currency and inflation dynamics, labour mobility, and the supply chain for critical construction materials and equipment. [1] The Strait of Hormuz is globally pivotal for energy flows-~20 million barrels/day (mb/d) of crude and oil products in 2025, about ~25% of world seaborne oil trade, with limited bypass capacity (IEA estimates ~3.5-5.5 mb/d of pipeline capacity potentially available to redirect crude exports). A closure would also materially disrupt LNG, with the IEA noting that LNG exports from Qatar and the United Arab Emirates[2] together represent ~19% of global LNG trade, and that ~93% of Qatar's and ~96% of the UAE's LNG exports transit the Strait.

In the present context of global terrorism, managing protective security in cruise and passenger ships is a challenge for organisations. This is due, in part, to the distinct lack of a counter terrorism framework for the industry. To address this gap, this paper develops a counter terrorism framework for cruise and passenger ships. This framework identifies protective security components and terrorist threats based on known attacks. It provides stakeholders with a means to assess risk, both in terms of likelihood and wider organisational impact. From an operational security perspective, the contribution of the framework is three-fold: First, it o↵ers a consistent approach to delivering an e↵ective protective security posture at all stages of a ship's itinerary. Second, it is envisaged that the application of the framework will improve security decision-making within organisations. Third, improved organisational security may, over time, enhance deterrence. Protective security • Counter terrorism • Maritime • Decisionmaking • Security governance Lauro, an Italian-flag cruise ship [20]. The ship was hijacked in 1985, en-route from Egypt to Israel, by four heavily armed members of the Palestinian Liberation Front (PLF) in what turned into a two-day ordeal. This is a high-profile case of terrorism on cruise ships, a topic which is often overshadowed by traditional maritime security threats, such as piracy. However, while threats like piracy are well understood and have changed little in practice , the threat of terrorism is complex and evolving. This

In the present context of global terrorism, managing protective security in cruise and passenger ships is a challenge for organisations. This is due, in part, to the distinct lack of a counter terrorism framework for the industry. To address this gap, this paper develops a counter terrorism framework for cruise and passenger ships. This framework identifies protective security components and terrorist threats based on known attacks. It provides stakeholders with a means to assess risk, both in terms of likelihood and wider organisational impact. From an operational security perspective, the contribution of the framework is three-fold: First, it o↵ers a consistent approach to delivering an e↵ective protective security posture at all stages of a ship's itinerary. Second, it is envisaged that the application of the framework will improve security decision-making within organisations. Third, improved organisational security may, over time, enhance deterrence. Protective security • Counter terrorism • Maritime • Decisionmaking • Security governance Lauro, an Italian-flag cruise ship [20]. The ship was hijacked in 1985, en-route from Egypt to Israel, by four heavily armed members of the Palestinian Liberation Front (PLF) in what turned into a two-day ordeal. This is a high-profile case of terrorism on cruise ships, a topic which is often overshadowed by traditional maritime security threats, such as piracy. However, while threats like piracy are well understood and have changed little in practice , the threat of terrorism is complex and evolving. This

The Strait of Hormuz in the Middle East closed for the first time on 2 March, a few days after the US–Israel strikes on Iran, triggering a global energy shock. One-fifth of the global oil and gas trade flows through this narrow sea corridor that separates Iran from the United Arab Emirates and Oman — equivalent to nearly 20 million barrels per day. The current crisis revives concerns over global energy markets and security.

"This research paper introduces the 'Digital Truth Protocol,' a technical-legal framework designed to govern military AI systems. By proposing innovative mechanisms such as the 'Red-Line Code' and a 'Blockchain-Based Black Box,' the study aims to integrate the principles of International Humanitarian Law (IHL) directly into the technical architecture of autonomous weapons (Law as Code). The protocolensures accountability, prevents illegal strikes, and provides immutable documentation of military decisions, addressing the legal vacuum in modern AI-driven warfare."

This study explored the intersection of violence and identity in territorial conflicts using Nuruddin Farah's Crossbones as reference. Through the concepts of tactile demographics, Necropolitanism and Panopticon, the study reveals the way in which bodies are marked, controlled and politicized in a carceral state. An analysis of the novel shows how individuals and communities are mapped during war, piracy, and insurgency. The surveillance, displacement, and bodily vulnerability which the novel exposes reveals how powerful/dictators, necropowers, manipulate movement, touch and space to enforce political and social division. Farah through these pictures emphasizes the consequences of wars, some of which include individual bodies becoming the sites of torture, violence and resistance.

Gli Stati Uniti hanno preannunciato l'invio di  proprie Unità a protezione del traffico mercantile di bandiera che attraversa lo Stretto di Hormuz. Analoghe le intenzioni della Francia che immagina una “coalizione di volenterosi”. Come prevedibile, di fronte a minacce imponderabili alla libertà di navigazione nella strategica area del Golfo, è scattata la classica misura che le Marine svolgono in ogni situazione del genere. Tutelare la libertà di navigazione, proteggere i connazionali all’estero, garantire la sicurezza marittima è infatti una funzione storicamente svolta dalle navi da guerra secondo la Convenzione del diritto del mare (Unclos). Essa esprime la loro capacità di ricoprire ruoli duali in scenari di crisi, per finalità di deterrenza e mantenimento dell’ordine dei mari.



Presunto blocco

Nei giorni passati si era parlato di blocco di Hormuz  dopo che  autorità iraniane  avevano annunciato che “a nessuna nave è consentito passare per lo stretto”. Il provvedimento sarebbe classificabile in teoria come una misura di interdizione totale del transito, contraria in ogni caso all’Unclos.

Hormuz è infatti uno stretto aperto alla navigazione internazionale in cui vige il diritto di passaggio in transito, cioè “l’esercizio della libertà di navigazione e di sorvolo, ai soli fini del passaggio continuo e rapido attraverso lo stretto, tra una parte di alto mare o zona economica esclusiva e un’altra parte di alto mare o zona economica esclusiva” (Unclos, 38,2).

This paper examines the challenges of the transitional phase in Syria after 8 December 2024, focusing on a set of structural obstacles facing the construction of a new state. The overthrow of the Assad family’s authoritarian regime did not lead to automatic stability; rather, it revealed deep fragility within political, economic, and security structures.

The paper addresses three main trajectories. The first is the security and military track, primarily concerned with restructuring the army on non-sectarian republican foundations, controlling weapons, confronting separatist tendencies, and securing borders. The second is the economic track, understood as the backbone of finance and business, which requires addressing the collapse of productive sectors, the spread of the parallel economy, and adaptation to the global market. The third is the transitional justice track, viewed as a fundamental pillar for dismantling systems of violence, ensuring accountability, providing reparations to victims, and consolidating national reconciliation through a new social/civil contract.

ترصد هذه الأطروحة تطوّر ظاهرة الدولة الهشة في غرب إفريقيا منذ 2012 عبر تحليل حالتي مالي وبوركينا فاسو، مع إبراز العوامل البنيوية مثل ضعف المؤسسات، التهميش، وتصاعد العنف المسلح. وتوضح أن هشاشة الدولة لا ترتبط فقط بالأمن، بل أيضًا بأزمات الحوكمة وتراجع قدرة الحكومات على تقديم الخدمات وتعزيز الشرعية السياسية. وتخلص الدراسة إلى أن مواجهة الظاهرة تتطلب مقاربة متعددة المستويات تجمع بين الإصلاح الأمني، التمكين لكافة فئات المجتمع ولاسيما المهمشة، وتعزيز التعاون الإقليمي والدولي لتحقيق استقرار مستدام.

This study examines the significant characteristics and potential implications of the Kyaukphyu Seaport project, addressing the following research question of the study: 'What are the significant characteristics and potential implications of the Kyaukphyu Seaport project and how will it impact the region and beyond?' This study employs qualitative research that combines a comparative case analysis with in-depth interviews. Using four theories-geoeconomics, infrastructure-led development, environmental justice, and collaborative governance-as an integrated framework, this study focuses on eight key aspects: regional connectivity, geopolitical impact, economic impact, infrastructure development, environmental concerns, social impact, political instability, and debt risk. A comparative analysis of three seaports: Kyaukphyu, Colombo, and Hambantota, with 12 selected articles (n = 12), was conducted, along with in-depth interviews with 15 stakeholders (n = 15) concerning the Kyaukphyu Seaport Project. The findings highlight the strategic importance of the Kyaukphyu Seaport in enhancing regional connectivity and promoting economic development in Myanmar and other countries in the region. Nevertheless, the findings also recognise geopolitical challenges, domestic political conflicts, the necessity for socioenvironmental impact assessments, proper financial management, coordination with local communities, and effective media management to address narratives surrounding projects led by Chinese enterprises. This study recommends effective coordination among the Myanmar government, Chinese investors, and communities to ensure successful implementation and adherence to the national development framework.

Molte sono le difficoltà giuridico-politiche da superare prima di adottare efficaci azioni di interdizione in mare della “flotta ombra” che Mosca impiega su vasta scala per eludere le sanzioni occidentali all’export del suo petrolio.  Non si tratta di navi a standard internazionali con regolare bandiera, requisiti di  navigabilità ed assicurativi, dispositivi di identificazione e rapportazione: proprio per questo sono idonee a compiere attività illecite, compreso il danneggiamento  di infrastrutture critiche. Il fenomeno rientra nell’ambito del problema delle bandiere di convenienza (FoC dall’acronimo inglese) come minaccia alla sicurezza internazionale.
    Il caso limite è stato quello del “Marinera” che ha visto la Guardia costiera statunitense impegnata  in un  lungo inseguimento della petroliera sino al suo sequestro in alto mare con il concorso della Gran Bretagna. In precedenza ci sono stati nel Baltico episodi di intercettazione di mercantili riconducibili ad interessi russi coinvolti in attività ibride. Naturale quindi che la questione preoccupi la Nato e la Ue le quali hanno perciò messo in atto contromisure.
  A prescindere da tali iniziative, la Francia si è mossa autonomamente  dirottando a Marsiglia  la petroliera “Grinch”.  Il mercantile -già sanzionato dalla Ue- era stato intercettato nel Mar di Alboran e, a seguito di abbordaggio, era  risultato priva di nazionalità effettiva come la “Marinera”.
  Il quadro dell’enforcement navale contro i traffici marittimi del petrolio russo venduto  in violazione di sanzioni è quindi in movimento. Cerchiamo però di capire quali sono i limiti imposti in alto mare dall’Unclos, quali gli strumenti giuridici adottabili in simili casi e quali i rischi per la libertà di navigazione di un’escalation generalizzata dell’interdizione.

The memory of the idyllic yesterday great capital city of Mogadishu, now in a ‘neither here nor there’ status but still ostensibly a phantom entity carrying the aforementioned appellation. As the expression country seat implies, there are attributes that distinguish the capital from other places of that particular entity, in this case as Garowe  stands from the rest of Puntland State, as it has a unique place in social affairs and among cities; thus, the place transforms once it becomes a capital.

Amerykańska Straż Przybrzeżna wspierana m.in. przez siły specjalne zajęła na Atlantyku i Morzu Karaibskim dwa tankowce należące do rosyjskiej „floty cieni” (Bellę-1/Marinerę oraz Sophię), które były używane do transportu wenezuelskiej i irańskiej ropy objętej embargiem USA. W ten sposób Amerykanie udowodnili gotowość do wykorzystywania środków wojskowych do egzekwowania nałożonych przez siebie sankcji.

The role of women in organized crime is an insufficiently studied field with deep-seated cultural beliefs about the operations of the criminal justice system, gender stereotyping, and underreporting. It analyses socioeconomic , domestic and cultural issues that affect women involvement in organized crime in Pakistan. The study is based on the strain theory, social learning theory, routine activity theory and social control theory grounded on the theme of feminist criminology to find out how socioeconomic status, household environment, societal attitude, and the participation of women in organized criminal activities are related to each other. The quantitative cross-sectional design was adopted in the study where 250 women were sampled on purposive basis. Income level, educational attainment, employment status, marital status, domestic stress and involvement in organized crime were measured using structured questionnaires. The analysis was carried out through descriptive and correlation and multiple regression. The results show that low income, unemployment, domestic stressors, and cultural myth exposure are major contributors to the predisposition of women to participate in organized crime, and education is a protective factor. The regression model predicted 66 percent of the female involvement in crime. The paper shows the role of gendered social norms in the underreporting and misunderstanding of female criminality, with structural, social, and cultural factors playing off of each other. The implication of the policy is to increase education and job prospects, reinforce domestic support services, break gender stereotypes, and create gender-responsive rehabilitation services.

This study critically examines the involvement of extension and innovation strategies in advancing sustainable agriculture in Somalia. Agricultural extension services, which involve disseminating agricultural knowledge, information, and technologies to farmers, are essential for enhancing farmers' skills, practices, and decision-making abilities. The study explores the complex relationship between socioeconomic challenges-such as limited access to resources, infrastructure, and markets-extension strategies, and sustainable agricultural development in Somalia. A key obstacle identified is the inadequate infrastructure for mobile phone applications in agriculture, which limits the effectiveness and widespread adoption of farming technologies. Utilizing a descriptive research design, data was gathered from 211 participants across seven regions, including Southwest, Hirshabelle, Benadir (Mogadishu), Galmudug, Puntland, Jubaland, and Somaliland. The analysis assessed the demographic and educational characteristics of the participants and the impact of extension services and innovation strategies on sustainable agricultural practices. The variability in the support provided by extension services emphasizes the need for targeted improvements to foster sustainable agriculture and enhance food security in Somalia. Institutional challenges, including policy frameworks, governance issues, and capacity-building deficits, also impede the effective implementation of agricultural innovation and extension strategies. Additionally, resistance to change, cultural differences, and a lack of supportive policies hinder the adoption of new practices. Unpredictable weather patterns, overuse of natural resources, and extreme climatic events further complicate the success of sustainable practices. Despite these challenges, agricultural extension services play a critical role in facilitating the dissemination of knowledge, training, and community engagement for sustainable farming practices. The study underscores the need for strengthened infrastructure, improved governance, and targeted interventions to overcome existing barriers and promote sustainable agricultural development in Somalia.

This paper assesses the likelihood of Somali piracy reemerging at levels seen in 2008–2012. Many of the original drivers persist—political instability, weak governance, economic hardship, illegal foreign fishing, and limited maritime control—while recent Red Sea attacks and growing local frustration increase the risk. New threats, including potential terrorist involvement, more sophisticated attack methods, and legal gaps in Somali and international frameworks, further undermine deterrence. Naval patrols and armed guards alone are insufficient. The paper calls for a comprehensive strategy combining maritime security, legal reform, stronger fisheries governance, and capacity building for Somali police, prosecutors, and courts. Without such coordinated measures, the resurgence of Somali piracy remains a real possibility.

Issues on religion and identity, as well as interreligious and intrareligious conflicts, present one inexhaustible sociopathological subject. By their complex nature, these issues and processes present the subject of many discussions and interpretations, in different context and for different purposes, with more or less ideological content. This paper seeks to analyze and give a complex picture of causes, bearers and consequences of religious divisions and interreligious conflicts in developed countries and in societies in transition.Pitanja religije, konfesionalne pripadnosti i identiteta, ali i međuverskih i unutarverskih sukoba predstavljaju neiscrpnu sociološko-politikološku temu. Svojom kompleksnom prirodom ova pitanja i procesi se javljaju kao predmet brojnih rasprava i tumačenja, u raznim kontekstima i u različite svrhe, sa više ili manje ideološkim sadržajem. U ovom radu se pokušava analizirati i dati objektivna slika uzroka, nosilaca i posledica verskih podela i međukonfesi...

Mit der Ölkrise begann der Siegeszug des "grünen Projekts", mit der Gaskrise geht es zu Endein den Jahren dazwischen hat es Deutschland wie kein anderes Land auf der Welt dominiert. Und selbst nach seinem Scheitern droht es die etablierten Parteien in den Abgrund zu reißen. ie sagte, wenn es etwas nützen würde, dann würde sie sich umbringen. Weniger Menschen würden weniger Schäden verursachen, und das könnte das Schicksal der Erde vielleicht noch abwenden. Das war vor über vierzig Jahren in einer Projektgruppe, die einmal wöchentlich an unserer Schule stattfand. Wir schauten etwas betreten ins Leere. Niemand traute sich, unserer Mitschülerin ins Gesicht zu blicken. Ihre Stimme hatte gezittert, jedem war klar, dass sie es ernst meinte.

This paper examines the operational coherence of the United States sanctions regime against Venezuela, arguing that enforcement is neither uniformly closed nor strategically consistent. Instead, sanctions operate through a system of selective permeability, tightening rhetorically and tactically while preserving discretionary carve-outs where domestic energy, financial, or geopolitical interests require flexibility. The paper demonstrates how this asymmetry externalises risk onto the Caribbean basin, distorting energy security, trade flows, and regional stability without providing compensatory underwriting. By treating sanctions as an operational system rather than a moral instrument, the analysis reframes the Venezuela case as a broader failure of sanctions governance in a multipolar environment, with implications for small states exposed to great-power coercion.

This study investigates the intricate link
between maritime piracy, resource conflict and the
future of coastal economies. The maritime domain
has long served as a critical conduit for global
trade,
resource
extraction,
and
wealth
accumulation. From the sea to the shoreline,
diverse
economic activities have generated
enormous financial transaction to investors and
local inhabitant particularly fishermen and sea
farers, and container shipping dealers. However, it
is also a battleground where maritime piracy,
resource conflicts, and the exploitation of coastal
resources increasingly threaten the stability of
coastal economies. This study seeks to explore the
interconnected barriers faced by coastal regions,
examining the impact of maritime piracy and
resource conflicts on the future sustainability of
these economies. It critically assesses the economic,
social, and geopolitical implications of piracy,
highlighting its effects on shipping routes, regional
security, and local livelihoods. Furthermore, the
paper delves into resource conflict implications,
particularly over offshore oil business deals, gas
exploration and maritime fishing rights as well as
their role in fueling tensions both within and
between nations. The study adopts narratives and
literature analysis in order to presents a
comprehensive outcome of the situation. Findings
shown that the emergence of piracy is an expression
of dissatisfaction of the inhabitants who are
marginalized, deprived and push aside from the
tables of proceeds sharing. In the paper, it was
found out that piracy is becoming a common
phenomenon in the global coastline particularly the
Gulf of Aden, Gulf of Guinea, Strait of Malacca
and Niger Delta. The outbreak of maritime piracy
has weaken the economic muscles of coastal
settlements, and to a larger extent, many investors
have relocated from conflict-ridden Niger Delta
resulting to economic sabotage.  The results also
shown that too many influential hands are pushing
the region to a standstill in a bid to completely get
rid of the abundance wealth of the region. After an
indepth analysis of maritime piracy and resource
conflicts, the study explores potential solutions for
mitigating these challenges, basically focusing on
international
cooperation,
enhanced security
measures, livelihood diversification and equity
based resource management as an antidote to foster
resilience of coastal economies in the face of these
turbulent waters.

This article defines maritime security with an analytical framework and examines its dimensions in global politics. Reviewing the relevant literature also aims to delineate the conceptual boundaries of maritime security. Accordingly, the study seeks to answer two key questions: How can maritime security be defined distinctly and coherently, and how can the concept be applied more effectively? The central argument of this paper is that maritime security constitutes a global governance model shaped through interstate cooperation. Since the post-World War II period, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) has spearheaded the establishment of a global maritime security network. This network, voluntarily supported by states, is closely intertwined with global policy frameworks, national interests, and evolving perceptions of defense and security. Ultimately, we suggest analyzing the concept using three basic parameters to understand the mechanisms by which maritime security operates globally. This study conceptualizes maritime security as a global governance model and argues that addressing it within the navy, merchant marine, and scientific marine frameworks will provide a more precise definition of the term’s scope.

•Maritime Security •Navy/Sea Power •Merchant Marine • Scientific Marine

While piracy is old, the methods generally haven't changed throughout the ages. The cost to companies as they travel through high-risk areas has continued to stay high as a way to offset the cost of piracy. The only thing which has changed is the way nations punish piracy. This has arguably led to a resurgence in piracy as a safer means of acquiring money, along with the increase in poverty. However, one aspect which hasn't returned was the act of state sponsored piracy due to treaties. The debate today regarding this is what causes someone to seek this profession compared to a respectable one which contributes to their society.

U toku procesa poslovnog odlučivanja glavni izvor informacija predstavljaju finansijski izveštaji. Krajem prošlog i početkom ovog veka svedoci smo finansijskog kraha svetski poznatih kompanija. Taj krah predstavlja posledicu manipulativnih radnji u finansijskim izveštajima zbog kojih je došlo do zamagljivanja jasne i realne slike stanja, kako na tržištu tako i u samim kompanijama, menadžmentu preduzeća. Zato je bitno uspostaviti dobar sistem kontrola u preduzeću da se ovakva praksa ne bi ponavljala. Cilj rada je istaći značaj jakog sistema kontrole radi poboljšanja računovodstvenih aktivnosti i kvaliteta finansijskog izveštavanja. Predmet rada biće analiza uticaja eksterne i interne revizije na poboljšanje kvaliteta finansijskih izveštaja i ulivanje poverenja investitora u sigurnije finanisijsko tržište.

Youth is a problematic stage of the life cycle, in which the transition to maturity is mediated by the economic and institutional conditions that allow or block entry into the adult world. This path implies differential exposure of young people to violence. The aim of this article is to explain the dynamics of violence against and among young people in Brazilian metropolises. Using mono and multicausal models, we verified that the variation in the rate of intentional homicides against this portion of the population responds to the demand for drugs, the supply of firearms, public social support and control, and socioeconomic deprivation.

1938 zog sich die Schweiz aus dem wirtschaftlichen Sanktionsregime des Völkerbundes gegen militärische Agressoren zurück und kehrte zu einer integralen Neutralität zurück. Was im Inland als Stärkung der nationalen Unabhängigkeit wahrgenommen wurde, fand im nationalsozialistischen Deutschland und im faschistischen Italien ungeteilte Zustimmung. Der Beitrag untersucht diese widersprüchliche Bewertung in der innen- und aussenpolitischen Konstellation des schweizerischen Bundesstaates vor Ausbruch des Zweiten Weltkrieges.
In 1938, Switzerland withdrew from the League of Nations' economic sanctions regime against military aggressors and returned to integral neutrality. What was perceived domestically as a strengthening of national independence met with unanimous approval in Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy. This article examines this contradictory assessment in the domestic and foreign policy constellation of the Swiss federal state before the outbreak of World War II.

(it) L’articolo analizza la missione EUNAVFOR MED Irini, lanciata nel 2020 nel quadro della Politica di sicurezza e difesa comune (PSDC) dell’Unione europea. La missione, subentrata alla precedente operazione Sophia, mira a garantire l’attuazione dell’embargo ONU sulle armi verso la Libia attraverso l’impiego di mezzi aerei, marittimi e satellitari.
Il testo esamina obiettivi, strumenti operativi e criticità della missione nel contesto geopolitico mediterraneo, evidenziando il contributo italiano e il ruolo politico-militare dell’UE nella stabilizzazione della regione.

(en) The article analyzes the EUNAVFOR MED Irini mission, launched in 2020 within the framework of the EU’s Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP). The mission, which replaced Operation Sophia, aims to enforce the UN arms embargo on Libya through the use of aerial, maritime, and satellite assets.
It examines Irini’s objectives, operational tools, and main challenges within the broader Mediterranean geopolitical context, highlighting Italy’s contribution and the EU’s politico-military role in fostering regional stability.