Travel Behaviour

Travel vlogs are thought to have shaped destination credibility and effectively strengthened a perceived destination image. Opinions, reviews, and a live journey create a lifelike experience that encourages the desire to visit a location. The purpose of this research is to look into the possibilities of travel vlog inputs for destination marketing. The research was carried out among the residents of Sta. Cruz, Laguna in a descriptive-correlational method; the descriptive design provided an overview of actual cognition, feelings, and actions within the group while the correlational approach was used to assess the relationship between the factors affecting travel decision-making process and tourists' destination choice. A researcher-made questionnaire was utilized to determine the degree of influence for each variable. Results indicated that with regards to travel-related decisions, people tend to be impacted by travel vloggers more especially in terms of the perceived credible information. Further, the findings revealed that vloggers had a significant impact on people's decision to travel in terms of cognitive, emotional, and epistemic values. Furthermore, there is a strong link that suggests that the better the travel-related decisions, the better the destination choice. Finally, the research developed a destination model that recommends an effective strategy for Laguna Tourism in preserving and improving destination attributes.

One sign of the growing interest in student travel both from the tourism industry and academic researchers is the global independent travel survey conducted by the International Student Travel Confederation (ISTC) and the Association for Tourism and Leisure Education (ATLAS). The survey, conducted in 2002, covers the profile and travel behaviour of 1,630 students booking travel from student travel organisations in eight countries. This article reports the initial results of this research. The survey showed that students are frequent travel consumers with extensive previous experience of relatively long trips outside of their own world region. Most students see their travelstyle as that of 'traveller', but a significant proportion of the market characterised their travel as 'backpacking'. Motivations reflecting a desire for experience are prevalent with student travellers; particularly in terms of exploring other cultures. Motivations tend to be differentiated by destination region and travelstyle and are distinct between students and other young travellers. In spite of these differences in motivation, however, the activities actually engaged in showed little differentiation between students and others. The most frequently mentioned activities were visiting historical sites, walking, sitting in cafes and restaurants and shopping, which were practiced by over 70% of respondents. In this and other respects, the article argues that comparisons of motivation and actual activities indicate a gap between the ideology and practice of travel.

Wisdom is at once one of the most elusive and most valued kinds of knowledge. Empirical research shows that, indeed, across cultures, people hope that life experience will eventually make them wiser. The problem is that, to date, the academic study of wisdom and of the processes by which it can be learned has been dominated by psychologists. The first part of the article reviews the state-of-the-art psychological scholarship on wisdom to show how that conceptualization lacks geographical sensitivity and therefore misses some of the crucial geographical mechanisms by which people become wiser. The second part of the article singles out and focuses on one such mechanism, namely, the learning of wisdom through geographical dislocations. By drawing on insights from the study of international migration, exile, and transculturation in postcolonial contexts, the final part of the article suggests specific learning processes that might strengthen the hypothesis that geographical dislocations and the attendant cross-cultural experiences they generate are often conducive to wisdom. La sabiduría es a la vez uno de los tipos de conocimiento más esquivos y más valorados. La investigací on empírica en verdad muestra que en todas las culturas la gente espera que la experiencia de la vida eventualmente los haga más sabios. El problema es que hasta ahora el estudio académico sobre la sabiduría y sobre los procesos por medio de los cualesésta puede alcanzarse ha estado dominado por los psicólogos. La primera parte del artículo revisa el estado del arte de la erudicí on psicoí ogica sobre este particular, para mostrar c ´ omo esa conceptualizací on carece de sensibilidad geográfica y en consecuencia deja de considerar algunos de los mecanismos geográficos cruciales mediante los cuales la gente se hace más sabia. La segunda parte del artículo escoge y se concentra en uno de tales mecanismos, o sea, el aprendizaje de la sabiduría por medio de las dislocaciones geográficas. A partir de la perspicacia del estudio de la migrací on internacional, el exilio y la transculturací on en contextos poscoloniales, la parte final del artículo sugiere procesos de aprendizaje específicos, que podrían fortalecer la hipótesis de que las dislocaciones geográficas y las experiencias culturales de vasto espectro generadas por aquellas a menudo llevan a la sabiduría. Palabras clave: distancia, dislocaciones geográficas, migrací on internacional, aprendizaje visceral, sabiduría.

The first part of the paper develops the argument that geographers should learn to decompose human memory into its constituent parts because then and then alone will we become attuned to the full range of ways in which we incorporate places into our beings. The second part of the paper articulates Stephen Hill's comments on episodic memory with my recent work on wisdom.

This paper crosses the borders of human geography to bring back two related bodies of work from experimental psychology that investigate, in an unusual and refreshingly precise way, long-standing human geographical concerns with temporality, place and subject formations, meaning-making and well-being. It is argued that the traffic of ideas and empirical findings between human geography and experimental psychology can be mutually profitable if, and only to the extent that, it encompasses a sustained epistemological, methodological and political critique of the disciplinary practices that have yielded those ideas and findings.

As successful tourism firms invest heavily in marketing to defend or improve their competitive position, they increasingly need to measure their marketing performance. Previous studies related to tourism have largely focused on financial and operational performance, but the marketing perspective has been largely overlooked. Drawing on an in-depth investigation involving 12 hotel chains, 8 travel agencies and 8 tour operators, this study provides an overview of the state-of-the-art marketing performance measurements among some of the leading tourism firms in Italy. Several issues and unanswered questions are also identified.

Pre-publication version of Chapter 2 of The Global Nomad: Backpacker travel in theory and practice (Channel View, 2004).

Given the global nature of backpacking, the development of comparative research in different regions of the world was considered important for the ATLAS Backpacker Research Programme. One of the first steps was therefore to conduct a major global transnational quantitative survey of backpackers. The data generated by this survey provide a profile of backpackers and their motivations, behaviour and experience in different contexts. These data also help to contextualise the individual qualitative and quantitative studies presented in the rest of this volume.

The rapid growth of ecommerce brings great changes to the transportation system. However, most existing studies focus on the impact of ecommerce on freight system. Its impact on personal trips is relatively less studied. It is reasonable to argue that online shopping reduces the need of shopping trips by making goods accessible via door-to-door deliveries. On the other hand, online shopping may also create more shopping trips as online shoppers travel to stores to experience, compare or pick up the goods. Understanding the connections between online shopping and shopping trips is critical for transportation planners to prepare for changes that information technology will continue to bring to this nation in the future. Using the 2009 National Household Travel Survey (NHTS) data and a structural equation model (SEM), this paper disentangles the bidirectional connections between online shopping and shopping trips. Results show that online shopping encourages shopping trips while shopping trips tend to suppress the online shopping propensity. Besides, both online shopping and shopping trips are influenced by exogenous factors such as shoppers' demographic features, regional specific factors and household attributes. A closer examination at the state level further confirms model validity while disclosing spatial variation in their relationship.

Increasing youth travel has led to young people being labelled as ‘nomads’. This paper examines the phenomenon of youth nomadism in the tourism literature as well as examining recent empirical evidence. A review of the literature around youth nomadism identifies two major themes: analyses of the growth and development of youth travel niches, such as backpacking, volunteer tourism and educational exchange, and broader approaches linked to the rise of the mobilities paradigm. A major global survey of youth travel (34,000 respondents) indicates three major travel styles related to different forms of ‘nomadism’: the backpacker, the flashpacker and the global nomad. The traditional backpacker can be seen as a form of ‘neo-tribe’, gathering in self-sufficient enclaves. In contrast, the flashpacker, or ‘digital nomad', utilizes existing digital and logistic infrastructure to maintain a fluid, individualized lifestyle. The global nomad, or ‘location independent traveller’, tries to integrate with the local community, while trying to avoid the strictures of ‘system’.

In this introduction to the Focus Section “Learning as a Geographical Process,” I provide a context for the four articles that follow, by means of (1) making explicit the threefold rationale for this initiative; (2) relating this initiative with previous geographical scholarship on the problematic of learning; (3) highlighting the significance of the self-referential character of our work; (4) providing a brief outline of the articles that follow; and (5) pointing out the important fact that both “learning” and “geographical process” constitute semantically rich categories and that relating the two involves a many-to-many type of logical mapping.

TO CITE: Boz, H., Arslan, A., and Koç., E., (2017), Neuromarketing aspect of tourism pricing psychology, Tourism Management Perspectives, 23(2017), 119-128.

The price of a product is the key determinant of the revenues and profits of a tourism or hospitality business. Customers form their value judgments of a touristic product or service based on the price they have paid. Moreover, the price of a touristic product or service may have psychological influences on the customer. Thus, the way prices are perceived by potential tourists is of paramount importance. Against this backdrop, this study aims to provide insight into how tourists perceive prices and pricing issues. In particular, it provides neuromarketing examples to explain how tourists perceive prices in holiday advertisements in terms of design features, positioning and content.

Generation Y presents both opportunities and challenges to marketers. The aim of this paper is to investigate the influence of social media on Greek Millennials' trips in three different phases (pre-trip, on-site, post-trip), providing a better understanding of the main features of this type of tourists' online behavior. In order to meet the above objective, survey was conducted via a structured self-completed questionnaire in a sample of 261 Millennials in Greece. The results of the study revealed that Millennials are heavy users of Internet and social media, which they use in all three phases of their holiday trips, however, to a different extent and for a different purpose. Facebook, Instagram and TripAdvisor are the dominant social media in this process. However, traditional word-of-mouth seems to be still a very important, credible, and influential source of travel information. Findings and discussion of this study are useful to tourism marketers, academic researchers and other stakeholders interested in understanding the role of social media in this generation's travel behavior.

Public transport subsidies play an important role in the present Belgian mobility policy. The introduction of ''free'' bus transport in Hasselt in 1997 was an important event. Later, the Flemish government in cooperation with the regional public transport company elaborated the so-called ''third-payer system'' for target groups. The price of public transport is not paid by the user or the provider, but partly or completely by a ''third party''. In how far these measures contribute to a more sustainable mobility system has caused much debate.

Ibn Baṭūṭah (Arabic: أبو عبد الله محمد بن عبد الله اللواتي الطنجي بن بطوطة‎, ʾAbū ʿAbd al-Lāh Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd al-Lāh l-Lawātī ṭ-Ṭanǧī ibn Baṭūṭah), or simply Ibn Battuta (ابن بطوطة) (February 25, 1304 – 1368 or 1369), was a Moroccan explorer of Berber descent. He is known for his extensive travels, accounts of which were published in the Rihla (lit. "Journey"). Over a period of thirty years, Ibn Battuta visited most of the known Islamic world as well as many non-Muslim lands. His journeys included trips to North Africa, the Horn of Africa, West Africa and Eastern Europe in the West, and to the Middle East, South Asia, Central Asia, Southeast Asia and China. Ibn Battuta is considered to be among the great travellers of all time.

Tourism has grown so rapidly from the conventional form of tourism, to shifting to a more modern form. Even now has developed various types of alternative tourism products. In the era of internet of things, "SMART Destination" is a growing issue lately. This phenomenon is a response of how tourism stakeholders begin to anticipate the emergence of new market segments (tourists), or commonly known as the Z generation. Unfortunately their profile and behaviour has not been studied, especially in making decisions and travel. This study uses data collected through survey questionnaire using limited sample of 128 young generation in Jabodetabek (Jakarta, Bogor, Tangerang and Bekasi). The data collected consists of various variables, including the profile of SMART Tourist (Z Generation born between 1995 and 2012), tourist behaviour based on Cohen's theory, and the Z-generation process in making decisions and traveling. The result of this research is that SMART tourist is a very comfortable generation and accustomed to virtual world, because they have been confronted with technology since they were born, such as internet, smartphone, streaming video and social media. They also take great advantage of technology in making decisions and travelling, beginning with the Initiation process, information search, assessment, final decision, during the trip, and after the trip. Based on Cohen's theory, the Z generation can be categorized as a type of Drifter and Explorer tourist. This research can be a reference for tourism stakeholders in preparing strategies to capture this potential segment in the future.

The European Community, motivated by the rapid growth of the aviation industry and related impacts on climate change, has decided to include aviation in the European Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS). Mitigation policies such as the EU ETS are considered to be necessary in order to change travel behaviour and induce operational and technological changes in the aviation industry that will result in lower environmental impacts. This paper reviews the available impact assessments of the proposed emissions trading scheme for airlines published between 2005 and 2009. It analyses the methods used and finds that the models used are often oversimplified , omitting important variables or that the reliability and robustness of the modelling results are reduced by linking models that are based on different assumptions. The paper also summarises the possible environmental (CO 2 emissions) and economic (air fares, demand for airline services, supply of airline services, competitiveness, GDP, carbon price) impacts in the studies reviewed for the year 2020. Overall, the effects are found to be small: for example, CO 2 emissions are expected to decline by a maximum of 3.8% and the maximum impact on GDP in the EU was found to be À 0.002%. The reasons for these insignificant impacts are analysed in this paper; it is also found that there are some positive aspects of including aviation in the EU ETS.

Self-esteem is people’s judgement about themselves, including self-worthiness and self-competence. In the adolescence stage, self-esteem tend to decline as the growth of their cognitive ability in understanding cause-effect relationship, wondering about their life values, and being more aware of others’ judgement about them. Their negative thought about themselves is one of the reasons for the declining of teenagers’ self-esteem. One method to enhance self-esteem is cognitive behaviour strategy intervention which can change teenage’ distort thoughts about themselves and help them to know their strengths so that they can apply it in their daily life. This research used A-B single case design (N = 1). This research participant is DA, 17 year old teenage boy. An intervention program of this research consists of 7 sessions held in 2.5 weeks with 45-150 minutes per session. To evaluate the effectiveness of the program, researcher used Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) and behavioral checklist with before-after design. The result showed that cognitive behaviour strategy intervention was effective to improve the self-esteem of teenagers, especially this research participant (DA).

Keywords:
Cognitive behavioral strategy; self-esteem; adolescence

The estimation of mechanical properties of concrete can be carried out by several methods; destructive and non-destructive. In this contest, the crushing of the samples is the usual destructive test to determine the concrete strength. The rebound hammer test and the ultrasonic device are used in the field of non-destructive tests to determine respectively the compressive strength and the ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) in the concrete.

Three slabs of 1.5’×1.5’×0.5’ size with mix ratio 1:2.5:3,1:2:2.7 & 1:1.75:2.25 and water cement ratio of 0.47, 0.43 and 0.40, respectively are casted along with three cylinders for each case. Rebound hammer test and UPV are performed over slabs, cylinders and cores from slabs. After that, crushing strength of cylinders and cores are determined.

In this study semi destructive and non-destructive test of concrete are carried out and the test results are compared with the representative cylinder strength to establish a relationship among them. It is observed that, the equations f^' c=12.419V-30.848 and f'c = 0.1206e1.2887V govern the relation between compressive strength and ultrasonic pulse velocity when it is straight line and exponential respectively. The R-squared values are found as 0.8001 and 0.7991 for linear and exponential relation, respectively. The relation between compressive strength and UPV shows more accuracy for straight line compared to exponential.

Besides, the equation f'c(core) = 1.2938f'c(cylinder)- 3.6114 governs the relation between core strength and cylinder strength. The R-squared value has been found 0.8973. It is also observed that the core strength is found higher than the cylinder crushing strength by an amount of about 7% to 19.5%. The cylinder strength and core strength differs with NDT prediction by an amount of 7% to 20% and 23% to 26%, respectively. Finally it can be concluded that, the strength predicted by NDT and core cutting method are very close to the cylinder crushing strength (f’c), and can be used for the estimation of representative concrete strength and quality of concrete of an inbuilt RCC structure.

It is argued that utility theory that underpins current cost-benefit analyses of daily travel needs to be complemented. An alternative theoretical framework is to this end proposed which applies subjective well-being (SWB) to travel behaviour analysis. It is posited in this theoretical framework that participation in goal-directed activities, facilitated or hindered by travel, contributes to SWB, that the degree of travel-related stress in participating in these activities reduces SWB, and that positive affect associated with travel in itself has an impact on SWB.

The purpose of this research is to explore extraordinary experiences of food tourists and to develop a theory of surprise in relation to a typology of food cultural capital.  We draw on phenomenological interviews with sixteen food tourists. We found that food tourists experienced surprise in different ways, depending on their food cultural capital.  Food tourists who possessed a high level of cultural capital were surprised by the simplicity or complexity of the experience while those possessing a low level of cultural capital were surprised by the genuinity of the experience.  Thus, we make an important theoretical contribution here as we learn that the resources food tourists possessed in the form of cultural capital conditioned the ways in which they conceived an extraordinary experience.  More so, using the cultural capital perspective, we have also demonstrated the role of social context in contributing to creating an extraordinary experience.

This is the conference proceedings of the UNWTO Ulysses Conference 2007, "Knowledgebased Development through Tourism," which was held in Madrid, Spain on 30-31 May 2007. This conference was organized by the UNWTO Education Council and UNWTO Education and Knowledge Management Department.

During the recent years, the role of mass media and its crucial position in the tourism information and decision-making process has increased. The decision to choose one holiday destination over a myriad of available choices is just one of many steps in the tourist’s decision-making process. The question rising from this is whether there is a relationship between what is being communicated by the mass media and the tourist’s stimulus. Tourism operators on Fiji and other holiday destinations have experienced that the messages the mass media are communicating to the public can have a significant impact on the numbers of visitors to the destination. An event published in the mass media is seen as objective and factual because a third party writes it. However, editorial staff of the media controls what is being published, and it is hard, if not impossible, for the tourism operators to control. This paper uses an analytical approach to discuss the relationship between tourism and the effects of news reports on customers decisions-making and motivations resulting in the tourist’s travel behaviour. The findings in this paper indicate that the mass media plays an important role in tourist’s decision-making process.

Keywords: Tourism, Negative media events, Perception, Image,

A review of accessibility measures is presented for assessing the usability of these measures in evaluations of land-use and transport strategies and developments. Accessibility measures are reviewed using a broad range of relevant criteria, including theoretical basis, interpretability and communicability, and data requirements of the measures. Accessibility impacts of land-use and transport strategies are often evaluated using accessibility measures, which researchers and policy makers can easily operationalise and interpret, such as travelling speed, but which generally do not satisfy theoretical criteria. More complex and disaggregated accessibility measures, however, increase complexity and the effort for calculations and the difficulty of interpretation. The current practice can be much improved by operationalising more advanced location-based and utility-based accessibility measures that are still relatively easy to interpret for researchers and policy makers, and can be computed with state-of-the-practice data and/or landuse and transport models. Research directions towards theoretically more advanced accessibility measures point towards the inclusion of individual's spatial-temporal constraints and feedback mechanisms between accessibility, land-use and travel behaviour. Furthermore, there is a need for theoretical and empirical research on relationships between accessibility, option values and non-user benefits, and the measurement of different components of accessibility.

Models depicting the spatial movement patterns of tourists within a destination are proposed in this paper. They are developed using an inductive approach based on urban transportation modeling and tourist behavior, to identify explanatory factors that could influence movements. Factors identified included a set of destination characteristics and a set of tourist characteristics that influence decisionmaking and behavior.

This paper examines key developments in recent tourism mobilities research. It begins by outlining the recent conceptualisation of tourism mobilities, arguing that it is not just that tourism is a form of mobility like other forms of mobility but that different mobilities inform and are informed by tourism. It then examines work which has been developed in terms of materialities, autmobilities and new technologies. It concludes by discussing mobile methodologies and some thoughts on future research directions.

This theoretical analysis and retrospective study explores the psychology of travel, and how and why study abroad impacts self-awareness, personal growth, behaviour, and career choice. International travellers often experience something far beyond the acquisition of new subject matter or cultural awareness-they undergo a personal paradigm shift that alters their perception of themselves and their world in such a way as to clarify areas of their lives that were previously unclear. This sometimes occurs by re-experiencing regressive situations from earlier childhood stages of development in the more secure adult years. Transformative learning is a dialectic, experiential form of learning through which one re-examines and changes perceptions, values, and behaviour.

Vroegmoderne reisverhalen bestaan in allerlei maten en gewichten: van prachtige boekbanden verguld op snee en in stijlvol handschrift to slordige aantekeningen in de marge van een beduimelde almanak. Sommige reizen lieten ook hun sporen na in brieven en dagboeken, in kurkdroge kwitanties, in genealogieën of in de materiële cultuur. Op basis van deze bronnen speurde Verhoeven naar evoluties in de reiscultuur van Hollandse en Brabantse elites. Verhoeven verklaart waarom men de klassieke Grand Tour naar Italië langzaam inruilde voor kortere plezierreisjes in de Nederlanden of de buurlanden. Hij laat zien welke sociale groepen de koets namen naar Parijs, Rome of Berlijn en wat hen motiveerde om te reizen. En hij tracht te achterhalen waarom ze zich onderweg blind staarden op Italiaanse schilderijen, waarom ze veldslagen en belegeringen herdachten, door baroktuinen slenterden of een massa spulletjes kochten in de Parijse boetieks.

This paper aims at increasing the understanding of the dynamics in mode choice decisions, by studying changes in commute mode in relation to decisions regarding changes in residential location, work status and location, vehicle ownership as well as changes in household composition and critical events, such as children reaching school going age, marriage or divorce. To study the path dependence of commute mode on preceding decisions and events, we will use a unique data set containing detailed retrospective and prospective data collected over individuals’ 20 year lifespan in the Utrecht region in 2010. A panel model is used to investigate how change in commute mode in a given year is related to mobility and life cycle events in previous years or to anticipated events in future years.

Activity-based modeling treats travel as being derived from the demand for personal activities. Travel decisions, therefore, become part of a broader activity scheduling process based on modeling the demand for activities rather than merely trips. This approach provides better understanding of travel behaviour compared to traditional modeling and enables a better analysis of response to policies and their effect on traffic and air quality. While the topic has been widely discussed in the travel demand literature, only a few advanced applications can be found in Europe and North America.

The objective of this study is to explore whether changes in neighbourhood characteristics bring about changes in travel choice. Residential self-selection is a concern in the connections between land-use and travel behaviour. The recent literature suggests that a longitudinal structural equations modelling (SEM) approach can be a powerful tool to assess the importance of neighbourhood characteristics on travel behaviour as

SERVQUAL method comprising five dimensions was used to assess passengers’ perspective of ICB transport service quality on Cape Coast- Accra route. A questionnaire involving a 26-item attributes was used to measure the expectations and perceptions of service quality on a five-point likert scale from strongly disagree to strongly disagree. The 162 copies of self administered questionnaires were served on passengers aboard by a mixture of purposive and systematic sampling to ascertain how socio economic characteristics influence perception of service quality and the differences between expectations and perceptions of the five dimensions.  An independent sample  t-test  and  ANOVA  results  showed  that  tangibility,  empathy,  assurances  and responsiveness each had positive impacts on passengers’ perceptions of service quality. There emerged a significant difference in passengers’ perceptions of the dimensions of assurance, tangibility and responsiveness across sex of passengers; ages and level of education and income across reliability, assurance, tangibility and responsiveness.

As a result of the phenomenal growth of the sharing economy in the travel industry, investigating its potential impacts on travelers and tourism destinations is of paramount importance. The goal of this study was to identify how the use of peer-to-peer accommodation leads to changes in travelers’ behavior. Based on two online surveys targeting travelers from the United States and Finland, it was identified that the social and economic appeals of peer-to-peer accommodation significantly affect expansion in destination selection, increase in travel frequency, length of stay, and range of activities participated in tourism destinations. Travelers’ desires for more meaningful social interactions with locals and unique experiences in authentic settings drive them to travel more often, stay longer, and participate in more activities. Also, the reduction in accommodation cost allows travelers to consider and select destinations, trips, and tourism activities that are otherwise cost-prohibitive. Implications for tourism planning and management are provided.

Over recent years, parking policy has become a key element of transport policy in many countries. Parking policy measures can affect many different dimensions of travel behaviour but are likely to be most significant in terms of travellers' choice of parking type and location. This dimension of travel choice has, to date, received comparatively little attention, yet is of vital importance if we are to properly understand and predict the effects of parking policy measures.

The aim of this study is to investigate the resident's perceptions of economic, socio-cultural, and aim environmental tourism impacts in Aqaba city and how they affect their quality of life. A quantitative survey based on random sample was conducted in Aqaba. 295 questionnaires were completed by 300 respondents approached; representing a 98.3% response rate for this survey. The descriptive statistical analysis was used based on a five-point Likert scale. It was found that residents have higher positive perceptions towards economic and socio-cultural impacts of tourism in Aqaba as they agreed that tourism increases employment opportunities, improves the local economy, promotes cultural exchange and fosters tourists' awareness. On the other hand, residents' quality of life is influenced negatively as tourism increases prices of land and increases local residents' cost of living. It is also found that tourism has contributed towards problems of traffic congestion and overcrowding of people. Marital status, education, and employment were found to be the main demographic variables affecting the residents' perceptions towards tourism impacts. Finally, the recommendations section discusses some implications for local community and sustainable tourism

This paper introduces different methods to measure similarity of travel behaviour addressing the question of how repetitious travel behaviour actually is. It compares empirical results of the different methods based on the data from a six-week travel diary. In general, the results show that the day-to-day behaviour is more variable if measured with trip-based methods instead of methods based on

The paper examines the effect of various motivators, barriers and policy related interventions (i.e., personal, social and physical–environmental factors) on bicycle commuting in Dares-Salaam, Tanzania. The research shows that these factors have different effects on people depending on the stage of change
of cycling behaviour these people are in. In particular, the effects vary among people in the early stages of change of cycling behaviour (pre-contemplation and contemplation) and those in the late stages of change (action and maintenance). Importantly, results indicate that addressing physical barriers alone is likely to have little impact on encouraging bicycle commuting. More specifically, the research shows that perceived motivator variables (e.g. low bicycle price, quality of bicycle, cycling training, and direct cycling routes) are strongly associated with bicycle commuting. Physical barriers including weather, absence of safe parking at home and at work, lack of bicycle paths and water showers at work places as well as personal barriers like social status, social (in)security and not feeling comfortable on a bicycle have the most negative influence on bicycle commuting. Policy related interventions like exemption of bicycle import tax, car congestion charges, and guarding bicycles at public places have a strong impact on bicycle use. The study findings provide a clear understanding of the key influencing factors which can serve as an empirical basis for development of more effective targeted measures to encourage modal change.

This study analyses the impacts of changes in fares, service supply, income and other factors on the demand for public transport on the basis of panels of English counties and French urban areas. The analysis is based on dynamic econometric models, so that both short-and long-run elasticities are estimated. Conventional approaches (i.e. fixed-and random-effect models) rely on the hypothesis that elasticities are the same for all areas. Having shown that this hypothesis is not valid for these data sets, the heterogeneity amongst areas is accounted for using a random-coefficients approach, and Bayesian shrinkage estimators.

In this paper, we analyse how monocentric and policentric urban structures aect modal choice and travel distances for dierent travel purposes in the Netherlands. The analysis is based on data from the Dutch National Travel Survey 1998. Here we distinguish four kinds of urban systems: one monocentric and three types of policentric systems. The evidence on how the structure of urban regions aects travel behaviour is mixed. Regarding modal choice, deconcentration of urban land uses encourages driving and discourages the use of public transport as well as cycling and walking. However, in terms of distance travelled per person, the results of the relocation of jobs and residences to suburban locations are less commuting in some urban regions, and longer commuting distances in others. The longer commute may also be an eect of the strong spatial planning policies in the Netherlands. Ó

Background: Understanding perceptions of cyclists is fundamental in pioneering a successful cycling uptake. Recent cycling related research has shown interest in theoretical studies where considerations are given to how cyclists perceived their environment and their attitudes. This interest has been motivated by the need to understand how cycling uptake could be increased in communities to ameliorate health related issues such as obesity. This study therefore provides evidence on perceptions and attitudes of utility cyclists in a British urban environment; particularly in Tyneside conurbation in North East England.

Method: A face-to-face interview was conducted using a designed questionnaire based on the theory of planned behaviour to capture cognitive, environmental and socio-demographic variables of 79 urban utility cyclists. Additionally, these cyclists were tracked over seven days using GPS trackers to capture their actual movement during their normal week. Both exploratory regression analysis and descriptive statistics were performed to provide explanation linking these variables and the actual movement recorded by the GPS trackers.

Finding: The findings suggest that utility cycling in the area is significantly (p=0.01) correlated to habit, attitudes on satisfaction and stimulus as well as past cycling behaviour. This finding partly confirms Lemieux and Godin’s (2009) study, based on stated preference survey to predict active commuting behaviour, where cycling behaviour correlates significantly with habits, intention and age (with habit being the most significant predictor). From the view point of the theory of planned behaviour, the findings here suggest that cyclists sampled are in favour (i.e. attitude) of doing the behaviour (cycling) and are not under any significant social pressure (i.e. subjective norm) to cycle. Furthermore, the findings suggest significant correlations to actual (not stated preference) cycling behaviour relates to lane availability, trip distance, and body mass index (BMI) respectively. The findings show that both cognitive and environmental variables play important role in explaining urban utility cycling among adults.

Keywords: urban utility cycling; perception, attitudes, exploratory regression, theory of planned behaviour.

The quantity of research on domestic tourism for destinations in Africa is significantly lower than that on international tourism. The paper sought to investigate the motivations of domestic tourists in Zimbabwe with a view to gain greater insights on the needs of the domestic market. Five motivation factors were identified using a survey method. Data was analysed by means of descriptive statistics and Exploratory Factor Analysis. Novelty, nature seeking and escape and relaxation emerged as the major motivation factors which stimulate domestic tourists to engage in tourism, while prestige and socialisation were the least motivation factors. Identification of the motivations is useful in the design and production of tailor-made tourism products and services which can effectively meet the needs of tourists thereby creating optimal satisfaction levels. The priority given to the novelty motivation by domestic tourists partially implies that most Zimbabweans are alienated from their own tourist attractions. There is a need to develop strategies to encourage more local people to participate in tourism. Product development and marketing messages should place more emphasis on novelty, nature seeking needs including opportunities for escape and relaxation to induce more domestic demand for tourism goods and services among Zimbabweans.

This study aims to examine effects of COVID-19 outbreak on tourists' travel intention. The study is an exploratory research that conducted in early April (2020) in Turkey. Purposive sampling was applied in the research. Research sample consists of 62 potantial tourists that live in Turkey and have habit of traveling at least once a year before COVID-19 outbreak. The research was adopted qualitative research method. A semistructured questionnaire was used in data collection. Findings showed that COVID-19 affects tourists both economically and psychologically negatively. Results indicated that COVID-19 outbreak changed tourists' travel perspectives negatively based on feelings of fear, worry, risk, danger, insecurity and discomfort, and partially changed tourists' trust to tourism businesses. Tourists mostly think traveling six months later after outbreak' effects have ended. Tourists will be interest in special interest tourism such as nature-based tourism in post-COVID-19, if their concerns about pandemic continue. In addition, this study revealed that potential tourists, who are both financially and temporally restricted, decide to cancel or delay their traveling plans in 2020.

The study is to apply SERVQUAL scale in assessing campus shuttle bus service. The methodology was opinion survey of simple randomly selected 300 respondents at the two designated stations for the shuttle service.  The cronbach’s alpha of the attributes ranges from
0.903-0.907.  Frequencies,  percentage,  mean  and paired  sample t-test was used  for the data analysis. The results of the study indicates that 55% of the respondents are male; 70.2% are aged between 20-24years; 67.3% use the shuttle every other day; 50.5% use the campus shuttle because of the lower transport fares; 83.7% use the campus shuttle for educational reasons; all the five dimensions have negative gap scores and 17 attributes are statistically significant with p-value<0.005. The study makes recommendations for better service delivery.

La presente investigación tuvo lugar en el Ferroclub Argentino Centro de Preservación Remedios de Escalada, en el partido de Lanús. El Ferroclub Argentino es una asociación civil sin fines de lucro que preserva y restaura patrimonio industrial ferroviario, mueble e inmueble, con fines histórico-didácticos y turísticos.

Se partió de la hipótesis de que el Ferroclub Escalada ha incursionado en la actividad turística y recreativa de manera espontánea, sin procesos de planificación y gestión acordes, desaprovechando las potencialidades del turismo como actividad económica y poniendo en riesgo el patrimonio industrial que allí se preserva.

La investigación tuvo por objeto relevar, analizar y describir los aspectos a tener en cuenta para abordar el desarrollo de propuestas turísticas y recreativas sustentables en el Ferroclub Escalada, centradas en el turismo industrial como modalidad turística.

Se estableció un marco referencial sobre una modalidad turística cuyo desarrollo es incipiente en la Argentina, pero que la evolución de las ciudades y sus espacios hará que cobre importancia con el transcurrir de los años: el turismo industrial. Se parte desde un concepto general, considerando su vinculación con el turismo cultural, las declaraciones de las organizaciones referentes sobre la modalidad y las particulares que adopta. Se han relevado y analizado fuentes secundarias de organizaciones y referentes técnicos en la temática, tanto a escala nacional como internacional. Como parte del trabajo de campo, se han realizado fichas de relevamiento, encuestas a visitantes y entrevistas a referentes claves del Ferroclub Argentino.
Así también, se buscó determinar los aspectos de gestión a considerar para dotar a los bienes culturales que allí se encuentran de significado turístico y recreativo, contemplando los actores existentes, sus intereses, las potencialidades de la modalidad y el accionar posible para su mejor aprovechamiento dentro de un marco sustentable y respetuoso del entorno.

The past 20 years has seen a rapid growth across the world in the number, range and scale of voluntary travel behaviour change (VTBC) initiatives. These so-called 'soft' measures have challenged the assumption that modal shift is only possible through 'hard' system-based measures, or through regulation. Among the most high-profile VTBC initiatives is a household-based behaviour change technique known as Individualised Travel Marketing. This dialogue marketing approach was developed by Socialdata (under the brand name IndiMark s ) in response to its own research suggesting that a lack of information and motivation, and incorrect perceptions of the alternatives to the car, were significant barriers to modal shift. IndiMark has been applied in more than 100 pilot and nearly 150 large-scale projects, targeting a total of more than three million people on three continents. A key factor in this widespread take up has been the consistent use of a detailed evaluation design, employing travel behaviour surveys before and after the IndiMark intervention, using Socialdata's KONTIV s survey method. This well-established design uses a self-administered, mail-back questionnaire, coupled with motivation by post and telephone to encourage high response rates (typically between 60% and 80%) helping to provide reliable data on mobility behaviour. This paper reviews the development of the IndiMark technique and the key features of its evaluation using the KONTIV s survey method. It draws on this experience to address key challenges in the evaluation of VTBC initiatives, and to identify the common threads of an integrated approach which might strengthen the case for all soft measures.